Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Krewer 11. Niedersächsische Energietage 20. November 2018
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1 Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Krewer 11. Niedersächsische Energietage 20. November 2018
2 Challenges Sustainable Air Transport in a Disruptive Environment Global mobility mega trend and mega challenge 4.1 billion passengers in 2017 Volume doubles every 15 years Sustainable capacity growth Competing requirements: Travel time and inter-connectivity Individuality Safety Regulatory constraints Commercial air traffic over Europe during a day New approaches required to build sustainable system 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 2
3 Challenges Sustainable Air Transport in a Disruptive Environment Carbon footprint and climate impact - today 2% Global transport produces approx. 23% CO 2 Small percentage from aviation 17% But considerable impact on climate change Scenario % 1% Assuming a zero emission stationary sector 75% of road transport zero emission Parallel growth of other sectors Aviation becomes major CO 2 source 48% 17% 28% 7% 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 3
4 Challenges Sustainable Air Transport in a Disruptive Environment Sustainable aviation life-cycle design Current and foreseeable technology will not reduce the total impact Novel technology required Impact (CO 2 ) Ref. 100% Frozen tech (no measures) I Current /Foreseeable tech Novel tech Average aircraft technology life-cycle increased to > 40 years Current (2015) design dominates fleet until Fleet size Design Both, foreseeable AND novel technology required urgently! Legacy fleet 2015 Design 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie
5 From current to novel approaches! International initiatives target current and foreseeable technologies [Safran] More electric aircraft focuses on nonpropulsive systems; few all electric concepts Novel approaches require complete and integrative rethinking of Air transport system Aircraft 2050 Energy supply/management Interdisciplinary effort required with researchers of all 3 areas! Huge! 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 5
6 Lower Saxony Initiatives at the Forefront of Novel Technologies Program Spitzenforschung in Niedersachsen Program DFG Cluster of Excellence Energy Transformation in Aviation 9/2016-1/2019 Sustainable and energy efficient aviation 1/2019, 7 years 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 6
7 All Required Competences Present in Lower Saxony TU Braunschweig, LU Hanover and Braunschweig Univ. of Art Economics & Social Sciences TU BS / LUH / HBK Multi-criteria evaluation Scenario analysis Operations research Life-Cycle assessment System dynamics Mathematical optimisation Total cost of ownership Aeronautical Sciences TU BS / DLR / LUH Aerodynamics Aeroacoustics Aero engines Aircraft structures Aircraft systems Air traffic management Flight experiments Energy Sciences LUH / TU BS / PTB Battery design and prod. Electrosynthesis Fuel cell Combustion Turbomachinery Electrical energy conversion Hybrid structures 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 7
8 Joining the Competencies of Three Partners Successful long cooperation practised in joint research facilities Economics & Social Sciences TU BS / LUH / HBK Aeronautical Sciences TU BS / DLR / LUH Energy Sciences LUH / TU BS / PTB NFL - Aeronautics Research Centre of Niedersachsen (since 2009) NFF - Automotive Research Centre of Niedersachsen (since 2007) BLB - Battery LabFactory Braunschweig (since 2008) OHLF - Research Factory for Lightweight Construction (since 2013) 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 8
9 How it all startet: Project Energy Transformation in Aviation Goal: Preliminary technology assessment Funded by MWK Niedersachsen September 2016 January 2019 Core Team: 10 institutes of TU Braunschweig, LU Hannover, HBK 5 Postdocs and 6 doctoral researchers Huge success in joint research: 16 collaborative publications Energies Special Issue "Towards a Transformation to Sustainable Aviation Systems November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 9
10 Results in a Nut Shell: One size does NOT fit all Short-Range Medium-Range Long-Range Regional / Short-Range Medium-Range Long-Range Configuration Fuselage Tube & Wing Fuselage Tube & Wing Blended Wing Body Passengers Propulsor Integration Integrated / boundary layer ingestion Required max. shaft power 8 MW 16 MW 44 MW 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 10
11 Results in a Nut Shell: One size does NOT fit all Short-Range Medium-Range Long-Range Regional / Short-Range Medium-Range Long-Range Configuration Fuselage Tube & Wing Fuselage Tube & Wing Blended Wing Body Passengers Propulsor Integration Energy Conversion Electric motor Integrated / boundary layer ingestion Advanced gas turbine and electric machine Fuel cell and electric machine Required max. shaft power 8 MW 16 MW 44 MW Energy Storage Battery Electrofuel: Hydrocarbons and battery Electrofuel: LH November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 11
12 The next 7 years: SE 2 A Research within the Excellence Cluster Goal: Detailed technology analysis and development Funded by DFG January 2019 December 2025 Team: >25 institutes of TU Braunschweig, LU Hannover, HBK + DLR >30 new PhD students/postdocs 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 12
13 SE²A- Key Research Topics Advanced Electrical Energy Storage for Short-Range Aircraft Scientific challenges Unleash the high theoretical specific energy and power of Next generation Li batteries Long life time Aim of project State of the art Efficient pilot-scale production Load-carrying battery design for aircraft structure integration Potential of specific battery energy [Kat16] Best candidate: Li-S all-solid-state battery Li-Sulfur all-solid-state battery for aviation 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 13
14 SE²A - Key Research Topics Advanced Electrical Energy Storage Specific preliminary work First lab-scale Li-Sulfur all-solid-state cells built in joint project with 800 Wh/kg SEM images of sulphur and carbon [Kwa18] Sufficient energy and power for powering short range aircraft predicted Predicted 10% weight advantages by integration of batteries into structures Process chain of the Battery LabFactory Braunschweig (BLB) 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 14
15 SE²A- Key Research Topics Sustainable Electrofuel for Medium/Long Range Scientific Challenges Large scale production of CO 2 neutral, high specific energy fuel from renewables New pathways that allow to use abundant electricity: Electrofuels H 2 O 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 15
16 Specific energy in kwh/kg / specific power in kw/kg SE²A - Key Research Topics Advanced Energy Conversion for Long Range Scientific challenges Fuel cell systems with high specific energy and specific power Address aviation-specific requirements Integration into and synergy with aircraft Fuel cell systems for aviation specific energy specific power conventional battery fuel cell Comparison of energy sources 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 16
17 SE²A- Key Research Topics How to Design and Electrify the Energy System? Scientific Challenges Ultra-high specific power at system and subsystem level Reliable heat removal Lightweight (superconductive) DC distribution, protection and power conversion systems 50 kg 260 kw E-motor Identify best options for on-board energy supply system Multidisciplinary integrated design needed at all system levels 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 17
18 How to Realize The Energiewende for Aviation! Increasing air traffic and climate change requires huge transformation of aviation sector Energy efficiency and CO 2 neutral propulsion are key challenges New tailored concepts for air transport system, aircraft and its energy system 48 % 17 % 28 % 7% There is no one-fits-all technology for short, medium and long range flights Propulsion technologies: Short range: high energy density batteries required Medium range: electrofuels tailored for low NOx combustion Long range: fuel cells with liquid hydrogen 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 18
19 SE²A: Delivering Research for Sustainable, Energy Efficient Aviation Trend Scenario 20. November 2018 U. Krewer Bausteine für die Energiewende in der Luftfahrt Folie 19
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