Available online at ScienceDirect. Aquatic Procedia 7 (2016 )

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1 Available online at ScienceDirect Aquatic Procedia 7 (2016 ) nd International Symposium on Aquatic Products Processing and Health ISAPPROSH 2015 Prospect and Adversity the Downstream of Softbone Milkfish in Semarang City, Indonesia Nur Afiani Ratnaningtyas a*, Widodo Farid Ma ruf b, Tri Winarni Agustini b, Johannes Hutabarat b, Sutrisno Anggoro b * a Magister of Coastal Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia b Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia Abstract Softbone milkfish [Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)] industry as very supportive of the real sector as food and nutrition security for our community. This products was being one of the culinary products of superior value-added competitive and public interest both as a daily product or as souvenirs. The downstream look profitable but viewed from the upstream condition such as land degradation resulted that raw material depends on other regions. This condition was feared could not keep the balance of demand for milkfish. The purpose of the study was aimed to identify the dimensions and attributes that affect the sustainability status of Softbone milkfish industry, analyzed the sustainability index and categorized sustainability status in multidimensional and gave the formulation of management strategies The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. ( Peer-review under responsibility of the Science and Editorial Board of ISAPPROSH Peer-review under responsibility of the science and editorial board of ISAPPROSH 2015 Keywords: Management; processing industry; Softbone milkfish [Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)]; sustainability; upstream and downstream 1. Introduction Sustainable development is a discipline that has long been sought after by scientists, technologist, businessman and politician. Thomas Malthus in an essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 that population increases in the * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: nurafiani_ratna@yahoo.com X 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( Peer-review under responsibility of the science and editorial board of ISAPPROSH 2015 doi: /j.aqpro

2 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) strength of the geometric ratio will surpass the power of the earth in sustaining human increases in an arithmetic ratio (Hall, 2011). That means human population tends to grow faster than the ability of the world to meet their food needs. The orientation of the development of the coastal area it was time of beginning to see the marine and fisheries sector as one of the priorities and consider the potential as one of the economic development. At least there are 11 sectors of the economy can be developed (BPS, 2011; Dahuri, 2013), so that the resources of the sea and the coast need to be managed wisely and can become the object and source of new growth for Indonesia's economic development in a sustainable way. Indonesia as a rich country in culture and has a generous of different culinary regions with the characteristic of each others. Semarang has some superior products typical of the area some of which are Softbone milkfish, Lumpia, Wingko, Mochi, etc. Softbone milkfish [Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)] or softened-bone milkfish is one of the excellent products, there are various types of business scale in the capital of Central Java Province (Agustini et al., 2010). It is as the product of the creativity traditional fish processing which included in one of the commodities in the creative industries of culinary were in great demand as a public good and the daily product or as souvenirs. The increasing number of tourists visit increases the demand for softbone milkfish as the culinary industry in Semarang. Meanwhile, downstream is an effort to prioritize the value added in the country in the hope would be able to add value to the economy and generate employment opportunities. Note that the added value should have the competitive advantage that will ensure the supply chain. It means that the flow of raw materials from upstream will not be choked and at a decent price. This research was conducted descriptive and was aimed to determine from three different dimension which is ecological and raw material, economy, food safety and quality dimension of Softbone Milkfish ; identified the attributes from each dimension which affected the sustainability; analyzed the sustainability index and categorized sustainability status and gave the formulation of management strategies. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Fish preparation Samples of fish as raw material (fresh milkfish) - (D) and softbone milkfish were taken from different scales ranging from small - scale (households) (A), medium (B) to large scale industrial processing roomates (C) had different technical and sales location Sensory The fresh milkfish and softbone milkfish were evaluated by ten semi-trained panelist panel using score sheet from Indonesian National Standard, SNI and SNI : Moisture content Water content determined by moisture analyzer instrument (Ohaus MB45) Protein content Protein content determined by Micro-Kjeldahl method in three stages which is destruction, distillation and titration (Legowo et al., 2005) Lipid content Lipid content determined by Soxhlet extraction method (Legowo et al., 2005).

3 168 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Salt content Determination of salt refered to Sudarmadji et al. (1984), this method is used to determine the levels of NaCl in fishery products are processed by salting. Salinity is the concentration of NaCl in % contained in the sample Total Plate Count (TPC) Procedure Total Plate Count ( TPC ) refered to the SNI No Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVBN) Procedure TVBN determined from Conway method refered to Ibrahim et al. (2010) and Yunizal et al. (1998) Peroxide Value (PV) PV analysis procedure refered to Ibrahim et al. (2010) modification of IUPAC methods (Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives 7th Revised and Enlarged Edition) ph Samples was homogenized with ten volumes of aquadest and the ph was measured using a ph meter Water activity (aw) Water activity determined by water activity analyzer instrument Formaldehyde The formaldehyde s test determined qualitatively using Antilin which is one of the products Formalin Test Kit on the market. Test kits are manufactured by Koperasi Artha Mina under the supervision of the Research Institute for Biotechnology Product Processing and Marine and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P2HP Director General, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. The test kit has a composition patent number IDS with NaCl, Pararosanilin, SO2, water and HCl Methylen yellow The methylen yellow tests determined using Methylene Yellow Test Kit "Easy Test" which is one of the test kit products sold in the market. Test kits are manufactured by ET Group. The use test kit is a qualitative test method to get results quickly. The test method is also easy to do Rapfish analysis This research was conducted with the approach of Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) which is a program RAPFISH (Rapid Assessment Techniques for Fisheries) developed by Fisheries Center, University of Columbia (Alder et al., 2000; Fauzi and Anna, 2005; Kavanagh, 2001; Kavanagh and Pitcher, 2004; Pitcher, 1999; Pitcher and Preikshot, 2001). MDS is a method of computer-based statistical analysis techniques using the software Microsoft Excel or SPSS, which perform transformations on each dimension of sustainability. Respondents obtained by purposive random sampling were obtained from upstream to downstream (zone 1, 2 and 3). Sampling and determination of respondents were the existence of an industry affected by the sub-cluster consisting of three zones : Zone 1 (upstream), Zone 2 (middle), Zone 3 (downstream) (Ma ruf, 2008). In designing and specifying attributes using a Likert scale (Nazir, 2009).

4 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Data analysis was performed by MDS through several stages : Review the attributes of each dimension of sustainability and defining attributes through field observations and literature review. Attribute that is given a score, which refers to a score RAPFISH by adjusting the conditions obtained from the research. Attributes are selected and tested according to the procedures and criteria. The scoring is based on the results of field observations and expert opinion in accordance with the requirements. The range of scores ranged from 0 to 3, which translates from bad to good or vice versa, depending on the condition of each attribute. Analyze the results of the scoring using the MDS, to determine the position of the status of sustainability in each dimension and multidimensional scale stated in the sustainability index. The scale of the sustainability index lies between 0 to 100. The position of the sustainability index were projected on a horizontal line in the ordinate scale is between two extreme point, i.e. the point of extreme bad and good given an index value between 0 % to 100 % Leverage analysis, was used to determine the sensitive attributes or interventions that can be done on sensitive attributes to enhance the sustainability status. Determination of sensitive attributes carried by the order of priority on the results of the analysis by looking at the shape changes Leverage of root mean square (RMS) on the ordinate axis X. In terms of the higher changes in the RMS value, the greater the role of these attributes in improving the status of sustainability. Monte Carlo Analysis, was used to estimate the effect of errors in the process of the analysis, 95 % interval of credibility. The results are expressed in index form Monte Carlo which further distinguished by the the results of the MDS analysis. If the difference of the index was small, indicating that : a. Errors in scorring of each attribute is relatively small. b. Variations in scoring due to the relatively small difference in opinion. c. The analysis process was carried out repeatedly (iteration) was stable d. Data entry errors and missing data can be avoided. Determination of Stress and Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ) function was to determine whether or not the addition of attributes to reflect accurately the dimensions that were examined (approaching actual conditions). At each measurement was to measure (metric) how fit (goodness of fit), the point estimate of the distance to the point of origin is very important. Godness of fit in MDS is to measure how well (how well) the configuration of a point may reflect the original data. S - Stress value (standarlize residual sum of square) good is smaller than 0.25 (S < 0.25). MDS analysis were stopped if the value of "stress" has been found the desired requirements, in this case < 0.25 or if the "stress" does not go down again in the iteration. Table 1. Sustainability index ranges and sustainability status No Sustainability Index Ranges Sustainability Status unsustainable to Insufficient / less sustainable to fairly sustainable very sustainable 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Profile of softbone milkfish and fresh milkfish Table 2. Organoleptic of softbone milkfish and fresh milkfish Samples Interval of Credibility Samples Interval of Credibility A μ 7.01 Fresh milkfish D μ 8.29 A μ 6.25 D μ 8.42 A μ 6.01 A μ 8.15 B μ 8.66 Softbone milkfish B μ 8.42 B μ 8.20 B μ 8.56 C μ 7.92 C μ 7.78 C μ 8.62 C μ 8.34

5 170 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Table 3. The profile of softbone milkfish and fresh milkfish Samples Proximate Salt Moisture (%) Protein (%) Lipid (%) (%) Aw TVBN PV ph TPC A A A A B Softbone B milkfish B B C C C C Fresh D milkfish D Table 3 presented the profile of quality and food safety approach sensory, chemical and microbiological included proximate (moisture content with range from % to %, lipid content 2.57 % to 6.75 % and protein content % to %), salt content 1.87 % to %, Aw to 0.946, ph 5.83 to 6.17, TVBN 6.30 to mg N %, PV to meq kg 1 lipid, TPC ( ) to ( ) coloni g 1, organoleptic (Table 2) and Formaldehyde and Methylene Yellow (Table 4). The results showed that softbone milkfish in Semarang had quality requirements and food safety in accordance with the specifications of SNI 4106 : Table 4. Formaldehyde and methylene yellow on softbone milkfish and fresh milkfish (qualitative) Samples Formaldehyde Methylene Yellow Samples Formaldehyde Methylene Yellow A D Fresh Milkfish A D A E A E Ice B E3 - Not tested B2 + - E B3 - - Description: Softbone milkfish ++ - B C C C C (+) : residues detected formaldehyde / methylene yellow (qualitative) (-) : undetectable residual formaldehyde / methylene yellow (qualitative) (+-) : residues detected formaldehyde / methylene yellow in low levels (qualitative) Some parameters indicated that this products has a good quality and safe to consume. Despite all of the samples qualitatively negative and not contained methylene yellow, but on a small and medium scale products contained positive of formaldehyde.

6 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Sustainability index on each dimensions Dimension of ecological and raw material RAPFISH Ordination 60 UP 40 Other Distingishing Features BAD GOOD DOWN Real Fisheries References Anchors -60 Fisheries Sustainability Figure 1. Value and index status on dimension of ecological and raw materials Leverage of Attributes Efforts to improve the environment and ecosystem The level of competition for raw materials 0,336 0,407 Handling of raw materials 1,019 Attribute The existence of raw materials Fluctuation in the quality of raw materials Environmental degradation Seed of fish Knowledge of farmers on pond environment The distance to the settlement and pond 0,244 0,136 0,159 0,047 3,523 3,670 Flooding and rob 2,722 Biophysical pond environment Accuracy of harvest Potential resources of raw materials 0,071 0,145 0, ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 Root Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100) Figure 2. Leverege analysis on the attributes of the dimensions of ecology and resources of raw materials The analysis showed that the sustainability index amounted to %. The value lies between and so it can be put into the category of " Less Sustainable ". This value indicates that the ecological conditions and raw material resources are less supportive of sustainability management softbone milkfish industry, so if the ecology is not managed or left as it is now will give impact the sustainability of the other dimensions. The value of sustainability index on the ecological dimension and raw material resources is presented in Figure 1. Based on the analysis of leverage (Figure 2) to 13 attributes to the ecological dimension and raw material resources acquired three attributes that are sensitive to the level of sustainability, namely : (i) Seed of fish ( RMS ) ; (ii ) Decrease in pond (environmental degradation) ( RMS ) ; (iii) Frequency of flood and rob (RMS ). Changes to the third leverage these factors will easily affect the increase or decrease in the value of sustainability index.

7 172 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Based on the result that the ecological aspects resulted that raw material depends on other regions. More than 70 % of raw materials obtained from outside the city of Semarang. The environmental conditions in the coastal of Semarang was feared could not keep the balance of demand for milkfish Dimension of economic 60 RAPFISH Ordination UP Other Distingishing Features 20 0 BAD GOOD Real Fisheries References Anchors -40 DOWN -60 Fisheries Sustainability Figure 3. Value and index status on dimension Attribute Leverage of Attributes 1,185 Fish consumption society 1,711 Prices of softbone milkfish 0,849 Marketing 0,448 Raw material prices 3,031 Profit transfer 3,384 Consumer dependence 3,574 The potential development of the processing business 1,417 Alternative of employment and income 1,579 The level of subsidy 4,768 The contribution of fisheries to the GDP 4,468 Social support 3,151 Fluctuations of raw material prices 1,147 The domestic market in the culinary industry 2,078 Profit 0,541 Sales system of raw materials to processing 1,518 Purchasing system of raw materials to suppliers 1, ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 Root Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100) Figure 4. Leverege analysis on the attributes of the dimensions of economic The analysis showed that the index of sustainability on economic dimension is equal to %. The value lies between and so it can be put into the category of "Fairly Sustainable". This value indicates that the economic conditions sufficient to support sustainability management presto milkfish industry. The value of sustainability index on the economic dimension is presented in Figure 3. Based on the analysis of leverage to 16 attributes the economic dimension obtained three attributes that are sensitive to the level of sustainability, namely : (i) The level of subsidy (RMS ) ; (ii) The contribution of

8 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) fisheries to GDP (RMS ) ; (iii) Consumer dependence ( RMS ). In detail the value of the sensitivity of the economic dimension attributes can be seen in Figure Dimensions of quality and product safety The result of nine attribute affects of dimensions of quality and product safety showed that the sustainability index was equal to %, so it can be put in the category of " fairly sustainable". This value indicates that the condition of the quality and safety of products supports to sustainability management of softbone milkfish industry. Sustainability index and leverage analysis on the dimensions of quality and safety product presented in Figure 5. In Figure 6, based on the analysis of leverage to nine attributes the dimensions of quality and safety product obtained three (3) attributes that are sensitive to the level of sustainability, namely : (i) Microbial contamination (RMS ) ; (ii) Packaging ( RMS ) ; (iii) Food additives ( RMS ). The changes of laverage factor influence easily to the increase or decrease of the sustainability index. The challenge to maintain sustainable resources become fairly complex issue in the development of fisheries. Although fisheries resources are categorized as resources that can be recovered, but how much fish can be harvested without causing a negative impact for the future. International regulations in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) Article 6 states that the management of fisheries resources must promote the maintenance of the quality, diversity and availability of fishery resources in sufficient quantities for present and future generations in the context of food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. In Article 9 on Aquaculture Development which stated that the state should protect transboundary aquatic ecosystems by supporting responsible aquaculture practices, to ensure that aquaculture development with ecological sustainability, minimizing adverse ecological changes and related economic and social consequences. RAPFISH Ordination 60 UP 40 Other Distingishing Features 20 0 BAD GOOD Real Fisheries References Anchors -40 DOWN -60 Fisheries Sustainability Figure 5. Value and index status on dimension of quality and product safety

9 174 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) Leverage of Attributes Awareness of the treatment process 0,502 Location of product sales 5,056 Packaging 6,277 Attribute Food Additives Food dye 4,852 5,144 Microbial contamination 8,997 Consumer preferences 4,189 Freshness 3,540 Nutrient content 2, Root Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100) Figure 6. Leverage analysis on the attributes of the dimensions of quality and safety product 3.3. Validity and reliability of multidimensional scalling Reliability as explanatory attributes in each dimension of softbone milkfish industry known based on the results of attribute ordination to the all dimensions. Rapfish program facilitated by monte carlo analysis. Validity was done by monte carlo analysis, considering the results of monte carlo analysis and multidimensional scalling (MDS) analysis on the level of 95 % was obtained that sustainability index indicates the difference of average between two analyzes were very small. It mean that the model adequate to MDS analysis in estimating the sustainability index of softbone milkfish industry. Table 5. Sustainability index, monte carlo analisys, iteration, stress and coefficient of determination Dimension Index Value Squared Correlation Difference Iteration Stress MDS Monte Carlo (RSQ) (R 2 ) Ecological and Raw Material Economic Quality and Safety Product The monte carlo analysis presented that scatter diagram showed almost all factors in dimension are within the normal range and indicated by each of the anchor. It showed that the attributes has been spread to normal. Whereas the definition of the uncertainty of the attributes in the monte carlo analysis was the relative position between each score of the iteration. Trends iteration value attributes in the cluster indicates that the attributes that are used increasingly homogeneous (well) as explanatory dimensions, conversely, if the trend is spreading (outside ordinate) indicate a dissimilarity (not reliable) as an attribute of a dimension (Nasution et al., 2011). The results of Monte Carlo analysis presented in Table 5. The goodness of fit from the analysis of Rapfish obtained the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was to meaning that the model using the attributes are now able to explain 94.6 % to 95.5 % of the existing models. For social model if R 2 usually more than 80 % declared to be very good (Budiharsono, 2008). Table 5 showed that Stress obtained to The stress allowed if the value under In Rapfish analysis, stress value was good if its value below 0.25 mean that the value of the goodness of fit in MDS which states that the configuration attributes of the original data can reflect the value of stress (Kavanangh and Pitcher, 2004). Based on the analysis above it can be concluded that the stress value of the MDS analysis model obtained has a fairly high accuracy (goodness of fit) to

10 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) assess the sustainability index softbone milkfish industry in Semarang. The sustainability index in kite diagram presented in Figure Management strategy of softbone milkfish industry Figure 7. Sustainability index in kite diagram The result against from each attributes of sustainability will be obtained three sensitive attributes as attributes lever (leverage attribute). The attributes as Leverage Factor are presented in Table 6. Table 6. Leverage factor and Root Means Square (RMS) Dimension Leverage Factor RMS 1 Seed of fish Ecological and 2 Decreasing of land ponds (environmental degradation) Raw Material 3 Frequency of flood and rob The level of subsidy Economic 2 The contribution of fisheries to GDP Quality and Safety Product 3 Consumer dependence Microbial contamination Packaging Food additives (Preservative) Table 6 showed that there are each attributes as leverage factor that can affect sensitive to an increase in the sustainability index. Leverage factor needs to be improved and some others that need to be maintained, so the index value can be further enhanced and the sustainability status better than before. It is necessary to make intervention to the key of attribute so that it will be giving the enhancement of the sustainability index and the sustainability status of softbone milkfish industry in Semarang from the current state. Management strategy of the sustainable softbone milkfish industry has been done by looking at the interaction of each attribute in the dimension of quality and safety product. Management issues was a complex with many number of factors (attributes) that affected the sustainability. Therefore conducted restrictions on sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability of the softbone milkfish industry. The strategy will be prepared based on an integrated approach to all sensitive attributes that affect sustainability. Management effort was currently managing performance improvement and performance to be achieved in the future by increasing the value of the sensitive attribute scores. 4. Conclusion The conclusions based on the research obtained was as follows : The profile of quality and food safety approach sensory, chemical and microbiological included proximate had quality requirements and food safety in accordance with the specifications of SNI 4106 : The most of three sensitive attributes (leverage factor) in each dimension had effect to the sustainability status of softbone milkfish industry in Semarang which is seed of fish, decreasing of land ponds

11 176 Nur Afi ani Ratnaningtyas et al. / Aquatic Procedia 7 ( 2016 ) (environmental degradation), frequency of flood and rob, the level of subsidy, the contribution of fisheries to GDP, consumer dependence, microbial contamination; packaging and food additives (preservatives). Sustainability index on the dimensions of ecological and raw material amounted to less sustainable, economic amounted to % fairly sustainable ; quality and safety products amounted to % in the category of fairly sustainable. Formulation of strategies for improving the quality and safety of products should maintain and enhance the value of the sustainability index. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank to Sugeng Budiharsono and Muhammad Marzuki for share the knowledge and the software. The respondents were from government agencies, private companies, SMEs and individuals who had contributed the ideas. References Agustini, T. W., Susilowati, I., Subagiyo, Setyati, W. A., Wibowo, B. A., Will Soft-boned Milkfish A Traditional Food Product from Semarang City, Indonesia Breakthrough the Global Market? Journal of Coastal Development 14(1), Alder, J., Pitcher, T. J., Preikshot, D., Kaschner, K., Ferriss, B., How Good is Good? : A Rapid Appraisal Technique for Evaluation of the Sustainability Status of Fisheries of the North Atlantic. Sea Around us : Methodology Review. Fisheries Centre. Canada. University of Columbia, p Badan Pusat Statistik., Statistik Sumberdaya Laut dan Pesisir. [Statistic of Marine and Coastal Resources]. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Budiharsono, S., Manual Penentuan Status dan Faktor Pengungkit PEL. [Manual Status Determination and Leverage Factor PEL]. Direktorat Perekonomian Daerah. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bapenas). Jakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Dahuri, R., Masa Depan Indonesia Ke Laut Saja. [The Future of Indonesia to the Ocean]. Roda Bahari. Bogor. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Fauzi, A., Anna, S., Permodelan Sumberdaya Perikanan dan Lautan untuk Analisis Kebijakan. [Fisheries and Coastal Resources Modeling for Policy Analysis].Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta, p [Bahasa Indonesia]. Hall, G. M., Fish Processing Sustainability and New Opportunities. Wiley-Blackwell. UK. Ibrahim, R., Agustini, T. W., Sumardianto, Widiarsih, W., Susanto, E., Petunjuk Praktikum Pengendalian Mutu Hasil Perikanan. [Laboratorium Manual for Quality Control on Fishery Product]. Tim PMHP FPIK Undip. Semarang. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Kavanagh, P., Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries (Rapfish) Project. Rapfish Sofware Description (for Microsoft Excel). University of British Colombia, Fisheries Center. Vancouver. Kavanagh, P., Pitcher, T. J., Implementing Microsoft Excell Software for Rapfish : A Technique for Rapid Appraisal Fisheries Status. Fisheries Centre Research Report. University of British Columbia. Canada. Legowo, A. M., Nurwantoro, Sutaryo, Analisis Pangan. [Food Analysis]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Ma'ruf, W. F., Pro Poor, Pro Job, Pro Growth melalui Klasterisasi Rumput Laut. [Pro Poor, Pro Job, Pro Growth through Seaweed Clustering]. Direktorat Usaha dan Investasi. Ditjen P2HP KKP. Jakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Nasution, Z., Sastrawidjaja, Hartono, T. T., Mursidin, Priyatna, F. N., Kondisi Sosial Budaya dan Indikator Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Nelayan. [Social and Cultural Condition and Indicator of Empowerment on Fishing Communities]. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan (BATLITBANG KP). Jakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Nazir, M., Metode Penelitian. [Research Methods]. Ghalia Indonesia. Bogor. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Pitcher, T. J., RAPFISH, A Rapid Appraisal Technique for Fisheries, and Its Application to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (FAO). Rome. Pitcher, T. J., Preikshot, D., RAPFISH : A Rapid Appraisal Technique to Evaluate the Sustainability Status of Fisheries. Journal of Fisheries Research, Sudarmadji, S., Haryono, B., Suhardi, Prosedur Analisa untuk Bahan Makanan dan Pertanian. [Analysis Procedures for Food and Agriculture]. Liberty. Yogyakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Yunizal, Murtini, J. T., Dolaria, N., Purdiwoto, B., Abdulrokhim, Carkipan., Prosedur Analisa Kimiawi Ikan dan Produk Olahan Hasilhasil Perikanan. [The Procedure of Chemical Analysis of Fish and Processed Fishery Products]. Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan. Jakarta. [Bahasa Indonesia].