Successful Management & Eradication of Aquatic Weeds. Lars Anderson, PhD WaterweedSolutions. Inverness, CA- USA

Transcription

1 Successful Management & Eradication of Aquatic Weeds Lars Anderson, PhD WaterweedSolutions Inverness, CA- USA

2 Topics: Defining the Problem and Setting Goals Growth, Reproduction in Aquatic Plants Strategies and Tools: Control and Eradication Some Examples: Hydrilla, Egeria Technologies for Eradication and Monitoring

3 Successful Responses to Aquatic Invasive Species Hydrilla verticillata (Eradication in California)* Caulerpa taxifolia (Marine alga) (Eradication in Calif.) Sabellid worms in abalone (Eradication) Eichhornia crassipes (Management, world-wide)* Salvinia molesta (Management, some sites eradicated)* Egeria densa (Management, US, Brasil?) Elodea canadensis (Australia, Europe, US) (Management) Alligatorweed (near-eradication in California)* Weeds in irrigation systems (Management, worldwide)* * Included use of biological control agents

4 Components of Successful Management or Eradication Projects Science and Technical Advisory Public Outreach Knowledge of infested site(s): Invasion pathways, Habitats, Uses, Nontarget effects, Laws, Stakeholders Invasive, Nuisance Plant Identification Biology & Phenology Goals Resources: Funds Personnel Equipment after Anderson 2005 External Review (Transparency and Credibility) Experience and knowledge: Implement, containment, control or eradication

5 WATER: It s Essential! Water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California: > 25 million Californians drink it! Egeria densa covered with algae Myriophyllum spicatum

6 Negative Impacts of Un-Managed Elodea Will Spread to more Lakes, Reservoirs, Rivers, Streams Flood control (combination of riparian and aquatic weeds) Navigation (recreational, law-enforcement and commercial vessels) Recreational Uses and Revenues: swimming, fishing, boating Native habitats (waterfowl, fish, invertebrates, plants) Water quality (dissolved oxygen, ph, nutrients, organic loading) Sediment (nutrients and metals loading) Health (mosquito habitat) Reduced Property values and Tourism Revenue SOURCES OF CONTINUED SPREAD

7 Prerequisites for Spread of M. spicatum and P. crispus, Elodea: Seeds Fragments Turions Rhizomes Production of Viable Propagules Suitable Habitat Propagule Transport Wind Currents Boats Floatplanes Birds Shoreline protected form high wind, waves; Sandy/Organic/Silty bottom; Adequate Nutrients and Light

8 M.-H. Barrat- Segretain et al. / Aquatic Botany 74 (2002) S=Spring A= Autumn

9 60 N Lat. 50 N Lat.

10 Elodea canadensis In Latvia (< )* Prior to 1900 *From: Grinberg, L. and Priede A Elodea canadensis Mishx in Lativia. Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 10: NOTE: First reported in 1872 (Associated with timber transports) >Found in low and high nurtrient conditions

11 The Risks of Invasive Aquatic Plants..and The risk of delayed action or no action

12 Beliefs: We Can Balance Risk and Benefits Nuisance Species Other Stressors Action? Ecosystem Services Ecosystem-Level Demands Ecosystem or Aquatic Site Ecosystem Functions Linkage Resistance: Resiliency

13 Beliefs: We Can Balance Risk and Benefits Management Action? Invasive Species: Shift in Stable point: Ecosystem Functions Linkage Resistance: Resiliency

14 Beliefs: Just Control the Obvious Weed Squeaky Weed Approach! Invasive Species Other Stressors Management Action: Single Species Ecosystem Services Ecosystem-Level Demands Invasive Species: Shift in Stable point: Ecosystem or Aquatic Site Ecosystem Functions? Linkage Resistance: Resiliency

15 Submersed Aquatic Vegetaton Establishment, Growth and Dispersal Sub Model Local Flow Conditions (velocity, residence time) See Hydrodynamic Model Salinity Substrate stability - - Higher velocity, larger bed grain size ph DIC + Nutrients + SAV Establishment and Growth Dispersal - Turbidity Light - Sustainable SAV Population - Shallow depths, Gentle slopes + - +/- + DO + Boxes are Drivers Temp + Arrows show Linkages Ovals are Outcomes(Driver effects) Importance: High thick line Med medium line Low thin line Understanding: High green arrow Med blue arrow Low - red arrow Predictability: High solid line Med dashed line Low dotted line

16 Management Actions Can act on any of these drivers to shift population abundance Arrows show resources acquired through common driverpathways (overlapping circles) among the three ecological/ growth forms of aquatic plants: Emergent, Floating and Submersed. Overlaps occur where the plant types share access to resources and where drivers Impact both plant types. Aquatic Plant Resource Requirements for Establishment, Growth and Dispersal (9) Water Quality (10) Nutrients in Water (8)Local Flow Conditions Temperature Floating Plants (1)High Light Levels (2) Atmospheric C0 2 Submersed Plants Emergent Plants Temperature (3) Sediment Characteristics (4) Nutrient in sediments (5) Anchoring (6) Low Light Levels (7) Dissolved Carbon (DIC) Sources

17 Some have spectacular flowers! Hydrilla flowers - Porto Primavera, Brazil

18 Pollination in aquatic plants: Floating Plants: Insects (e.g. moths) Emergent Plants: Wind, Insects Submersed Plants: Wind (on emergent spiklets, e.g. Myriophyllum, Potamogeton spp) Explosive, projectile dispersal of pollen (hydrilla) Insects (probably infrequent) (emerged small flowers or spiklets) Underwater pollination= hydrophily >Zannichellia (horned pondweed), Najas and Potamogeton, and in Zostera and Phyllospadix (two marine angiosperms) pollen is modified as sticky, filamentous and string-like, or may have a partially emerged pollen tube

19 Can Carbon and Nutrients Limit Aquatic Vascular Plants? Probably NOT nutrients in most urban settings : >Tissue levels 1 to 4 % N are typical >P is cycled rapidly and is seasonally replenished; sediments provide a major reserve of nutrients >Reducing P can reduce algae growth dramatically Carbon could limit submersed plants- but Photosynthetic plasticity can compensate for changes in species of carbon that dominate What then limits establishment and growth? >Substrate stability/type, water velocity and inter-species competition for space and light are primary drivers

20 Sources of Carbon and Nutrients for Aquatic Vascular Plants Floating Plants: Dissolved N, P, K, micronutrients in water; Atm. CO 2 (increasing!) Water hyacinth, S. Amer. Spongeplant and NATIVE PLANTS Emergent Plants: Sediment NPK, micronutrients, Atm. CO 2 (Now increasing) Arundo donax, Phragmites, Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife), Ludwigia species and NATIVE PLANTS Submersed (rooted) Plants:(Physiological plasticity) % Sediment NP(K), micronutrients 10-20% Dissolved N, P, K, micronutrients in water Dissolved CO 2, HCO 3 (increasing) (C-3, C-4, CAM-like PS) E. densa, P. crispus, M. spicatum, Elodea sp.,, and NATIVE PLANTS

21 Pathways Vectors Dispersal Water quality Non-target effects Regulatory compliance Species interdependence Impaired Aquatic Ecosystem Services

22 Biological, Emotional and Economic Connections to water Perceptions of Risk from Invasive and Nuisance Plants & Perceptions of Risk From Management Actions Science-Based Balance of Risk and Benefit CONSENSUS FOR ACTIONS

23 Preventing horticultural introductions of invasive plants: potential efficacy of voluntary initiatives Jennifer W. Burt Æ Adrianna A. Muir Æ Jonah Piovia-Scott Æ Kari E. Veblen Æ Andy L. Chang Æ Judah D. Grossman Æ Heidi W. Weiskel 2007 Biol. Invasions Public Education, Quarantines, Monitoring, Enforcement

24 Lake Tahoe: A Cautionary Story about Invasive Species

25 Establishment of lake trout brown, rainbow, brook, lake trout Lake Tahoe Exotic Aquatic Species Introduction (Detection) Timeline crayfish kokanee Mysis Tahoe Keys Built Eurasian watermilfoil? bass spp. Curlyleaf pondweed 1st Zebra mussel Interdiction on boat- prevented from launching? Asian clam Asian clam Removal begun R E S P O N S E S extirpation of cutthroat trout & Daphnia spp. After Sudeep Chandra (Univ.Nev-Reno); modified and updated by Lars Anderson (USDA-ARS-Davis, CA) USDA-ARS:Whole Lake Plant Surveys AIS Working Group ARS-TRCD Org. AIS Workshop AIS Plan Approved 2009, TRPA and USFWS appoint AIS coordinator AIS Coordinating Committee; USFWS-

26 Aquatic Plant Harvester- Transferring a load to the shore- Immediate Solution, but Spreads plants

27 Tahoe Keys: Annual Cost of Weed Harvesting (130 acres) Cost Wages/benefits $118,700 Supplies 8,900 Weed disposal 22,400 Admin 28,800 Costs for Bottom Barriers* Synthetic ~$100,000 per acre Jute ~$65,000 per acre Piers and excessive plant density decreased efficiency *Based on 2012/2013 studies Vehicle 5,300 Insurance 26,800 O&M and Replacement 34,000 Misc 14,800 TOTAL $259,700

28 Spread of M. spicatum and P. crispus at Lake Tahoe* Number of sites infested M. spicatum P. crispus Recent Increase Mainly on West Shore Mainly Tahoe Keys and South Shore *Based on USDA-ARS Surveys

29 PPropagule Pressure Lake Tahoe region will be infested by boats arriving from other regions In turn it may infest lakes within our region M.E. Wittmann, UC Santa Barbara dissertation unpubl.

30 M.E. Wittmann, UC Santa Barbara dissertation unpubl.

31 Invasion/ Nuisance Process-Driven Management Transport Introduction Establishment Spread Increased impacts Increased Spread Rate Fewer options Higher non-target risk and Increased costs

32 Responses to Aquatic Plant Infestations: Three Options for Risk Management Action > Probable Outcomes Option 1 Do Nothing: Further spread locally Spread to more lakes, rivers, streams Reduced fish and waterfowl habitat Impaired water quality Long-term very high cost Liability ($)? Degraded Ecosystem Services Option 2 Manage to some threshold : Reduction locally Initially lower cost Continued source for further spread Localized major impacts and costs Long-term, continued and growing cost and liabilities What is an acceptable infestation? Option 3 Eradicate: Stop further spread Eliminate target plants and propagules Initially higher cost Protection of suceptible sites Improved Readiness for the next invasions Public credibility Reduced liability Clear, consistent goal and endpoint Lower long-term cost

33 Western Hydrilla History First Identified 1976 (Marysville & Imperial Irrigation System) Threat to Rice production + ca. $ billion Ag. Production Declared A -rated pest/ eradications begun Costs range from $1.5 to 2 million/year About 34 sites have been found in 30 years Washington s site is near eradication (Pipe/Lucerne Lakes) No hydrilla has been documented for Oregon Idaho populations under eradication (funding is questionable!) Eradication has been achieved in most sites and is on-going (few plants left) in nearly all the active eradication sites

34 Aquatic Sites Where Hydrilla Has Been Eradicated Small ponds (1 to 10 acres) Lakes (e.g. Spring Lake; Lake Ellis, Lake Murray) (100 s of Ac) Aquascapes Nurseries Irrigation Systems (small, medium, large>>500 miles of canals) (Thanks to triploid Grass Carp!) Reservoirs (Eastman); Sheldon Res. Recalcitrant Sites Under Eradication: oclear Lake (44,000 acres)

35 Hydrilla Distribution in US

36 US- Waterways (Rivers, Reservoirs) Hydrilla Eradication in California and Washington states has kept it out of nearly all western US waterways

37 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 1. Phenology/life cycle (seasonal timing) Seed germination; sprouting of vegetative propagules) Onset of growth Propagule formation Senescence and over-wintering Competitive plant Community?

38 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 2. Biological Control and Microbial Uses Host Specificity Efficacy (Phenological match; Rhizosphere/microbial interactions) Adequate Source, Dispersal, Growth Predation, Pathogens and Competitors of Control Agent? Monitoring populations and rhizosphere effects

39 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 3. Physical Removal methods Minimize Propagule Spread Plant Removal (Cutting, Suction) Substrate (sediment) Removal Water Quality Protection (turbidity) Non-target of fish and benthic species Disposal and quality of materials

40 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 4. Physical Covering (Bottom Barriers) Materials (synthetic, jute, cement) Timing and Duration (Before onset of spring growth) Suitable substrate for anchoring Efficacy: Seed bank longevity? Disturbances during installation? Non-target effects (benthic organisms) Compatibility with site/water uses

41 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 5. Herbicides Approved Label Efficacy Spectrum and Mode of Action Formulation(s) Timing, Placement, Proper Rates Water Movement (Dilution, Contact) Water Levels (Drawdown?) Monitoring, QA/QC

42 Entry Routes for Aquatic Herbicides Foliage- Air Applications Roots in Water Roots and Propagules in Sediment Foliage- in Water Bottom Placement (pellets)

43 Targeting for Optimal Efficacy of Aquatic Herbicides Mode of Action!

44 Required Herbicide Contact Time fluridone 6-10wks Herbicides imazamox endothall glyphosate triclopyr Cu-inorg. Cu-chelate diquat xylene acrolein Best Options for Eradication of Elodea: Fast-acting Contact and Effective Systemic Herbicides diclobenil Other ALS 3-5 wks WEEKS >> Approximate Hours Needed

45 Mode of Action>>>> Active Ingredient Bispyribacsodium Carfentrazone Group 2/ALS (B) x Aquatic Herbicides: Modes of Action PPO (Protox inhibitor) (Group 14) (E) x Systemic (Group 12) (F1) Systemic (Group 9) Systemic (Group 4) (O) Contact (Group 22) (D) Contact (Nucleic acid inhbib?) Flumioxazin Imazamox Penoxsulam x x x Fluridone Triclopyr x x 2,4-D Diquat Endothall x x x Imazapyr x

46 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Integrating Control Technologies: 6. Promote Native Plants Sources and establishment Suitable conditions (substrate, light, nutrients, water movement) Suitable match with plant phenology Compatibility with site/water uses Population monitoring

47 IPCM: Integrated Plant Community Management Monitoring: (Pre & Post Management Actions) Efficacy Analysis Aerial Hyperspectral Analysis GPS-referenced Hydroacoustic Analysis GPS-referenced Point-Sampling GPS-referenced Herbicide Residues Water Quality Fish & Benthos Sampling Biocontrol Agent Status Native Plant Status

48 Smart Application and Monitoring Monitoring Technologies and Strategies: Rapid herbicide assays (24-48 hr) Remote controlled sensing submersibles GPS-linked Hydroacoustic analysis GPS-linked videography (in clear water) Precision flow and dispersal modeling: >Automatic Doppler Velocity Instruments >Tracer dye (Rhodamine WT) In-situ plant condition & response assessments Bioassays using explants and surrogates

49 Smart Management and Monitoring Summary Use Integrative and Consensus-Driven Approaches Create interdisciplinary teams Promote culture & ethic of transparency Combine and integrate proven methods for maximum efficacy and minimum non-target effects Consult with stakeholders at EVERY phase Promote flexibility and adapt to changes Invite outside reviews and assessments Readjust actions based on reviews & results

50

51 Graphic courtesy of Hydroacoustic (Sonar) Assessment: DGPS (1) DGPS (2) DGPS (3) height (cm) depth (cm)

52 Acoustical Sensing Technologies

53 Dazzling Delta Data 492,000 acres (wetland, sloughs, farmlands) Water for over 25 million Californians Irrigated crops: $27 billion per year Supports over 500 species fish/wildlife/plants Home of >20 Endangered species 1,000 miles of levees >60,000 acres of water surface Tidal (diurnal) cycles and seasonal discharges SF Bay 12 million Recreational User Days Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta

54 Sponsored by the California Department of Boating and Waterways (CDBW). Dr. Susan L. Ustin, Principal Investigator Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing (CSTARS), University of California, Davis. 2005: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Egeria densa 2006: ca. 6,000 acres Franks Tract: 3,000 acres

55 Boat-Mounted Hopper/ Spreader for Granular Formulations Boat-Mounted Hose for Applications of Liquid Formulation Underwater Weighted Hoses for Injection Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta Egeria densa Management: Apply Fluridone Weekly for 8-10 weeks Methods for Applying Liquid or Granular Fluidone

56 Submersed plant distribution maps from hyperspectral imagery collected in June 500m

57 80 % Reduction in Biovolume 1 year Posttreatment

58 Release of Stuckenia pectinata after Management of E.densa (Sacramento Delta)

59 US-EPA Registered Aquatic Herbicides Acrolein (Magnecide-H) 2,4,-D (Weedar) Endothall (Aquathol-K, Cascade, Teton) Copper elemental & Chelates Diquat Dibromide (Reward) Fluridone Gylphosate (Rodeo, Aquamaster etc.) Trichlopyr (Renovate) (2003) Imazapyr (Habitat) (2003) Penoxsulam (Galleon) (2007) Imazamox (Clearcast) (2005) Cafentrazone ethyl (Stingray) (2007) Bispyribac sodium (Tradewind) (2007) Flumioxazin (Clipper) (2007) Quinclorac (2007)