COMENIUS PROJECT : Learning about air pollution

Transcription

1 COMENIUS PROJECT : Learning about air pollution

2 Exploitation of BC (black carbon) and AOT (aerosols optical thickness) data for the four simultaneous measurement campaigns in Germany, Estonia, France and Turkey. 1. The Objectives of the project General objectives -To use more interactive teaching and learning strategies so as to motivate the pupils for their studies and careers in research and technology. -To prepare new resources for the teaching and learning of satellite technologies and climate change. - To raise the levels of the scientific skills of research, analysis and practicing experimental procedures (using special equipment for measuring the concentrations of black carbon) which put the emphasis on atmospheric pollution. - To train local teachers to use new equipment which was developed by the University of Tartu to assure the credibility and perennity of the measurements after the project has ended. - To raise the awareness of the European environment and of the issue of climate change by the study, the comparison of different studies, the sources of pollutants, the distribution and the effects of atmospheric aerosols. - To investigate local sources of aerosols and take measures to reduce emissions. - To raise awareness of satellite technology and remote sensing in Europe. - To improve skills in computer and communications technologies and skills in the use of remote sensing for research and learning, - To reinforce European consciousness by sharing objectives, challenges, best practice and common solutions thanks to cooperation ; - To highlight English as a second language, moreover as an important language in science. Specific objectives To investigate any possible correlations between the principal likely factors and concentrations of atmospheric aerosols, specifically that of black carbon. 2

3 2. Experimental protocols, 1. The measurement of black carbon concentrations. The equipment used was developed by scientists at Tartu University in Estonia. It is composed of an air pump, a flow meter, a filter-holder and a filter. The pump draws in air and the filter traps the particles of black carbon, the rate of air flow is measured at the beginning and the end of each measurement period. The concentration of black carbon is then estimated by measuring the light transmittance of the filter. For that we establish a zero with a black filter and measure the transmittance of a clean filter (expressed in mv as it is measured with a voltmeter) before starting the experiment. At the end of the experiment, usually 24 hours, we verify the zero point with the opaque filter and measure the transmittance of the used filter, 3

4 From the values of air flow and light transmittance we obtain the concentration of black carbon using a spreadsheet containing the necessary equations. 2. AOT Measurement (Aerosol optical thickness) The measurement equipment, the photometer, was supplied by our second partner, the CNES (Centre National des Etudes Spatiales). This is an instrument which measures the intensity of two wavelengths of light, the red at 625 nanometers and the green at 505 nanometers, which allows the measurement of the AOT, that is to say the concentration of all the aerosols present at a given moment in the atmosphere 4

5 The procedure for the measurement is as follows : the instrument is pointed at the sun for a period of about twenty seconds and it gives the voltages. These values are entered into a spreadsheet which calculates the AOT. 5

6 Four measurement campaigns were carried out ; Campaign 1: from February Monday 18 to March Monday Campaign 2: from June Monday 03 to Monday Campaign 3: from November Tuesday 18 to Tuesday Campaign 4: from January Monday 13 to Monday Raw data of each country : 6

7 Campaign 1 : date Lycée Palissy Agen France Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3) Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey From monday 18 to tuesday 19 february 2013 From tuesday 19 to wenesday 20 february 2013 From wenesday 20 to thursday 21 february 2013 From thursday 21 to friday 22 february 2013 From friday 22 to saturday 23 february 2013 From saturday 23 to sunday 24 february 2013 From sunday 24 to monday 25 february 2013 From monday 25 to tuesday 26 february 2013 From tuesday 26 to wenesday 27 february 2013 From wenesday 27 to thursday 28 february 2013 From thursday 28 février to friday 01 march 2013 From friday 01 to saturday 02 march 2013 From saturday 02 to sunday 03 march 2013 From sunday 03 to monday 04 march 2013 From monday 04 to tuesday 05 march ,1 632,4 178,8 592,5 143,5 246,4 484,7 634, ,6 756, ,8 589,9 225,3 236,9 974, ,3 454,5 776,7 316,9 435,9 1051,1 465,2 501,7 661,3 222, ,9 1410,3 138,4 282,1 178,9 848, ,7 215,3 109,1 206,3 192,9 134,2 421,7 419,1 397,5 343,5 7

8 Campaign 2 : date Lycée Palissy Agen France Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3) Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey From monday 03 to tuesday 04 june 2013 From tuesday 04 to wenesday 05 june 2013 From wenesday 05 to thursday 06 june 2013 From thursday 06 to friday 07 june 2013 From friday 07 to saturday 08 june 2013 From saturday 08 to sunday 09 june 2013 From sunday 09 to monday 10 june 2013 From monday 10 to tuesday 11 june 2013 From tuesday 11 to wenesday 12 june 2013 From wenesday 12 to thursday 13 june 2013 From thursday 13 to friday 14 june 2013 From friday 14 to saturday 15 june 2013 From saturday 15 to sunday 16 june 2013 From sunday 16 to monday 17 june 2013 From monday 17 to tuesday 18 june ,2 381,7 62,4 150,9 238,8 295,8 221,1 78,6 220,2 303,4 247,3 79,7 195,5 320,1 333,7 147,4 318,7 118,3 168,1 154,4 150, ,7 226,2 246,1 132,2 186,9 154,8 317,3 123,5 227,6 150,9 184, ,3 144,1 114,1 120,1 101,8 201,6 98,3 165,8 143,2 139,6 96,7 134,

9 Campaign 3 : date Lycée Palissy Agen France Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3) Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey From monday 11 to tuesday 12 november 2013 From tuesday 12 to wenesday 13 november 2013 From wenesday 13 to thursday 14 november 2013 From thursday 14 to friday 15 november 2013 From friday 14 to saturday 15 november 2013 From saturday 16 to sunday 17 november 2013 From sunday 17 to monday 18 november 2013 From monday 18 to tuesday 19 november 2013 From tuesday 19 to wenesday 20 november 2013 From wenesday 20 to thursday 21 november 2013 From thursday 21 to friday 22 november 2013 From friday 22 to saturday 23 november 2013 From saturday 23 to sunday 24 november 2013 From sunday 24 to monday 25 november 2013 From monday 25 to tuesday 26 november , ,5 82,3 159,6 665,1 102,2 243,4 502,4 80,1 54,2 327,9 561,7 83,5 87,8 452,5 389,2 62,5 283,8 371,5 78,3 221,9 257,9 242,7 78,3 296,5 285,1 327, ,2 96,1 223,7 292,1 198,1 180,8 296,3 96,3 306,6 175,6 408,2 120,6 9

10 Campaign 4 : date Lycée Palissy Agen France Concentration in black carbon (ng/m3) Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey From monday 13 to tuesday 14 january 2014 From tuesday 14 to wenesday 15 january 2014 From wenesday 15 to thursday 16 january 2014 From thursday 16 to friday 17 january 2014 From friday 17 to saturday 18 january 2014 From saturday 18 to sunday 19 january 2014 From sunday 19 to monday 20 january 2014 From monday 20 to tuesday 21 january 2014 From tuesday 21 to wenesday 22 january 2014 From wenesday 22 to thursday 23 january 2014 From thursday 23 to friday 24 january 2014 From friday 24 to saturday 25 january 2014 From saturday 25 to sunday 26 january 2014 From sunday 26 to monday 27 january 2014 From monday 27 to tuesday 28 january , ,5 263,4 454,7 1129,3 325,2 378,7 473,9 219,4 406,9 650,5 279,3 194,9 41,3 323,3 98,1 470,4 432, ,3 740,3 433,7 251,8 443,2 359,5 164,2 502,5 1179,3 405,3 322,8 541,9 320, ,7 281,1 856,8 342,6 570,3 1243,3 127,2 160,2 818,7 310,3 567,1 701,9 230, ,8 10

11 Campaign number 1, from February Monday 17 to March Monday Black carbon and temperature Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period. 25,0 2 15,0 Temperature in C ,0-5,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 11

12 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period. 15,0 13,0 11,0 9,0 7,0 Temperature in C 80 5,0 60 3, ,0-1,0-3,0-5,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 12

13 2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 13

14 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period , , ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 14

15 3. Black carbon and relative humidity Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period Relative humidity in % Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 15

16 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period Relative humidity in % Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 16

17 4. Black carbon and precipitation Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period Precipitation in mm Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 17

18 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period Precipitation in mm Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 18

19 5. Black carbon and AOT Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the first measurement period. 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 5 AOT : aerosol optical thickness 0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 19

20 6. Wind direction Lycée Palissy Agen France The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction. 20

21 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 21

22 Campaign number 2, from June Monday 03 to Monday Black carbon and temperature Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period. 25,0 2 15,0 Temperature in C , ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 22

23 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period. 3 25,0 2 15,0 1 Temperature in C 40 5,0 20-5,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 23

24 2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 24

25 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period , , ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 25

26 3. Black carbon and relative humidity Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period Relative humidity in % Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 26

27 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period Relative humidity in % Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 27

28 4. Black carbon and precipitation Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period Precipitation in mm Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 28

29 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period Precipitation in mm Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 29

30 5. Black carbon and AOT Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the second measurement period. 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 AOT : aerosol optical thickness Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 30

31 6. Wind direction Lycée Palissy Agen France The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction. 31

32 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 32

33 Campaign number 3, from November Tuesday 12 to Tuesday Black carbon and temperature Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period. 25,0 2 15,0 Temperature in C ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 33

34 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period. 13,0 11,0 9,0 7,0 5,0 3,0 1,0 Temperature in C 40-1,0 20-3,0-5,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 34

35 2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period. 1025, ,0 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 35

36 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period , , ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 36

37 3. Black carbon and relative humidity Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in relative humidity and concentration of black carbon during the third measurement period Relative humidity in % Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 37

38 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in relative humidity and concentration of black carbon during the third measurement period Relative humidity in % Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 38

39 4. Black carbon and precipitation Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period Precipitation in mm Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 39

40 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period Precipitation in mm Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 40

41 5. Black carbon and AOT Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the third measurement period. 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 5 AOT : aerosol optical thickness 0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 41

42 6. Wind direction Lycée Palissy Agen France The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction. 42

43 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 43

44 Campaign number 4, from January Monday 13 to Monday Black carbon and temperature Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period. 25,0 2 15,0 Temperature in C ,0 0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 44

45 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in temperature and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period. 13,0 11,0 9,0 7,0 5,0 3,0 1,0 Temperature in C 40-1,0 20-3,0-5,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 45

46 2. Black carbon and atmospheric pressure Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period. 1025, ,0 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 46

47 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in pressure and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period , , ,0 101 Pressure in hpa , ,0 Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 47

48 3. Black carbon and relative humidity Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period Relative humidity in % Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 48

49 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in relative humidity and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period Relative humidity in % Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 49

50 4. Black carbon and precipitation Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period Precipitation in mm Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia 50

51 Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Variation in precipitation and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period Precipitation in mm Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 51

52 5. Black carbon and AOT Lycée Palissy Agen France Variation in AOT and concentration of Black carbon during the fourth measurement period. 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 5 AOT : aerosol optical thickness 0 0 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 52

53 6. Wind direction Lycée Palissy Agen France The data correspond to 96 measurements per day of wind direction. 53

54 Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey 54

55 FRENCH SYNTHESIS : Lycée Palissy Agen France Temperature From the 18th to 22nd of February the average temperature decreases and the concentration in Black Carbon increases however from the 27th to the 28th of February the concentration in Black Carbon decreases and the average temperature increases. At the beginning of the second campaign, we can also see a reverse ratio, while the temperature increases the concentration in Black Carbon decreases and when the temperature decreases the concentration in Black Carbon increases. Then the variations are correlated. As a consequence, it is not possible to correlate the variation of the concentration in BC with that of temperature. We can find the same variations for the last two campaigns. Precipitations For example, after a strong precipitation on the 8th of June, we can see a very weak concentration in BC, but this phenomenon does not repeat itself after the precipitations of the 10th of July. At the beginning of the third measurement campaign, we can see relatively important precipitation, 7 mm high, linked to a decrease of the concentration in BC. However, a few days later, strong precipitations, 9 mm high, corresponded with a slight increase of the content of BC : so there isn't a clear link between the intensity of the precipitations and the concentration in BC. Relative humidity On the whole, we can observe a correlation after the fact between relative humidity and concentration in BC : while relative humidity decreases concentration in BC increases and vice versa but this isn't always the case as we can see on the 27th and 28th of February. During this third campaign, on the whole we can see a correlation between the variation of relative humidity and the concentration of BC : when relative humidity decreases, the concentration of BC decreases too. During the fourth campaign, relative humidity was very high and relatively stable whereas variations of BC were very important, they were multiplied by three : this factor was not correlated with the variations of BC. Atmospheric pressure On the whole, we can see a backward correlation between pressure and concentration of BC: when the pressure decreases the BC concentration increases and vice versa but this event is not totally verified as we can see from the 25th and 27th of February. During the fourth campaign, the pressure was relatively low whereas variations of BC concentrations were multiplied by three: this factor was not verified with BC variations. Wind 55

56 During the first campaign, on the first three days the main wind direction was East North East and on the five days that followed it was South South West and at the same time the BC concentration increased and decreased: broadly speaking, we can see high BC concentration when the wind direction is East North East. During the second campaign, we can see the same wind direction as in the first measurement campaign but the increase of BC concentration from 9th to 11th of June, shows this time that the wind was from the South West which is different from the data of the first measurement campaign. All along the third campaign, the winds were from the South West and they came from the same direction as the last period. Concerning Black Carbon concentration, we can observe important variations due to the season. Indeed, if we look at the last winter campaign, concentration varies from 200 to 600 ng/m 3. However in the first campaign we can see two important peaks (1000 ng/m 3 and 1400 ng/m 3 ). In autumn, the concentration is between 200 ng/m 3 and 400 ng/m 3 and at the beginning of summer. It varies from 150 to 300 ng/m 3. From these results we can reckon that the part of urban heating in BC particles pollution is approximately up to 200 ng/m 3 if we calculate the average for that period of time. For summertime, there is a 200ng/m3 value that can globally correspond to the car pollution. The cause of the two peaks observed during the first campaign is probably external to the local conditions and situations. None of the factors we studied during these 4 campaigns can explain such variations for the city of Agen. As for the peak of the Feb we can see that the path taken by the 500 m high air masses goes from Switzerland, crosses South Germany and then goes back to Switzerland, then crosses France and reaches Agen. 56

57 As for the BC peak on feb 27th, we can see that the route taken by the 500 m high air masses starts from Ukraine then goes through Poland, Germany, and Italy before reaching Agen. The 2000 m high air masses came from Turkey crossed Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Germany and Belgium before reaching Agen. And to finish the 4000 m high air masses came from Iceland then cruised over the Scandinavian countries, the South East of England and then over Spain before arriving in France. We can suppose that the particles pollution peak is due to a shift of the 500 m high air masses coming from Eastern Europe. BC, AOT and PM 10 data comparison: In November 2013 and in January 2014, we couldn't get the AOT variation because the weather made it impossible. We can still compare the campaigns of June and February Thus, we can observe low AOT values in February for high BC concentrations whereas in June the AOT values are higher for low BC concentrations. We can deduce that the BC particles don't constitute the major part of the aerosols because there isn't any evident correlation between variations in BC concentration and Aerosol Optical Thickness. The measurements made by the students are similar to the measures taken by satellite. We see that the variations in BC concentration correspond to the particles measuring less than 10 µm except for the 21th February. It appears then that the measurement of these particles gives a fair estimation of the variations in BC. In other words, a large part of the particles of less than 10µm has to be Black Carbon. CONCLUSION: we have studied 4 parameters (temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind direction) and there is no simple correlation between the black carbon concentration and any of these parameters. 57

58 2 main factors explain black carbon concentration in Agen, in winter central heating and road traffic throughout the year. The peaks of particle pollution seem correlated with low altitude air masses and a north east wind direction atmospheric pollution has no border and black carbon is a global problem. Given the small database the results have in any case very little statistical significance. ESTONIAN SYNTHESIS: Tartu kivilinna Gümnasium Estonia GERMAN SYNTHESIS: Robert Schuman Europaschule Willich Germany TURKISH SYNTHESIS: Atatürk Anadolu lisesi Dörtyol Turkey. 58