Aquatic Plants and Their Control In the South

Transcription

1 Aquatic Plants and Their Control In the South Chuck Cichra School of Forest Resources & Conservation Program in Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences

2 Overview of Talk Bryan has done an excellent job of summarizing aquatic plant biology and control! Nutrients / eutrophication / fertilization When do plants become weeds (expectations) Integrated plant management Herbicide active ingredients vs trade names Herbicide toxicities Aquatic weeds in southern ponds Managing livestock to reduce weed problems in ponds

3 All Plants Need Water, Light, and Nutrients

4 Aquatic Plants are No Different

5 Algae and Phytoplankton are Small Plants

6 Amount of Chlorophyll (algae) in the Water is Closely Related to the Amount of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Water Data from 60 Florida Lakes

7 Water clarity vs Algae

8 Fertilization Purposeful Addition of Nutrients to the Water

9 Fish blocknet data on 60 Florida lakes 250 Blocknet Total Fish (kg/ha) Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Trophic State (chlorophyll)

10 Clear to Green! Add fertilizer! Shade out the macrophytes I personally don t recommend fertilizing

11 Given time, macrophytes will also increase in abundance!

12 When do plants become weeds? Depends on our goals for the water body our expectations Beauty is in the eye of the beholder!

13 Expectations of Ponds (plants - lots to none) Water treatment Settling of particulates Dissolved nutrient removal Aesthetics Wildlife habitat Wetland Mitigation Fishing (20-30%) Boating Water hazards Livestock watering Flood control Irrigation Swimming

14 Let s talk about Aquatic Weed Control We ve come a long way!

15 Methods Used to Control Aquatic Weeds Hand removal / Harvesting Grass carp Pond dyes Herbicides (Nutrient removal)

16 DON T WANT THIS!

17 Most People Believe Toxins Cause Most Fish Kills

18 Herbicides registered for aquatic use

19 Aquatic Herbicide Toxicity (ppm)

20 Turf and Ornamental Irrigation Restrictions - Read the Label!

21 What are Some of the Common Weeds in the South?

22 Planktonic Algae Single cells Suspended in water Green water

23 Filamentous Algae

24 Floating Plants

25 Duckweeds

26 Watermeal Proper ID!

27 Fire Ant Control! Mosquito fern

28 Water Hyacinth Look Nice: But! 1 Plant = 1 Acre in 1 Year!

29 Water Lettuce Possibly Exotic

30 Emergent Plants

31 Cattails

32 Dollarweed or Penneywort (Hydrocotyl)

33 Torpedograss (exotic)

34 Alligatorweed Opposite leaves Scaly flowers Root at nodes Hollow stems

35 Alligatorweed Exotic Biocontrol!

36 Primrose Willow

37 Floating-Leaved Plants

38 Water Shield (a.k.a. Snot Bonnet )

39 Fragrant Water Lilly

40 Spatterdock / Cow Lilly / Bonnets

41 Submergent Plants

42 Southern Naiad

43 Coontail

44 Parrot Feather

45 Carnivorous! Bladderwort

46 Exotic Hydrilla

47 What herbicide is best for control? Effectiveness of Herbicide Active Ingredients for Aquatic Weed Control FLOATING Aquathol Endothall Hydrotho l Diqu at 2,4-D Granul ar Liqui d Coppe r 1 Fluridone 2 Glyph o- sate Imazapy r Triclopy r Carfentra - zone Penoxsulam 2 Imazamox Duckweed * * G * F * E * * * * E * * Watermeal * * * * * * F * * * F G * * Water fern * * E * * * E * * * E E * * Mosquito fern * * E * * * E * * * E E * * Water hyacinth * * E * E F * G E E F E E * Water lettuce * * E * * F * F E * E E G * Frog's bit * * E * * * * * E F * E E * Alligatorweed * * * * F * * G E G * F E * Also, submersed, emersed, and algae Source: Efficacy of Herbicide Active Ingredients Against Aquatic Weeds K. Langeland, M. Netherland, and W. Haller ( Hydrogen peroxide

48 Nutrient source Bank erosion Increase turbidity Create shallow areas Livestock and Ponds

49 What if the pond is needed to water livestock? Fence the pond off from livestock and provide a small area for livestock to access the water add gravel to slow erosion

50 What if the pond is needed to water livestock? Use stock tank with either gravity-fed or solar powered water-level control valve (fence pond) Check your local USDA-NRCS office for cost sharing

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