I. UNESCO s IHP. The challenge. I. UNESCO s IHP. Case studies

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1 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Outline I. UNESCO s IHP International Hydrological Programme Conflicts over water resources Raya Marina Stephan Water Use and Climate Change HENVI Science Day Helsinki, 16 April 2009 II. III. IV. PCCP ISARM Case studies I. UNESCO s IHP The Preamble to the Constitution of UNESCO declares that since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture (article 1) The opening lines of UNESCO's Constitution are engraved in ten languages on a stone wall in the Square of Tolerance The challenge How to put water in the minds of people? International Hydrological Programme The only global intergovernmental scientific programme on water resources of the UN system * Created in 1975 after the International Hydrological decade * Member States define needs and plans of phases * Growing emphasis on management and social aspects * Executed by Member States and other partners

2 IHP-VII ( ) 2013) Water Dependencies: Systems under Stress and Societal Responses THEME 1: 1 Adapting to the Impacts of Global Changes in River Basins & Aquifer Systems THEME 2: 2 Strengthening Water Governance for Sustainability THEME 3: 3 Ecohydrology for Sustainability THEME 4: 4 Water and Life Support Systems THEME 5: Water Education for Sustainable Development II. PCCP From Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential One of UNESCO s contributions to the World Water Assessment Programme Mission Statement Serving UNESCO s overall mandate: Fostering peace in humans minds and co-operation among Member States To facilitate multi-level and interdisciplinary dialogues in order to foster peace and development related to the management of shared water resources Target audiences Member States Donors and funding agencies Educators at all levels Professionals (current & future) involved in water management The general public First phase outcomes Contribution to WWDR1 through Chapter on Sharing Water Analysis of water conflict & co-operation field Historical experiences, existing legal, diplomatic and systems analysis tools, case studies and training material. Published in TDHs (3000 Pages) 4 Short courses designed 2 Pilot courses held Public information on the PCCP spirit through

3 Second phase outcomes Research Contribution to WWDR2 through Chapter on Sharing Water Co-operation reinforced in the Lake Titicaca basin Review and assessment of international groundwater law Education Design process launched for a Master s programme on water conflict and co-operation 2 region specific courses and 34 mid and high level professionals, and around 12 trainers, trained in Latin America and South East Europe Design of an electronic game on the challenges of climate change and shared water resources management designed Process support Design and production of a Conflict Resolution Support System software Design of the Water Cooperation Facility concept Third Phase - Main Tracks of Activities Education and Training Activities Research Process Support PCCP Phase III TRACK 1: EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES PCCP training course in the Middle East for trainers in ADR techniques. PCCP/USAID/OSU Course for MRC representatives on consensus building and conflict resolution PCCP/UNESCO-IHE/MRC training programme PCCP LA course sessions for young professionals in various LA universities. PCCP training course for high level decision maker from around the UN system. Publication of a workbook on transboundary water management. PCCP joint MSc with Dundee and UNESCO-IHE. Aqua Pax Game. Climate Quest Game. PCCP Phase III TRACK 2: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Online data base on conflict and co-operation events. 263 Wiki. Water and History in the Jordan. Publication of Water for peace and for the people in the Middle East, Jon Martin Trondalen Contribution to WWDR 3. PCCP Phase III TRACK 3: PROCESS SUPPORT ACTIVITIES PCCP Phase III TRACK 4: DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS Euphrates and Tigris Basin Development Programme. Case study on the Mono river PCCP web: In English, French and Spanish. Case study on the Ostua Metapan

4 III. ISARM Resolution XIV-12 (June 2000) The Intergovernmental Council of UNESCO s IHP, representing 160 Member States, adopted a resolution to promote studies in regard to internationally shared aquifers Internationally Shared /Transboundary Aquifer Resources Management ISARM OAS FAO UNECE IAH IGRAC - ESCWA What is a transboundary Aquifer? Objectives: To improve the existing scientific knowledge on transboundary aquifers To compile an international inventory of transboundary aquifers To develop a toolkit for a management approach of transboundary aquifers Country 2 Country 1 The ISARM Initiative: five focal areas The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories EUROPE Links & synergies with parallel activities established e.g. UN ECE : Under the UN ECE Water Convention 1992 on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes Inventory of transboundary aquifers in Europe

5 UNECE Survey of European transboundary aquifers UNESCO ISARM in South-Eastern Europe (SEE) 47 transboundary aquifers inventoried Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB Dragonja 2. Kupa 7. Sava 3. Kupa 4. Una 5. Cetina 6. Neretva 9. Backa & Banat 21.Upper Pannonian-Lower Pleistocene Central Serbia 10. Srem. 19. East Serbia 11. West Serbia 23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic -Lower Cret.GWB 16. Gaber-Nesla 12. SW Serbia 17. Znepole 18. Tran Zemen 43.Svilengrad 44.Topolograd 45.Malko Tarnovo 37.Nastan Sandansky 46.Rezovska 38.Smolyan Dojran Svilengrad Gevgelija Rudozem Gotze 42.Orestiada Delchev 40.Erma Reka 47.Meric 30.Pelagonija 36.Orvilos & 31.Florina 26.Pagoni Vjosa 27.Mourgana The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories AFRICA International workshop Managing shared aquifer resources in Africa, Tripoli, June 2002 recommends, inter alia the inventory and the assessment of shared aquifer resources in Africa UNESCO ISARM AFRICA 39 transboundary aquifers inventoried ISARM SADC Southern African Development Community 20 identified TBAs in SADC An ISARM SADC initiative supported by UNESCO commenced in March 2007 in Pretoria RSA. The initiative intends to Establish a network Provide a Mechanism for Coordination Provide a TBA Inventory

6 The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories UNESCO - OAS ISARM of the AMERICAS Americas ISARM launched in the Americas in 2002 UNESCO/OAS Partnership 68 transboundary aquifers inventoried ISARM Americas Phases The ISARM Project- Launch of Regional Inventories in Asia 12 transboundary aquifers inventoried so far Phase I - Inventory of Transboundary Aquifers of the Americas ( ): Information on Hydrogeology, present uses, expected future demand and scenarios First Publication Case Studies Phase II - Institutional and Legal issues ( ) Socio-economic, environmental, and competitive water use issues ( ) Phase III - Regional Vision for Managing Transboundary Aquifers ( ) Diagnostics of Institutional and legal frameworks in countries Diagnostics of socio-economic, environmental And competitive water use issues Strategic guidelines for a regional approach for integrated groundwater management in a transbounday context, within the current legal and institutional framework, taking also into account international legal developments such as the UN ILC Draft Artcles Second Publication Case Studies Third Publication Case Studies Strategic regional guidelines Legal aspects of Transboundary Aquifers Management 2002 : the ILC includes in its programme of work the topic of Shared Natural Resources Transboundary groundwaters Oil Natural gas UNESCO and the United Nations International Law Commission (UNILC) Within the framework of the ISARM project, a multidisciplinary ad-hoc IHP task force of experts has been established by UNESCO to assist the Special Rapporteur of the UNILC on the preparation of a new international legal instrument on transboundary aquifers

7 The draft articles on the law of transboundary aquifers Between 2003 & 2008 : five reports on the sub-topic of transboundary groundwaters 2008 : the ILC adopts the draft articles on the law of TB aquifes at second reading Deferred to the UN GA with the following recommendation a.adoption of Resolution, with draft articles in annex b.at a later stage elaboration of a convention Resolution A/RES/63/124 on the law of transboundary aquifers Adopted by UN General Assembly 11 Dec 2008 Includes the draft articles in its annex Encourages the States concerned to make appropriate arrangements for the proper management of their transboundary aquifers, taking into account the provisions of the draft articles. Consideration of the final form (Convention or other) in Education and training in transboundary groundwater management as an instrument of dialogue and communication Specific objectives and outputs of the training programme: teach the scientists the specific aspects of transboundary groundwater, including the needs to harmonize the scientific languages and methods; create the capacities of policy-makers and scientists to exchange and work together on transboundary groundwater management, e.g. take part in negotiations, build and operate partnerships, with an emphasis on the cross-cultural dimensions; create the capacities of scientists and human and political scientists, to work in pluridisciplinary and multicultural teams. An expert workshop held in November 2006 discussed a pilot programme (rationale, contents, pedagogical methods) and its practical implementation A first pilot course was held in Thessaloniki, Greece (October 2008) IV. Case studies

8 NUBIAN SANDSTONE AQUIFER SYSTEM (NSAS) Joint Authority (Egypt & Libya) created 1992 Sudan & Chad joined later (1996, 1999) Mandate: oversee strategic planning develop monitoring network exchange data & information on gw & extraction 2000: two technical agreements on data collection, sharing & access within project framework Creation of NARIS (regional database) GEF project started in 2006 involvement of Joint Authority SASS: Algeria, Libya, Tunisia SASS: CONSULTATION MECHANISM Stage 1 (12/2002): technical level (temporary) Focus on data collection, modelling & confidence building Institutionscentres de recherche Point focal Libye (GWA) Institutionscentres de recherche Point focal Alg érie (ANRH) Comité de pilotage Unité de coordination SASS/OSS Point focal Tunisie (DGRE) Institutionscentres de recherche. Functions manage hydrogeological data base & simulation model; develop & follow-up reference observation network; process, analyze and validate data relating to the knowledge of the resource; develop databases on socio-economic activities in the region in relation to water uses; develop & publish indicators on the resource and its uses in the three countries; promote & facilitate the conduct of joint or coordinated studies and research; formulate & implement training programmes; update SASS model on a regular basis; devise & formulate proposals relating to permanent consultation mechanism (Phase 2). SASS: CONSULTATION MECHANISM Stage 2 (06/2008): political level (permanent) Working groups Council of Ministers of Water (Algeria, Libya, Tunisia) Permanent Technical Committee Permanent Technical Committee Coordination Unit (OSS) National Committees Algeria Libya Tunisia Functions (proposed at the outset) In addition to those of temporary mechanism, definition of policy & strategies for aquifer utilization, protection, conservation & management; definition of priority zones for aquifer development & management plan formulation, and plan formulation; endorsement of projects with possible adverse effects; definition of management measures to be taken by states (control of water use & pollution, conservation); formulation of recommendations aiming at the harmonization of legislation.

9 IULLEMEDEN AQUIFER SYSTEM (IAS): Mali, Niger, Nigeria IAS: CONSULTATION MECHANISM Stage 1 (10/2006) - temporary Steering Steering Committee Committee (political (political level) level) Secretary (facilitator) Secretary (facilitator) Mali Te Mali chni cal Niger Te Niger chni cal Nigeria Nigeria Functions (Stage 1) improvement & updating of common knowledge base; definition of initial monitoring & assessment programme (water quantity and quality, land uses and degradation within recharge areas), overseeing the harmonization of procedures and methodologies, definition of guidelines for database maintenance. definition of risk assessment methodologies; identification & mapping of vulnerable zones; paving the way for permanent mechanism (for Phase 2). IAS: CONSULTATION MECHANISM Stage 2 - permanent Mali Te Mali chni cal Steering Committee Steering Committee (Political level) (Political level) Executive Secretariat Maintenance Executive Secretariat of the Maintenance of the database; coordination of the database; work of the coordination national of s; the work of preparation the national of the s; decisions of preparation the of the decisions of the Steering Committee Steering Committee Niger Niger Nigeria Nigeria Functions (Stage 2) In addition to those of transitional mechanism, advice on programmes & projects which are likely to create situations of risk, or to cause damage to the IAS resources; definition of risk management measures; coordination of integrated development programmes; formulation of recommendations for harmonizing the legal and institutional frameworks; mobilization of financial resources; prevention and settlement of disputes; preparation of annual report on the state of the IAS. Question of housing of mechanism c/o existing water institution? in this case NBA, which is too large and does not cover gw but in this case the IAS would be given low priority mechanism as autonomous entity too costly objections would be raised, as the NBA is already in place existing neutral regional institution (ECOWAS)

10 Thank you