A Comparision Study of the Surface and Ground Water Quality of Bhawanipatna Town in Monsoon and Post-Monsoon

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1 A Comparision Study of the Surface and Ground Water Quality of Bhawanipatna Town in Monsoon and Post-Monsoon P.Sanghamitra 1, Rasmiranjan Samal 2, R Santosh Kumar Rao 3, Parsuram Naik 4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi, Bhawanipatna, Odisha (India) 2,3,4 B Tech Schoolar( Batch), Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi, Bhawanipatna, Odisha (India) ABSTRACT Bhawanipatna is a town surrounded by various hills on the western part of the state Odisha. The increase in population, discharge of chemical and poisonous effluents from the industries and market places are seriously affecting the water sources of the town. So the present work deals with the surface water source which involves the Sagada river and some ground water sources collected from tubewells of different areas. The water samples were collected from these sources and various parameters such as ph, hardness, iron, fluoride, chloride, turbidity were tested for the monsoon and post monsoon period. A comparison was made between the quality of surface and ground water in both seasons. The results of the parameters were compared with the limits of Indian Standard for drinking water specification (IS 15:212). From the analysis of these parameters it was found that ph and chloride are within the acceptable limits in both the seasons. Other parameters i.e. hardness, turbidity, fluoride and iron sometimes exceed the limits of Indian Standard mainly in monsoon season. The value of turbidity in the Sagada river is very high mainly for leaching, bathing etc due to presence of locality. Key words: Water quality, Surface water, Ground water, Bhawanipatna INTRODUCTION The planet Earth is a live planet because of some special ingredients out of which water plays a great role. Water has been considered as the most vital resource for the upbringing of the biological sphere as well as the human civilization. The other factors which are responsible for the biosphere on globe are Air, Heat, Soil and Sky. All these agents are linked among themselves and any irregularities in one of them affect others as well. These resources have become polluted due to various reasons like the onset of industry, domestic wastes, runoff from urban areas, urban and rural garbage. The quality of water, the most important element has started depleting along with the progress of our civilization. It has constantly been observed with the commencement and progress of human civilization that the coastal areas as well as the river banks have been the most populated areas on account of the availability of water resources for the maintenance of daily life, farming and other climatic advantages. There is always a rising trend of population in cities and towns because of the easy earning sources due to the various industries and organizations which are set up to meet the increasing demand of the growing civilization. As a result of this, the urban areas are being more densely populated day by day and the surrounding areas of the cities are affected by various kinds of pollutions like the air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and many more due to dumping of sewage, garbage and barnyard manures etc. Bhawanipatna is our study area which is the heart of the district Kalahandi in Odisha surrounded by the river Sagada. Due to laying of railway line, commencement of industries and establishment of different govt. institutions like OUAT (Orissa University of Agriculture Technique), GCEK (Govt. College of Engineering Kalahandi), medical college, the population is gradually increasing which is 6994 as per 211 census. The water supply to the whole town for industrial & domestic purpose mostly depends on the Sagada river and some people of Bhawanipatna also depend on ground water from tube wells which are our reference sources. The present work deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water of Bhawanipatna town in monsoon and post-monsoon. The analysed data were compared with the standard values recommended by Indian Standard for drinking water specification (IS 15:212) to confirm its 295 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

2 suitability for domestic and industrial purpose. Again the effect of water pollution on environment and health was assessed. Similar studies on water quality analysis were done in India by many researchers in last few years. A study was carried out to assess surface and ground water quality of the Arang block in Raipur district 1. Samples were collected from eight different sites in Arang block and were analyzed for different Physico-Chemical parameters i.e. ph, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, hardness and chloride during post-monsoon season. The results were compared with BIS. By observing the result it can be concluded that the parameters which were taken to study the water quality are below the pollution level for ground as well as surface water which satisfy the requirement for the use of various purposes like domestic, agricultural, industrial etc. The physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from various sites in and around Akot city in Maharastra were assessed by Murhekar Gopalkrushna and Rathod 2. The parameters like, temperature, ph, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH) were determined. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO (1973) and ISI (15-91). It was found that the water samples collected from various sites in and around akot city were contaminated. Similarly, the water quality analysis of ground water samples were done in Mysore City, Karnataka 3, Bhilai city, Chhattisgarh 4 and Sukhna land, Chandigarh 5. MATERIALS & METHODS Sampling points The samples were tested for monsoon period (june-september) on date 25/9/214 and for post-monsoon period (October-november) on date 2/1/214. Surface water samples were collected from different locations of the Sagada river such as at bridge site,1k.m away from bridge site, hill town road & ground water samples from GCEK, Naktiguda, Pardesipada, Sambhunagarpada, Bus stand, Gandhichowk as shown in map 2.1. The latitude and longitude of sampling stations are specified in table no 1. The samples were collected on seasonal basis for both surface & ground water. They were normally collected in the morning in eight nonreacting bottles of 2 litres capacity each. The samples were carried to RWSS department for carrying out the laboratory tests. Code for sampling SL.No Source DIFFERENT STATION stations LATITUDE LONGITUDE 1 2 Surface Water Near bridge side at Sagada river 1km away from bridge side at Sagada river A B Near Hill town road at Sagada river 4 At Gcek 5 Naktiguda 6 Ground Sambhunagarpada 7 water Pardesipara 8 Bus stand C D F G E H Gandhichowk I Table 1 Positions and codes of different sampling stations 296 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

3 Map 1: Sampling stations of surface water (Point A,B,C of the Sagada river) and ground water (D,E,F,G,E,H) Method of sample testing The parameters which were tested are ph, turbidity, hardness, iron content, chloride content and fluoride content. ph was tested by ph meter, Turbidity was tested by digital nephelometer, Iron content and fluoride content were tested by colorimeter, Hardness and chloride content were tested by titration method as per APHA 2th Edition 6. Analysis After finding the results, the average value of different parameters were obtained for surface and ground water for monsoon and post monsoon period. The maximum, minimum and average values of different parameters are specified in table no 2,3,4 and 5 and compared with the limits of IS 15:212 (Drinking water standard) 7. From the results, the histograms for surface water were obtained and specified from figure 1 to figure 6. Similarly the histograms for ground water were obtained and specified from figure 7 to figure 12. Histograms were obtained to understand point to point and season to season variation of a parameter. Table 2 Surface Water-Monsoon Season Parameter Min. Max. Avg. A.L of IS 15 P.L of IS 15 ph No relaxation Hardness CaCO 3 (mg/l) as Turbidity(mg/l) Flouride(mg/l) Chloride(mg/l) Iron(mg/l) No relaxation Table 3 Ground Water-Monsoon Season 297 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

4 Parameter Min. Max. Avg. A.L of IS 15 P.L of IS 15 ph No relaxation Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Turbidity(mg/l) Flouride(mg/l) Chloride(mg/l) Iron(mg/l) No relaxation Table 4 Surface Water-Post-Monsoon Season Parameter Min. Max. Avg. A.L of IS 15 P.L of IS 15 ph No relaxation Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Turbidity(mg/l) Flouride(mg/l) Chloride(mg/l) Iron (mg/l) No relaxation Table 5 Ground Water-Post-Monsoon Season Parameter Min. Max. Avg. A.L of IS 15 P.L of IS 15 ph No relaxation Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Turbidity(mg/l) Flouride(mg/l) Chloride(mg/l) Iron(mg/l) No relaxation A.L acceptable limit P.L permissible limit Results and discussion ph :- The ph of surface water varies from 7.25 to 7.4 in monsoon with an average of 7.31 and from 6.96 to 6.98 in post monsoon season with average value The ph of ground water varies from 6.28 to 6.98 in monsoon with average value 6.63 and from 6.65 to 6.85 in post monsoon season with average value The mean value of the parameter for both surface and ground water is within the acceptable limit in both the season (monsoon and post -monsoon) according to IS 15:212 (Drinking water standard). Hardness :- The hardness of surface water varies from 88 to 14 in monsoon with average and from 46 to 58 in post monsoon season with average of The hardness of ground water varies from 232 to 284 in monsoon with average and from 119 to 172 in post monsoon season with average The hardness of surface water is within the acceptable limit in both the seasons. For ground water, the parameter is within the acceptable limit for post monsoon and exceeds the acceptable limit (but within the permissible limit) for monsoon. A general scale of hardness is provided by Water Quality Association demarcating the limits for soft and hard water. Based on this concept, the ground water of Bhawanipatna is coming under hard water category 8. This may be due to mixing of different minerals, weathering of lime stones etc. Overally the 298 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

5 hardness of the water decreases from monsoon to post monsoon. There are lots of adverse effects of hard water. It interferes with cleaning i.e. bathing, dishwashing, laundering and forms scales in pipes. As per the studies of researchers, it may be responsible for kidney stones, constipation, childhood atopic dermatitis (echema) etc hence unfit for domestic and industrial purpose. Turbidity:- The turbidity of surface water varies from 15.6 to 3.1 in monsoon with average and from 15.6 to 29.5 in post monsoon season with average The turbidity of ground water varies from 7.2 to 9.3 in monsoon with average 8.13 and from 7. to 9.1 in post monsoon season with average The turbidity of surface and ground water in both the seasons are more than the acceptable limit and the permissible limit specified in IS standard, hence it requires desirable treatment for turbidity before it is used. The value of turbidity is more in surface water than ground water due to leaching, bathing, animal washing etc. in that river due to presence of locality. Turbidity in water is responsible for symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, headache in humans. If turbidity is largely due to organic particles, it may cause waterborne diseases and also depletion of dissolved oxygen which is responsible for killing of fish, other water plants and animals. It interferes with the behaviour, growth and feeding of fish species. Fluoride:- The fluoride of surface water varies from.98 to 1.18 in monsoon with average 1.6 and from.15 to.29 in post monsoon season with average.24. The fluoride of ground water varies from.44 to 1.19 in monsoon with average.71 and from.49 to 1.26 in post monsoon season with average.775. The fluoride content of ground water in both the season is within the acceptable limit except few points specified in IS standard. For surface water, the value is within the acceptable limit for post monsoon. Though the parameter exceeds the acceptable limit for monsoon season, but remains within the permissible limit of BIS. The excess fluoride value may be due to weathering, leaching etc. which may cause fluorosis 9 and the shortage of fluoride is responsible for dental caries or tooth decay in human being. Chloride:- The chloride of surface water varies from 36 to 48 in monsoon with average 44 and from 38 to 5 in post monsoon season with average The chloride of ground water varies from 22 to 38 in monsoon with average 3.67 and from 16.2 to 36 in post monsoon season with average The chloride content of surface and ground water are within the acceptable limit specified in IS standard, but the value is more in surface water than the ground water. Iron:- The iron of surface water varies from.61 to.93 in monsoon with average.75 and from.14 to.3 in post monsoon season with average.21. The iron of ground water varies from.1 to.23 in monsoon with average.18 and from.1 to.51 in post monsoon season with average.265. The iron content of ground water is within the acceptable limits of IS standard in many points in both the season. For surface water, the value is within the acceptable limit for post monsoon, but exceeds the limit for monsoon season. Iron overload is responsible for weight loss, fatigue, joint pain, hemochromatosis. Histograms for Surface Water Fig 1: ph value in monsoon and post monsoon 299 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

6 Fig 2: Turbidity in monsoon and post monsoon KM AWAY FROM NEAR SH-44 Fig 3: Hardness in monsoon and post monsoon KM AWAY FROM NEAR SH-44 Fig 4: Chloride in monsoon and post monsoon 3 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

7 KM AWAY FROM NEAR SH-44 Fig 5: Fluoride in monsoon and post monsoon KM AWAY FROM NEAR SH-44 Fig 6: Iron in Monsoon and Post Monsoon Histograms for Ground Water Fig 7: ph value in monsoon and post monsoon 31 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

8 Fig 8: Turbidity in monsoon and post monsoon Fig 9: Hardness in monsoon and post monsoon Fig 1: Chloride in monsoon and post monsoon 32 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

9 Fig 11: Fluoride in monsoon and post monsoon Fig 12: Iron in monsoon and post monsoon CONCLUSION A large number of factors and geological conditions influence the parameter of water directly and indirectly. The parameters of water (ph, chloride) are within the acceptable limit in monsoon and post monsoon season. The hardness of the ground water exceeds acceptable limit in monsoon, but remains within the desirable limit for post monsoon and also for both the seasons in case of surface water. The turbidity of surface and ground water in both the seasons exceed the permissible limit specified in IS standard. The fluoride of the surface water exceeds acceptable limit in monsoon, but remains within the acceptable limit for post monsoon and also for both the seasons in case of ground water. For surface water, iron content is within the acceptable limit for post monsoon, but exceeds the limit for monsoon season. The parameter is within the desirable limits of IS standard in both the seasons for ground water. The pollution in surface water may be due to leaching, bathing, animal washing, vehicle washing, discharge of waste water, mixing of storm water etc in the river due to presence of locality. The pollution in ground water may be due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastes on many patches of lands, increase in use of fertilizers, pesticides which enter the soil, infiltrate some of the aquifers and degrade the ground water quality. This may be due to faulty septic tank, landfill leachates. As some of the parameters i.e. hardness, turbidity, fluoride and iron exceed the limits of Indian Standard for 33 P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik

10 drinking water specification (IS 15:212) for surface or ground water for some or all the points, the water should be treated properly for domestic and industrial use. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to RWSS Department, Bhawanipatna for providing laboratory for experiments. REFERENCES 1. Sharma Pramisha & Dubey Amit, Post monsoon analysis of physico-chemical parameter of surface and ground water samples in (arang block) raipur districts, Chhattisgarh, IOSR Journal of applied chemistry, 5, (213). 2. Murhekar Gopalkrushna H, Rathod R G, Determination of physico-chemical parameters of surface water samples in and around akot city, International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 1, (211). 3. Nirmala B, Suresh Kumar B V, Suchetan P A & Shet Prakash M, Seasonal variation of Physico chemical charecteristics of ground water sample of Mysore city Karnataka, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 1, (212). 4. Jena Vinod, Dixit Satish & Gupta Sapana, Physico-chemical parameters assessment of ground water in different sides of Bhilai city Chhattisgarh, RasayanJ.chem, 4, (212). 5. Taak Jasbir Kaur & Singh K P, Hydrochemical Investigations of Sukhna wetland and adjoining Ground water Regime, International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2, (214). 6. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste water, 2 th Edition, APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington, DC (1998). 7. IS 15:212, Standard for Drinking Water Specification, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (212). 8. Garg Santosh Kumar, Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial Water Supplies, Water Supply Engineering, (Khanna Publishers, New Delhi), 214, Sincero Arcadio P and Sincero Gregoria A, Environmental Chemistry and Biology, Environmental Engineering, (PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi), 211, P.Sanghamitra, Rasmiranjan Samal, R Santosh Kumar Rao, Parsuram Naik