Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

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1 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas ACD offers a wide range of cryogenic fuel supply pumps to accommodate various flow and pressure requirements for LNG

Each centrifugal and reciprocating pump is specifically designed to meet LNG or CNG applications while providing both efficient operation

Cryogenic, hydro, and pneumatic testing during the assembly phase ensure that ACD pumps comply with industry requirements and match

Fueling Applications Passenger car (CNG) Light or medium duty truck (CNG & LNG) Heavy duty truck (LNG) Bus (CNG & LNG) Maritime (LNG) LMT

off-loading Bulk transfer Bunkering LNG Properties 1 Litre =.

2 Liquefied Natural Gas ACD offers a wide range of cryogenic fuel supply pumps to accommodate various flow and pressure requirements for LNG fueled gas engine systems, bulk transfer, off-loading, and bunkering. Each centrifugal and reciprocating pump is specifically designed to meet LNG or CNG applications while providing both efficient operation and extended product life. Cryogenic, hydro, and pneumatic testing during the assembly phase ensure that ACD pumps comply with industry requirements and match product performance guarantees. Fueling Applications Passenger car (CNG) Light or medium duty truck (CNG & LNG) Heavy duty truck (LNG) Bus (CNG & LNG) Maritime (LNG) LMT (LNG) Rail (LNG) Pump Applications Fuel gas systems LNG high pressure feed to L/CNG station vaporizers Vehicle loading and trailer off-loading Bulk transfer Bunkering LNG Properties 1 Litre =.64 Nm3 gas ± 95% methane (CH 4 ) Expansion (liquid to gas): 1 to 620 Colorless & odorless Non toxic, non corrosive Specific gravity: Natural gas =.55 (Air = 1.0, Gasoline = 3.4, Diesel > 4.0) Flammability limit: 5-15% (vs % for diesel and 1-7.6% for gasoline) mixed with air Ignition temperature: ºC ( F) Estimated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction in Light-Duty Vehicles (LDVs) LNG (21-25%, CH4) CNG (21-26%, CH4) Natural gas vehicles reduce emissions (NOx = 87%; CO = 70%) 2 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

L/CNG Station Operations CNG STORAGE TANK CNG VEHICLE VAPORIZER P CNG.

.. TANK LORRY LNG STORAGE TANK LP LNG PUMP LNG DISPENSER L/CNG Station Operations Fuel is brought in by

dispenser CNG Station Operations Fuel is supplied via local pipeline Gas is compressed and stored in ASME

3 L/CNG Station Operations CNG STORAGE TANK CNG VEHICLE VAPORIZER P CNG... HP LNG PUMP CNG DISPENSER LNG VEHICLE LNG P LNG... TANK LORRY LNG STORAGE TANK LP LNG PUMP LNG DISPENSER L/CNG Station Operations Fuel is brought in by transport trailers LNG is stored in a cryogenic tank Vehicles are fueled using a pump and single fill hose from dispenser CNG Station Operations Fuel is supplied via local pipeline Gas is compressed and stored in ASME tubes/bottles Vehicles are fueled by pressure differential from the storage banks / compressor L/CNG stations are designed to refuel using low-pressure ( slow-fill ) or high-pressure ( fast-fill ) systems. Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 3

TC-34 ACD s TC-34 submerged pump is engineered to meet the world s most demanding LNG transfer and fueling needs.

Unlike conventional pumps, the TC-34 pump is immersed in fluid, allowing the unit to operate without a mechanical shaft seal.

Performance Map 1800 1600 Flow Rate lpm 75 155 230 310 390 470 550 550 490 Differential Head feet 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 1x2x6-4 Stage 1x2x6-2 Stage 1.5x2.

(KA) 1,500 to 7,200 rpm Note: Consult factory for LNG/LN 2 /LAR pump speeds Features & Benefits Gastight design Pump and motor are fully submerged in liquid, minimizing heat loss and guaranteeing

4 TC-34 ACD s TC-34 submerged pump is engineered to meet the world s most demanding LNG transfer and fueling needs. Able to endure thousands of starts per year without requiring an overhaul, its durable design features an exclusive bearing material composition and vertically-mounted stator and rotor assembly. Unlike conventional pumps, the TC-34 pump is immersed in fluid, allowing the unit to operate without a mechanical shaft seal. With immediate start-up and minimal heat loss, the TC-34 offers the most dependable and trouble-free operation available for land, sea, and rail applications. Performance Map Flow Rate lpm Differential Head feet x2x6-4 Stage 1x2x6-2 Stage 1.5x2.5x6-2 Stage Differential Head meters Flow Rate gpm Vacuum jacketed sump available (optional) Speed range 1,500 to 6,000 rpm Speed range (KA) 1,500 to 7,200 rpm Note: Consult factory for LNG/LN 2 /LAR pump speeds Features & Benefits Gastight design Pump and motor are fully submerged in liquid, minimizing heat loss and guaranteeing quick response pumping Sealless, submerged design minimizes maintenance requirements Vertical pump design provides greater stability and longer life Specially-designed VFD motor provides a broad range of operation Product-lubricated bearings increase bearing life expectancy Applications LNG feed to high pressure (LCNG) pump LNG feed to natural gas engines LNG storage tank refilling LNG circulation Storage transfer and pipeline injection for LNG peak shaving plants 4 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

Performance Map AC-32 ACD s AC-32 sealless, centrifugal pump offers a safe solution to transferring flammable liquefied gasses such as

A helical inducer reduces the NPSH requirement of the pump and assures that suction conditions are stable. Speed Range: 1: 1 x 2 x 4.

5 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 6: 3 x 5 x 8.5 1,500 to 5,000 rpm 7: 4 x 5 x 10.

Sealless, zero-leakage design minimizes maintenance requirements and is environmentally safe Variable frequency motor provides a broad

soft-start motor eliminate cavitation at pump start-up Spring-loaded system allows slight axial movement of the rotor to compensate for

5 Performance Map AC-32 ACD s AC-32 sealless, centrifugal pump offers a safe solution to transferring flammable liquefied gasses such as LNG. Its vertical pump and variable speed motor are hermetically sealed, eliminating the need for a mechanical shaft seal. A helical inducer reduces the NPSH requirement of the pump and assures that suction conditions are stable. Speed Range: 1: 1 x 2 x 4.5 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 2: 1 x 2 x 6 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 3: 1.5 x 3 x 6 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 4: 2 x 4 x 6 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 5: 2 x 4 x 8.5 1,500 to 7,000 rpm 6: 3 x 5 x 8.5 1,500 to 5,000 rpm 7: 4 x 5 x ,500 to 5,000 rpm Features & Benefits Fully submerged pump and motor minimize start-up and downtime for quick, responsive pumping Sealless, zero-leakage design minimizes maintenance requirements and is environmentally safe Variable frequency motor provides a broad range of operation and power Cooling from the cryogen extends electrical motor and bearing life Low NPSH inducer and variable speed, soft-start motor eliminate cavitation at pump start-up Spring-loaded system allows slight axial movement of the rotor to compensate for temperature Applications Bunkering LNG feed to natural gas engines Storage transfer and pipeline injection for LNG peak shaving plants LNG storage tank refilling LNG circulation LNG feed to LNG vehicle Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 5

X9 ACD s X9 high pressure reciprocating pump offers reliable LNG service using existing SGV components with proven technology and standardization.

Multiple cold end sizes allow interchangeability and flexibility at the customer s specific flow and pressure requirements.

25 x 1.38 3-X9 1.625 x 1.38 1-X9 1.625 x 1.38 2-X9 1.625 x 1.38 3-X9 670 621 552 483 414 345 276 207 2000 138 1000 1.97 x 1.

36] inch / [mm] Features & Benefits Modular design (available in 1, 2, or 3 cylinder configurations) provides a wide range of flow rates Splash oil

6 X9 ACD s X9 high pressure reciprocating pump offers reliable LNG service using existing SGV components with proven technology and standardization. The X9 features a modular design with a wide range of flow rates. Multiple cold end sizes allow interchangeability and flexibility at the customer s specific flow and pressure requirements. Performance Map Discharge Pressure psi Flow Rate lpm x X x X x X x X x X x X x X9 69 Discharge Pressure bar Flow Rate gpm Note: LOX limited to 4,000 psi 1.00" NPT Suction [368.40] 28.4 [721.36] inch / [mm] Features & Benefits Modular design (available in 1, 2, or 3 cylinder configurations) provides a wide range of flow rates Splash oil lubrication extends drive end life Multiple cold end sizes allow interchangeability and flexibility at the customer s specific flow and pressure requirements Drive end design uses existing SGV components, providing proven technology, reliability, and standardization Applications High pressure LNG for L/CNG vehicle fueling 6 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

P2K Performance Map 6000 Flow Rate lpm 4 8 12 15 19 21 414 ACD s P2K reciprocating pump features a vertical design that offers less

Its cold end is submerged inside a vacuum-jacketed liquid sump, minimizing heat leak and increasing system efficiency.

50 345 276 207 138 69 Discharge Pressure bar 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flow Rate gpm Maximum Capacity Rating: 2.55 gpm (9.6 lpm) @ 6,000 psi (414 bar) 3.

2 lpm) @ 3,500 psi (241 bar) Vertical Design Contact ACD Engineering for recommendations for flow/pressure specifications not listed.

suction valve operation V-band clamp secures the sump to the intermediate, allowing quick and easy access to the cold end assembly External

7 P2K Performance Map 6000 Flow Rate lpm ACD s P2K reciprocating pump features a vertical design that offers less vibration, reduced noise, and a compact system footprint. Its cold end is submerged inside a vacuum-jacketed liquid sump, minimizing heat leak and increasing system efficiency. Discharge Pressure psi x x x x Discharge Pressure bar Flow Rate gpm Maximum Capacity Rating: 2.55 gpm (9.6 6,000 psi (414 bar) 3.47 gpm (13.1 4,500 psi (310 bar) 4.54 gpm (17.2 3,500 psi (241 bar) Vertical Design Contact ACD Engineering for recommendations for flow/pressure specifications not listed. Features & Benefits Vertical pump design eliminates gravitational loading on the piston, extending sealing ring life and providing smoother suction valve operation V-band clamp secures the sump to the intermediate, allowing quick and easy access to the cold end assembly External re-lubrication nipples for roller bearings and crosshead assembly provide extended life Motor positioned on the backside of the pumping skid eliminates possible fire, explosion, or hazard in the event of a liquid leak Replaceable crosshead wearband eliminates crosshead piston wear and reduces maintenance Applications Light duty high pressure LNG for L/CNG vehicle fueling Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 7

SGV ACD s SGV reciprocating pump has become the industry s leader for LNG high pressure and high flow applications.

SGV models are available in complete skid assemblies with auxiliary piping components included to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient

This compact, modular pump is available in single, double or triple cylinder configurations for a wide range of flow options.

625 x 1.38 1 SGV 2 SGV 3 SGV 670 621 552 483 414 345 276 3K 1.97 x 1.

Benefits Modular, compact displacement pump (available in 1, 2, or 3 cylinder configurations) provides a wide range of flows

8 SGV ACD s SGV reciprocating pump has become the industry s leader for LNG high pressure and high flow applications. With its new large 50 mm bore (1.97 inch) cold end, the SGV can achieve flows up to 25 gpm (95 lpm) at 6,000 psi (414 bar). SGV models are available in complete skid assemblies with auxiliary piping components included to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient LNG pumping. This compact, modular pump is available in single, double or triple cylinder configurations for a wide range of flow options. Performance Map Discharge Pressure psi Flow Rate lpm K 9K 8K 7K 6K 5K 4K 1.25 x SGV 2 SGV 3 SGV x SGV 2 SGV 3 SGV K 1.97 x K 1K 1 SGV 2 SGV 3 SGV Discharge Pressure bar Flow Rate gpm 60 HZ performance Features & Benefits Modular, compact displacement pump (available in 1, 2, or 3 cylinder configurations) provides a wide range of flows Vacuum-jacketed cold end for minimal cool-down losses and economical operation Pressurized, oil-lubricated drive with oil pump and reservoir allows higher bearing loads and prevents internal leakage Optimized cold end packing assembly increases seal life Applications High pressure LNG for L/CNG vehicle fueling ME-GI fuel gas system fueling Rail fuel gas system fueling 8 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

SLS Performance Map Discharge Pressure [psig] 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 Fluid Flow [lpm] 150 300 450 600 750 900 1350 1200 2.0"Ø x 2.25" Stroke 1050 2.0"Ø x 2.25" Stroke 900 64 mmø x 2.

25" Stroke 450 Discharge Pressure [bar] ACD s SLS reciprocating high pressure pump is engineered to provide high pressure, variable flow with high efficiency for onboard fueling to LNG

The SLS features an improved drive end design which allows cooler temperatures during operation and bronze babbitted journal bearings for longer life.

9 SLS Performance Map Discharge Pressure [psig] Fluid Flow [lpm] "Ø x 2.25" Stroke "Ø x 2.25" Stroke mmø x 2.25" Stroke "Ø x 2.25" Stroke "Ø x 2.25" Stroke 450 Discharge Pressure [bar] ACD s SLS reciprocating high pressure pump is engineered to provide high pressure, variable flow with high efficiency for onboard fueling to LNG ship engines and land-based skidded assemblies for high flow and high pressure appilcations. The SLS features an improved drive end design which allows cooler temperatures during operation and bronze babbitted journal bearings for longer life. Each integral skid-mounted system is designed for ease of operation and maintenance, with multiple configurations to enable adaptability and conformity to LNG shipboard applications "Ø x 2.25" Stroke Fluid Flow [gpm] 3-SLS 1100 Horsepower Cryogenic Reciprocating Pump Features & Benefits Improved drive end design allows cooler temperatures during operation with specialized bearings for longer life Multiple configurations enable adaptability and conformity to mobile and stationary applications using a standard base model Better than 30 to 1 turndown ratios allows for a wide range of operating parameters Applications ME-GI fuel gas system fueling Rail fuel gas system fueling Land-based high pressure supply to power stations and piplines Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 9

Cryogenic Industries From its headquarters in Southern California, Cryogenic Industries has assembled a network of companies which offer the manufacturing, sales, and service support for customers in

Cryogenic pumps Fuel gas system support Turbo expanders Heat exchangers Vaporizers CO 2 generation and recovery systems Air separation plants Energy recovery turbines Process plant systems Global

10 Cryogenic Industries From its headquarters in Southern California, Cryogenic Industries has assembled a network of companies which offer the manufacturing, sales, and service support for customers in today s industrial gas, petrochemical, and new energy markets. Cryogenic pumps Fuel gas system support Turbo expanders Heat exchangers Vaporizers CO 2 generation and recovery systems Air separation plants Energy recovery turbines Process plant systems Global Network North America 1 ACD 2 Cosmodyne 3 CryoAtlanta 4 CryoCanada Red Deer 5 CryoCanada Toronto 6 Cryogenic Industries Houston 7 Cryoquip 8 Energent 9 Pittsburgh Cryogenic Services International 10 ACD Brasil 11 ACD Dubai 12 ACD Europe (ACD Cryo) 13 ACD India 14 ACD Kolkata 15 CI Brasil 16 Cryogenic Industries China 17 Cryogenic Industries Korea 18 Cryogenic Industries Malaysia 19 Cryoquip Australia 20 Cryoquip China 21 Cryoquip India 22 Cryoquip Malaysia 23 Cryoquip South America 24 Cryoquip UK 25 Rhine Engineering Ambient Vaporizer Bank Two 5-SLS Pumps on Drilling Rig 10 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

Worldwide Locations 4 5 24 12 2 1, 8 7 6 3 9 11

11 Worldwide Locations , , 21, , , 22 10, 15, Turboexpander Wheel and Inlet Guide Vanes Small Capacity Landfill Gas Recovery System Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 11

Cosmodyne, LLC. Cosmodyne, LLC. specializes in the design and manufacture of air separation plants for the industrial gas, aerospace and military industries.

for producing liquefiers capable of highly stable and efficient operation.

12 Cosmodyne, LLC. Cosmodyne, LLC. specializes in the design and manufacture of air separation plants for the industrial gas, aerospace and military industries. With over 50 years of experience in cryogenic liquefaction process plants and turbo expanders for refrigeration cycles, Cosmodyne is able to provide in-house integration and optimization capabilities for producing liquefiers capable of highly stable and efficient operation. Cosmodyne s plants are custom-engineered for LNG production capacities ranging from 10,000 to 200,000 gallons per day (38 to 756 m 3 ). Each plant features environmentally friendly nitrogen gas closed loop refrigeration cycles to liquefy the natural gas. Modular, skid mounted assemblies offer easy onsite installation suitable for remote locations and can provide anywhere from 10,000 to 30,000 gallons per day (38 to 113 m 3 ). 160,000 gallons/day (605 m 3 /day) LNG plant California, USA Feed Gas LEGEND Feed Gas (Natural Gas) LNG 1 Nitrogen 1 Amine System (if required) 2 Inlet Cooler 3 Adsorption Beds 4 Gas Chiller 5 Cold Box 6 Column/Separator 7 Recycle Compressor 8 Warm Expander 9 Cold Expander LNG Product to Storage Tank 6 Nitrogen Refrigeration System Inert, nonpolluting, corrosion-free refrigerant Reliable and simplified single refrigerant system Rapid return to production after cold plant shutdown Capable of frequent load change Minimizes or eliminates need for vapor recovery systems Efficiently recovers energy available from near-isentropic expansion of nitrogen refrigerant 12 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

systems which use natural gas, ambient air, water, or steam as an energy source.

transported from site to site on available trailer or other mobile methods.

supply in the event of emergency or scheduled shutdowns, vessel pressure building, or other process

Cryoquip also manufactures modular, skid-mounted nitrogen cycle LNG liquefaction plants as wells as

13 Cryoquip, Inc. Cryoquip, Inc. is an industry leader in the engineering and manufacturing of a diversified line of LNG vaporizing systems which use natural gas, ambient air, water, or steam as an energy source. The systems are designed for either stationary single site applications or as portable systems to be transported from site to site on available trailer or other mobile methods. Applications include send out vaporization systems for peak shaving plants, temporary gas pipeline supply in the event of emergency or scheduled shutdowns, vessel pressure building, or other process applications for either continuous or temporary service. Cryoquip also manufactures modular, skid-mounted nitrogen cycle LNG liquefaction plants as wells as expander plants for LNG production using pipeline pressure-let-down, LNG boil-off recovery systems, and nitrogen rejection units. LNG peak shaving plant China Cryoquip LNG process skid for high flow LNG transfer and bunkering systems, featuring an ACD AC-32 submerged pump Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 13

Energent Corp. Energent Corporation was formed at the start of the 21st century to create a new paradigm for energy production.

production, and reduces the specific power required for refrigeration.

supercritical, flashing liquid, vapor, and liquid expansions.

14 Energent Corp. Energent Corporation was formed at the start of the 21st century to create a new paradigm for energy production. By exploiting waste heat and pressure, Energent is developing efficient and cost effective means to convert lost energy into useful power for liquefaction and air separation plants. When installed in parallel with a two-phase J-T valve, Energent s Flashing Liquid Expander (FLE) generates electricity, increases liquid production, and reduces the specific power required for refrigeration. The FLE, also known as a Variable Phase Turbine (VPT), combines converging-diverging nozzles with an axial impulse turbine to recover energy from supercritical, flashing liquid, vapor, and liquid expansions. Synchronous speeds eliminate the need for a gearbox and the FLE s hermetic system requires no shaft seal. Unlike radial inflow designs, Energent s axial impulse turbine prevents erosion from the two-phase flow, requires only a single stage, and achieves high efficiency with flashing LNG. a LNG Flashing Liquid Expander b c e d Expander Cross Section a. Generator b. LNG Inlet Plenum c. Nozzle (1 of 10) d. Turbine Rotor e. LNG Flow 14 Fuel Supply Pumps LNG

15 ACD s fuel supply centrifugal and reciprocating pumps provide clean energy solutions for LNG vehicle, shipboard and rail fuel gas systems, bulk transfer, off-loading, and recirculation. Each LNG pumping system is engineered to meet the individual flow and pressure requirements needed to provide our customers with eco-responsible solutions for today s industries.

Manufacturing Center Cryogenic Industries Global Service and Sales Companies 2321 S. Pullman Street Santa Ana, CA 92705 USA 1.800.525.

404.696.8113 Fax +1.404.696.8116 sales@cryoatlanta.com www.cryoindservice.com California (ACD Service) 1322 N.

281.590.4800 Fax +1.281.590.4801 sales@cihouston.com www.cryoindservice.com Pittsburgh 767 State Route 30 Imperial, PA 15126 USA +1.724.695.1910 Fax +1.

4436 Fax +1.403.352.4439 sales@cryocanada.com www.cryoindservice.com Toronto 530 McNicoll Avenue Toronto, Ontario M2H 2E1, Canada +1.416.502.

7888 Fax +61.3.9769.2788 sales.au@cryoquip.

587/0001-24 Incrição Estadual: 148632745116 Tel/Fax +55.11.2015.4288/4289 acd@cibrazil.

hz.zj.cn www.cryoindservice.com Dubai PO Box 17231 Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai, UAE Tel: +971.0.4.880.8889 Fax: +971.0.4.880.8899 acd@acdcom.com www.

com www.acdcryo.com D-79415 Bad Bellingen, Germany +49.7635.8105.0 Fax: +49.7635.8965 info@acdcryo.com www.acdcryo.com India Plot No.

acdcom.com A Division of Rhine Engineering Pvt. Ltd. 2, New Taratala Road Kolkata- 700 088 West Bengal, INDIA +91.973.216 0010 rmukherjee@acdindia.

16 Manufacturing Center Cryogenic Industries Global Service and Sales Companies 2321 S. Pullman Street Santa Ana, CA USA (USA only) Fax North America Atlanta 370 Great Southwest Parkway, Suite F Atlanta, GA USA Fax sales@cryoatlanta.com California (ACD Service) 1322 N. Santiago Street Santa Ana, CA USA Fax service@acdcom.com Houston Interdrive East Houston, TX USA Fax sales@cihouston.com Pittsburgh 767 State Route 30 Imperial, PA USA Fax pittcryo@pittcryogenic.com Red Deer 7443 Edgar Industrial Dr., #6 Red Deer, Alberta T4P 3R2, Canada Fax sales@cryocanada.com Toronto 530 McNicoll Avenue Toronto, Ontario M2H 2E1, Canada Fax info@cryocanada.com International Australia 14 Zenith Road Dandenong, Victoria 3175, Australia Fax sales.au@cryoquip.com Brasil Rua Forte do Araxá, #59 Parque Industrial São Lourenço São Paulo SP, Brasil CEP: CNPJ: / Incrição Estadual: Tel/Fax /4289 acd@cibrazil.com China 9# Bridge, 02 Provincial Highway Xianlin County, Yuhang District Hangzhou, China Fax hci@mail.hz.zj.cn Dubai PO Box Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai, UAE Tel: Fax: acd@acdcom.com Europe (ACD CRYO) CH-4142 Muenchenstein, Switzerland Fax: sales@acdcryo.com D Bad Bellingen, Germany Fax: info@acdcryo.com India Plot No. 454 GIDC National Highway No. 8, Por-Ramangamdi District: Vadodara , Gujarat, India Fax info@acdllc.com A Division of Rhine Engineering Pvt. Ltd. 2, New Taratala Road Kolkata West Bengal, INDIA rmukherjee@acdindia.com acdcom.com Korea Gongse-ri, Giheung-eup Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, , Korea Fax info@ci-korea.co.kr Malaysia No 7A, Jalan Sungai Kayu Ara 32/39 Taman Berjaya Park, Section Shah Alam, Selangor D. Ehsan, Malaysia Fax Bulletin No. ACD Fuel Supply Pumps LNG 2012 Specifications subject to change without notice 2012 ACD LLC. Printed in U.S.A.

The Energent Variable Phase Turbine expands liquids or supercritical fluids used in refrigeration

A Newsletter from Cryogenic Industries Summer 8 The Energent Variable Phase Turbine expands liquids or supercritical fluids used in refrigeration Expansion of a liquid or supercritical fluid into the two-phase