RAPID FLOOD IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT March 2007

Transcription

1 RAPID FLOOD IMPACT ASSESSMET REPORT March 27 VAC ZAMBIA Vulnerability Assessment Committee BY THE ZAMBIA VULERABILITY ASSESSMET COMMITTEE (ZVAC) LUSAKA

2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements... 4 Acronyms... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ITRODUCTIO Background Overall Objective Specific Background on the Progression of the 26/7 Rain Season Limitations to the Assessment METHODOLOGY FIDIGS Health Impact on Water and Sanitation Impact on Education Impact on Infrastructure and Transport Impact on Agriculture EFFECTS OF THE FLOODS O DIFFERET SECTORS Health, Water and Sanitation Prevalence of some common diseases Water and Sanitation Education sector Human Settlement and Shelter Infrastructure and transport Roads, Bridges, Education and Health Agriculture and Commercial Activities Food Access COCLUSIOS Health, Water and Sanitation Education Infrastructure Agriculture and Commercial Activities Food Access RECOMMEDATIOS Health, Water and Sanitation Education Infrastructure Agriculture and Commercial Activities Food Access AEXES Annex 1: Table of Areas Visited / Teams Composition/ Editorial Team Annex 2: Sample of Assessment Tools Annex 3: Rainfall Maps Annex 4: Overview of District Status Annex 5: Affected Sectors Ranking

3 Annex 6: Health, Water and Sanitation Analysis Table Annex 7: Education Sector Analysis Table Annex 8: Flood Impact on Agricultural and Commercial Activities... 3 Annex 9: Human Settlement and shelter Sector Data Analysis Sheet Annex 1: List of Damaged Roads and Bridges of Strategic Importance Annex 11: Food Access Analysis Table Annex 12: Food eeds Table Annex 13: Table showing Population in the affected wards of the assessed districts Annex 14 Table of Assistance provided to Flood Victims so far Annex 15: District Map Showing Impact of Floods in Zambia Annex 16: District maps showing sector specific impact Annex 19: Flood Impact on Livestock and eeds Analysis Annex 2: eeds Analysis of the Education Sector Annex 21: eeds Analysis for Water and Sanitation Annex 22: Maps showing affected wards in the assessed Districts

4 Acknowledgements The Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZVAC) wishes to thank the following for participating in the Rapid Assessment: Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU),Office of the Vice President ational Food and utrition Commission (FC) World Food Programme (WFP) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Zambia Relief and Development Foundation (ZRDF) Lutheran World Federation (LWF) Catholic Relief Services (CRS) atural Resources Development College (RDC) Lusaka District Health Management Team (LUDHMT) Ministry of Home Affairs, Commission for Refugees Central Statistical Office (CSO) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO) Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) Programme Against Malnutrition (PAM) Department of Water Affairs ational Aids Council (AC) USAID CARE FEWSET United ations Children and Emergency Fund (UICEF) APS The Committee also wishes to thank all institutions that financially and logistically supported the exercise, DDMCs and the communities where the assessments were conducted. 4

5 Acronyms CBPP CRS CSO DDMC DMMU DWA FAO FSP IMCI IT LDHMT LWF MACO MET MOE AC APS FC RDC MT PAM SanPlat UICEF USAID WATSA WFP ZAWA ZDHS ZRDF ZVAC Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia Catholic Relief Services Central Statistic Office District Disaster Management Committee Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit Department of Water Affairs Food and Agriculture Organization Food Security Pack Integrated Management of Common Childhood Illnesses Insecticide Treated et Lusaka District Health Management Team Lutheran World Federation Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Meteorological Department Ministry of Education ational AIDS Council ational Association for the Prevention of Starvation ational Food and utrition Commission atural Resources Development College Metric Tons Program Against Malnutrition Sanitation Platform United ations International Children s Emergency Fund United States Agency for International Development Water and Sanitation World Food Program Zambia Wildlife Authority Zambia Demographic and Health Survey Zambia Relief Development Foundation Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee 5

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following reports of floods from various districts countrywide, the Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) commissioned a Rapid Flood Impact Assessment in February 27. The overall objective of the assessment was to determine the effects and extent of the floods on housing, infrastructure, health, food access, water and sanitation, education, crops and livestock in the affected districts. The DMMU constituted 12 teams, which visited 41 districts in all nine provinces from 21 st February to 5 th March 27. The assessment was conducted with the support of the District Disaster Management Committees (DDMC) in the affected districts. Although in general terms, the floods have had adverse impact on all the sectors considered in the assessment, infrastructure, water and sanitation were severely affected in most districts. The impact on infrastructure had an adverse multiplier effect on other sectors such as health, education and agriculture. Of the total flood affected population of 1,443,563 only an estimated 295,148 people require immediate food aid amounting to 7,84 MT of cereal for two months (March and April, 27). Findings indicate that no significant change of concern was observed in the prevalence rates of common diseases such as malaria, diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in almost all districts. From the 41 districts assessed, 29% reported high malaria prevalence rates while 32% reported high diarrhea prevalence rates. There was no change observed in ARIs. Availability of Insecticide Treated ets (ITs) and community level health campaigns were the main attributes for the low malaria prevalence. Despite the observed low rates of diarrhea prevalence, there is a high risk of water contamination due to faecal matter. The assessment established wide spread use of unprotected shallow wells which are the main water source for most households. Furthermore these shallow wells are at risk of being contaminated due to poor sanitatary facilities for human waste disposal. The impact of floods on education in terms of attendance rates was mainly attributed to damaged infrastructure such as bridges, culverts, classroom blocks and toilets. The most affected districts reported 4 to 5% reduction in attendance. The rest of the visited districts reported insignificant change of attendance rates (6 to 1%). Learning processes were not disturbed by the floods as classes continued under alternative structures in almost all affected districts. Infrastructure damage due to floods was mainly in the high rainfall areas of orthern and orth- Western provinces and was mostly on community-managed infrastructure projects like community schools, bridges and culverts. Some roads have been rendered impassable due to flooding. Impact on health infrastructure was low in all assessed districts. Some mobile clinics have been suspended due to impassable roads. Of the assessed districts, only 7 reported severe impact of flooding on the staple and cash crops with loses ranging between 75 and 1%. Most of the remaining districts reported low impact on these crops with percentage damage below 25%. Impact on livestock was generally low for all districts with -25% effect and no significant impact was observed on aquaculture. In some areas the floods have also led to straying of wild animals that have caused damage to crops in Western and Eastern Provinces. Sesheke and Shangombo in Western Province and most Southern Province districts reported a prolonged dry spell of at least 3 weeks. Access to food was generally not significantly affected by the floods in almost all districts except for Chavuma and Zambezi west banks in orth-western Province where over 75% of the affected population currently have no access to food, and are depending on food aid from Government. In most of Western and parts of Central provinces, districts have serious food shortages with only 25-5% of the affected populations accessing food. 6

7 Based on the findings, the assessment recommends continued community sensitization on the appropriate use of ITs, sanitation and public health, supply of water treatment chemicals and scaling up of borehole drilling at community level including capacity building of the DDMCs. A total of 33 districts should be supplied with chlorine for water treatment for two (2) months. In addition 45 boreholes should be drilled in these same districts. Education infrastructure development, rehabilitation of damaged roads and bridges should be restored to ensure accessibility. A total of 2,832 tents to be provided to displaced populations in Chibombo, Kapiri Mposhi, Kabwe, Mambwe, Chavuma, Mwinilunga, Zambezi and Kabompo districts. In the medium to long term, Government and the private sector should focus on supporting diversification of crop production in response to changing climatic factors. About 12,5 households in 14 affected districts should be supported with inputs for winter cropping to supplement expected harvest from current production. Timely provision of appropriate inputs cannot be overemphasized. The team also recommends undertaking of detailed assessments on the impact of adverse weather conditions experienced during the 26/7 rainy season. Targeted food assistance to populations in districts with less than 5% access to food is recommended for two (2) months. 7

8 1. ITRODUCTIO 1.1. Background Following reports of floods received by DMMU, the Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZVAC) constituted teams to determine the effects and extent of the floods on housing, infrastructure, health, water and sanitation, education, crops, livestock and food access in forty-one (41) districts. The teams covered selected districts, which were reported to have been affected in all the nine (9) provinces. In South Luangwa ational Park, floods have reportedly submerged and destroyed tourist facilities and infrastructure. This poses serious threats to wildlife survival and tourism. In addition, populations living near the game park are also at greater risk from displaced wild animals. Immediate rehabilitation of damaged roads once the water subsides will be required to reduce adverse impact on tourism. The Zambia Wildlife authority has already identified major roads requiring immediate attention and the rehabilitation road map (Details of ZAWA funding request for South Luangwa ational Park can be obtained from DMMU) 1.2 Overall Objective The overall objective of the assessment was to determine the effects and extent of the floods on habitations, infrastructure, health, food access, water and sanitation, education, crops and livestock in forty-one districts Specific Objectives The specific objectives included the determination of the following: The need for emergency food, water, shelter, medicine, and medical assistance; The need for restoration of critical facilities, basic utilities and services; District and overall population affected by floods 1.3. Background on the Progression of the 26/7 Rain Season The 26/7 rainy season has been characterized by late onset in most parts of the country. Generally, Southern, Central, Copperbelt, some parts of orthern and Luapula as well as Eastern Provinces experienced late onset (1-1 December 26). However, Western, some parts of orthern, orth-western and Luapula Provinces experienced fairly early onset (1-2 ovember 26). Suffice to mention that the 26/7 rainy season has been characterized by heavy rainfall that has resulted into flash floods and water logging in valley and/or low lying areas respectively causing varying impacts on a number of sectors (Infrastructures, Agriculture, Education etc) (see Annex 5). The overall 26/7 rain season has been progressing well in most districts as can be seen in annex 3. Most of the people in the provinces that experienced late onset of rainfall delayed in planting as the first rains which were experienced were not enough to support planting of most summer crops such as maize, sorghum, groundnuts etc (Figure 1). Figure 1: Onset of rains Dekad Dekad 8

9 1.4. Limitations to the Assessment Limitations in the flood impact assessment exercise were mainly within two categories, logistical and structural. Logistical Failure to access and assess some of the affected areas due to logistical problems resulting from damaged infrastructure (roads and bridges). Limited time to undertake the assessment due to the emergence nature of the task. Structural Difficulties in differentiating chronic problems (e.g. food insecurity) from the flood induced impacts. Assessment was conducted during the lean period when most households have limited food stocks. Some district administrations not willing to support the rapid flood assessment on the pretext that several other assessments had been done and information had been transmitted to national authorities. At community level, misinterpretation of the purposes of the rapid flood impact assessment in relation to the earlier assessments by DMMU (rapid food security assessment - December 26) and the flood assessment by area Members of Parliament (conducted two weeks before the DMMU Flood Impact Assessment) in the constituencies. This led to some district and community leaders not willing to support the assessment. 2. METHODOLOGY The assessment covered forty-one (41) districts in all the nine (9) provinces. (Refer to Annex 1 on areas visited/team composition) The assessment was undertaken from 21 st February to 5 th March, 27. The key entry points were the District Disaster Management Committees (DDMC).The assessment was done through a combination of secondary data analysis of the DDMC Flood Reports and key informants interviews at district and community levels using a developed Floods Impact Assessment instrument (Annex 2). 9

10 3. FIDIGS 3.1. Overview on impact of the floods The impact of floods in all the affected areas was cross cutting affecting 1,443,583 people in the 41 districts of the nine provinces visited. The floods affected all sectors of the economy. (For sector specific impacts refer to Annex 16). The affected wards in the assessed districts are indicated in Annex 13. The severity of the impact on areas within the districts was more to do with the terrain of specific areas. In this regard low-lying areas were most affected. Below is a discussion on sector specific impact of the floods. 3.2 Health Most assessed districts did not experience immediate adverse impact of the floods on health. However, the effects are expected to manifest when the water recede and stagnate. Some districts such as Mazabuka (Kafue Flats) have already recorded an increase in malarial and diarrhoeal cases compared to last year during the same period. In view of the expected increase in disease incidences, there is need to put in place some epidemic preparedness measures in all the affected districts. 3.3 Impact on Water and Sanitation Floods posed a high risk of water contamination due to an increase in the number of pitlatrines that had collapsed as well as flooded unprotected shallow wells. The districts found to have high risk of water contamination were Chibombo, Kabwe, Serenje and Kapiri Mposhi in Central province, Luanshya, Masaiti and Mpongwe in Copper belt Province, Lukulu, Kaoma, Kalabo, Mongu, Senanga and Shang ombo Western Province and Itezhi-tezhi and amwala in Southern Province, Chavuma and Zambezi in orth-western province. The reasons for this high risk differed district to district as households in these areas access drinking water from shallow wells, springs and streams, which have high risk of contamination. 3.4 Impact on Education The education sector through out the assessed districts was affected negatively by the floods by way of damaged classroom blocks, staff houses and toilets. otably Kabompo district was most affected among all the assessed districts where the education infrastructures were damaged, toilets had collapsed and children were unable to attend classes because most of the roads were impassable. 3.5 Impact on Infrastructure and Transport The effects of floods in Chinsali, Isoka, Luwingu, Mungwi and Mpulungu in orthern Province, Mkushi and Mumbwa in Central Province, Mambwe in Eastern, Luangwa in Lusaka Province, Kasempa and Solwezi in orth Western Province, were mainly felt on the infrastructure, which included habitations, roads, bridges, schools and health centres. The floods caused extensive damage on the roads and bridges in the districts rendering them impassable. The damaged infrastructure impacted negatively on the delivery of services such as health, agriculture and education in the affected districts. The habitations in these districts had collapsed due to the heavy rains and floods though the situation was exacerbated by the poor standards of the buildings affected. 3.6 Impact on Agriculture The impact of the floods on agriculture was more felt in Chama, Lundazi and yimba districts of Eastern Province, some parts of Samfya district in Luapula Province, Chavuma, Mwinilunga and Zambezi in orth-western Province, Mpika and Mpulungu districts in orthern Provinces. This was because most of the crops in these areas were washed away and/or submerged. 1

11 4. EFFECTS OF THE FLOODS O DIFFERET SECTORS 4.1. Health, Water and Sanitation Prevalence of some common diseases Information on the prevalence of some common illnesses mainly malaria, diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and measles, was collected in all the 41 districts. Figure 3 shows the prevalence of the common illnesses. 35 Figure 3: PREVALECE OF SOME COMMO ILLESSES 3 % of Districts Malaria Diarrhoea diseases ARI 5 Measles Low Moderate High Very high o Change Disease Prevalence Malaria is endemic throughout Zambia and continues to be a major public health concern. It accounts for more than 37% of all out-patient attendance countrywide (ZDHS 21-22). From the 41 districts assessed, 29% reported a high prevalence rate of malaria in January and February 27 compared to those that reported low (27%) and (24%) prevalence rates over the same period last year. One possible explanation for the seemingly low prevalence rates of malaria, especially among children and women during the flood period in the districts assessed was due to personal and community protective measures such as use of Insecticide Treated ets (ITs) at household level and other interventions such as Roll Back Malaria (RBM). Flooded rubbish Pits in Masaiti Exposure to diarrhea-causing agents is frequently related to use of contaminated water and unhygienic practices related to food preparation, hand washing and excreta disposal. Out of the total districts visited, 32% reported high diarrhea prevalence while 17% and 29% reported low and moderate rates respectively. Most of the districts (24%) reported either low rates or no change in the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) compared to 22%, who reported high prevalence between January and February, 27. The low prevalence rates for the common childhood illnesses was attributed to integrated public health interventions currently being implemented at district level through the Child health week and routine outreach activities. 11

12 4.1.2 Water and Sanitation Water quality and adequate sanitary facilities have a significant impact on the health status of populations. The most common water sources for domestic use in the 41 districts assessed are protected wells and boreholes, public taps, scoop holes, rivers and streams. According to the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) of 21-2, 53% of households in Zambia use traditional pit latrines out of which 55% are rural households. Unsafe water sources and poor sanitary facilities pose a greater risk of water contamination. Toilets submerged at Lealui Village in Mongu Figure 4 shows that the risk of water contamination, mostly from faecal matter is generally high. This is because the floods have led to the collapse and flooding of toilets and water wells in these areas. It is important to note therefore that the floods pose a high risk of water contamination. Figure 4 : RISK OF WATER COTAMIATIO 6% 14% 45% 35% A total of 8% of the 41 districts reported high to very high risk of water contamination. (Annex 6.) The reported high risk levels of water contamination was attributed to poor hygiene practices, indiscriminate excreta disposal methods practiced at household level and contamination of well water with surface runoff and flooded latrines. 4.2 Education sector The impact of floods on the education sector varied district to district. Figure 5: Percentage of School Attendance umber of Districts to 4 4 to 5 5 to 6 6 to 7 7 to 8 8 to 9 9 to 1 Percentage of School Attendance Very High High Moderate Low As depicted in Figure 5, the school attendance has reduced due to; Classrooms being partially and/or completely damaged in the affected areas. Inability of school children to cross streams/rivers that have flooded and also due collapsed culverts and bridges that have rendered routes to schools inaccessible The toilets in the schools have collapsed making sanitation a major problem and leading to the closure of some schools The impact of floods on education in terms of attendance was mainly attributed to damaged infrastructure such as bridges, culverts, classroom blocks and toilets. The most affected districts reported 4 to 5% reduction in attendance. The rest of the visited districts reported insignificant change of attendance rates (6 to 1%). Learning processes were not disturbed by the floods as classes continued under alternative structures in almost all affected districts (Annex7). 12

13 The learning processes at the schools that have been damaged by the floods has not been significantly disturbed, because lessons have continued to be conducted in make shift structures and/or community centers. However, this kind of learning environment is not conducive. A schoolteacher paddling to his home Human Settlement and Shelter Habitations Heavy rains and floods caused habitations to collapse and/or develop major cracks and/or had their roofs blown off. The majority of the habitations affected were found in orthern and orth-western provinces as shown in the figure 6. In many places the standard of the affected habitations was already poor due to poor workmanship and/or use of poor quality building materials such as pole and mud. In addition, most of the affected habitations were localised in areas prone to flooding such as the flood plains and riverbanks. submerged house in lealui village, Mongu Figure 6: Habitations damaged by floods umber of Habitations Damaged by floods Ea ste rn rn Be lt W es te th o r Co pp er th er n o r Lu sa ka So ut he rn W es te rn Ce nt ra l Lu ap ula 4.3 In rural areas, most of the people who lost their habitations as a result of the floods were absorbed or integrated within the communities. In isolated cases such as Mambwe District in Eastern Province and Kabompo in orth-western Province, the affected people found refuge in tents, churches or rural health and community centers. In urban areas such as Central and Copperbelt Provinces, affected people found refuge in unused structures such bars and taverns while in rural areas displaced people found refuge in cooking shelters (See Annex 9). 4.4 Infrastructure and transport Floods experienced in the assessed districts have had significant negative impact on infrastructure in the affected areas. The infrastructure affected included habitations, roads, bridges, schools and health facilities. 13

14 4.4.1 Roads, Bridges, Education and Health In all the provinces, roads, bridges and schools were the most affected with orth-western, orthern and Central provinces being the worst affected. Most of the roads and bridges were not regularly maintained rendering them susceptible to damage by floods and heavy rains. Some bridges and roads particularly those constructed by the community were easily damaged due to poor workmanship and use of unsuitable materials such as poles. It was also observed that majority of the schools that were damaged were community schools built out of pole and mud. Apart from a few, most of the health infrastructure were not damaged and are functioning. The major problem is that some of them have been cut off from the district administrative centers thereby limiting their access to medical supplies and technical supervision. Some communities have equally been cut off from accessing services Furthermore mobile clinics in some areas have been suspended due to impassable roads. Additionally movement of patients to referral centers has been hampered by damaged roads and bridges which are likely to lead to increased mortality particularly maternal. Damaged alusheke Bridge, Lukulu-Mongu Road Figure 7 umber of Infrastructureaffected by floods Roads Bridges Schools Health Centers E as te rn W es te rn or th C op pe rb el t or th er n Lu sa ka S ou th er n W es te rn C en tra l Lu ap ul a

15 4.5 Agriculture and Commercial Activities Within the agricultural sector floods and water logging impacted adversely on staple crops in all assessed areas, followed by livestock, cash crops, aquaculture and wildlife (Figure 8). It is worth noting that Zambezi and Chavuma districts were split into West and East banks for purposes the assessment. Figure 8: Flood impact on Agric, Livestock and Aquaculture STAPLE CROP CASH CROP LIVESTOCK AQUACULTURE WILDLIFE Crop loss was mainly through rotting of root crops and leaching of fertilizers from the lateplanted fields. Both staple food crops (maize, millet, sorghum and cassava) and cash crops such as rice, soya-beans and groundnuts were severely affected. However in some of these districts such as Kawambwa, the crop losses (cassava) were attributed to diseases such as the cassava mealybug and the cassava mosaic virus and not necessarily due to floods. The damages caused by the floods on roads and bridges also affected the delivery of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, for instance in Mpulungu, where non-delivery of inputs affected the crops that were not flooded in the plateau area. Losses in livestock were low as most of the animals were moved to the high lands when the flooding started. However the livestock is confined on limited grazing land leading to overgrazing and potential livestock disease outbreaks. Annex 19 gives the details of the impact of floods on livestock as well as the risk of disease outbreak. In thirteen (13) of the 41 affected districts, there is a high risk of disease outbreak of one or more of the following diseases; Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia (CBPP), Hemorrhagic Septicaemia, Blackleg, Anthrax and Corridor disease. The percentage loss in aquaculture was due to flooding of fish ponds resulting in fish moving into large water bodies. In the game management areas, animal-human conflicts are on the increase as wild animals have moved into the uplands in search of food and dry land, endangering the lives of the people living in these areas and also causing damage to crop fields. For percentage loss on different agricultural sectors refer to table 9. Submerged maize field in Kawaya ward, Lukulu District 15

16 Figure 9: Percentage losses in agricultural activities IM P A C T O F F L O O D S O A G R IC U L T U R E S E C T O R % ( l e a s t a ffe c te d ) % ( m o d e r a te l y a ffe c te d ) % ( s e v e r e l y a ffe c te d ) % ( v e r y s e v e r e l y a ffe c te d ) % o f D i s t r i c t s S T A P L E C R O P C A S H C R O P L IV E S T O C K A Q U A C U L T U R E W IL D L IF E 4.6 Food Access In most of the affected districts, at least 5% of the population currently has access to food either through own stocks, purchases or barter. The concern is for those areas with 5% or less of affected population accessing food. Figure 1: Percentage of Affected Population with access to Food umber of Districts % 25-5% 5-75% 75-1% Of the forty-one(41) districts assessed, only Chavuma and Zambezi West Bank areas currently have very serious food access problems (<25% managing to access food without assistance as shown in Figure 1). At the time of the assessment, the major source of food for the affected population was relief food from Government. The west bank has been cut off from the east bank, which is the major source of staple food. Most people in the affected districts of orthern and orth Western Provinces had access their main staple (Cassava) which was prematurely harvested. This however may have a long term effect on the overall food security. Areas with relatively serious food access problems (25-5% of affected population) are in districts of Western Province except for Sesheke and Shang ombo, which did not experience any floods. Others include valley areas of Mkushi 16

17 (Luano), Serenje, Luangwa, yimba, Mambwe, Lundazi, Mwinilunga (Kanongeshya Ward), Kabompo and Mambwe districts. Food eeds Out of the forty-one (41) assessed districts, only seventeen (17) districts were found to be in need of food. The most affected districts include all of Western Province districts except Sesheke and Shangombo, the valley areas of Eastern province, parts of Central, orth- Western and Luangwa District in Lusaka province. Annex 12 shows the eligible populations by district and ward as well as the actual food needs. This constitutes an estimated population of 295,148 in need of approximately 7,84MT of cereal. This food is required for a period of two months beginning March 27. Any food needs relating to the 27/28 consumption period will be determined by the outcome of an in-depth Food Security Assessment to be conducted in May 27. ote that the rainy season is still on and the above requirements are only for the pre-harvest period. 17

18 5. COCLUSIOS 5.1 Health, Water and Sanitation Overall, there has been little or no negative impact of floods on public health, though the loss of WATSA services is evident. The disease prevalence observed from the assessed districts is not peculiar to the flood situation. The low prevalence rates reported by the districts are attributed to various integrated health interventions currently being implemented at district level by the Ministry of health and other partners. These include the roll back malaria programme, integrated management of common childhood illnesses (IMCI) and bi-annual Child health week. However public health concerns especially water borne diseases and malaria incidences are likely to increase as the floodwaters in the affected areas recede and stagnate Education The impact of floods on education was more on the buildings (class rooms, staff houses and toilets). Furthermore there was increased inaccessibility to schools due to damaged bridges and roads. However attendance rates were not severely affected by damaged school infrastructure as learning continued to be done temporarily from shelters such as churches etc. 5.3 Infrastructure It was observed that most of the infrastructure that had collapsed were due to poor workmanship and/or were made of mad and pole. The teams observed that the infrastructure (roads, bridges, schools, health and other) in all the provinces were affected by the impact of the floods. This has impacted negatively on the delivery of services for various sectors such as health, Agriculture, food access, education and other economic activities. Therefore, there is agent need to rehabilitate, and/ or construct key infrastructure to improve on service delivery for the benefit of the people. 5.4 Agriculture and Commercial Activities The assessment indicated that the highest impact of heavy rainfall and floods was on crops followed by livestock, aquaculture and the least affected was wildlife. This has an implication on the next consumption season as the affected population will have low crop or no crop to harvest. Therefore the affected population with crop losses of between 5 to 1% and have access to wetlands will need to be assisted with winter cropping inputs to recover from their losses. 5.5 Food Access For those areas with more than 5% of the population currently accessing food, the situation cannot be considered serious as this situation is mostly attributed to the annual lean period when households normally have low food supply even in normal seasons. Most of these districts that are near water bodies have predominately-fishing households, hence crop production is a secondary livelihood. Their main means of acquiring food is either through exchange or purchase. Others still have some food 18

19 stocks from last year s harvest. In addition this population is also accessing some green foods even in areas where the fields are waterlogged. 6. RECOMMEDATIOS 6.1 Health, Water and Sanitation Short term Supply clorin for treatment of domestic water to thirty three (33) districts. (Annex 17). The estimated quantity for the affected population is 6, x 25ml bottles of clorin and 34 x 5kg of HTH (granular clorin) per month for 2 months. District health offices need to strengthen community sensitization programmes on public health and hygiene. DDMCs in liaison with district health offices need to ensure availability of adequate essential emergency drug supplies in case of epidemics. Supply and use of anti malaria drugs and use of ITs to protect the community from malaria. Medium to Long term Scaling up drilling of 45 boreholes to ensure access to safe drinking water. ote that the standard population per water point is 25 persons per water point. Furthermore the population that needs boreholes has been estimated at 1% of the affected. (Annex 17) Promotion of construction of 17, of adequate sanitary facilities e.g. improved ordinary latrines (SanPlat latrines)(annex 17). This number is based on 1 households per latrine considering that this is an emergency Education Short term Rehabilitation and maintenance to be done to 296 school structures (Annex 2) Appropriate latrines to be built to standard Bore holes to be drilled at every school to provide safe water Medium to Long Term Build more schools so as to ensure easy accessibility by pupils The Ministry of Education (MoE) needs to upgrade community schools and their infrastructure. The MoE should embark on regular maintenance and development of school infrastructure. 6.3 Infrastructure Short term Provision of 2,832 tents for the homeless in Central Province (Chibombo, Kapiri- Mposhi and Kabwe), Eastern Province (Mambwe) and orth Western Province (Chavuma, Mwinilunga, Zambezi & Kabompo Districts) Annex 9. Repair and rehabilitate damaged strategic roads and bridges of economic importance such as major roads within South Luangwa ational Park with durable materials (Annex 1). Repair of Watopa pontoon (Connects Kabompo to Lukulu) 19

20 Medium to Long Term Regular maintenance of roads, bridges, pontoons and all public infrastructure Government to provide technical and financial support for construction of quality durable infrastructure (roads bridges, housing, clinics and schools). Construction of culverts and permanent bridges in areas where temporal bridges are. Repair and/or provide pontoons where they have broken down. There is need to do an in depth assessment of the damaged roads, bridges, schools and clinics in all areas affected by the floods to come up with the actual figures of the damaged infrastructure and costing for decision making by Government. Canal dredging to be undertaken in the flood plain areas of the Zambezi West Bank in the orth Western and Western Provinces. 6.4 Agriculture and Commercial Activities Short term Provide food security pack for winter cropping to 12,5 Households (Annex 18 for details) Provide veterinary drugs to 69, animals at risk (see Annex 19) ZAWA to control straying wild life. Timely crop monitoring and forecast Timely provision of agricultural inputs, e.g. early maturing varieties Extension services to include appropriate Dambo utilisation interventions Medium to long term In-depth impact assessment on crops Crop diversification in upland areas 6.5 Food Access General recommendations and observations Targeted food relief should be provided for affected population in areas with less than 5% access to food. The food should be supplied for two months with effect from March, 27. For the rest of the affected districts, food assistance is not an immediate need as they should be able to cope. More in-depth assessment of the food security situation will be required in selected districts to determine food access situation for the 27/8 consumption season A total population of 295,148 will require food assistance amounting to 7,84 MT for a period of two months with effect from March 27. The estimated total population of the people affected by floods stands at 1,443,583 residing in 41 districts of the nine provinces. These people have been affected by way of loss of crops and houses, constrained access to social amenity centers such as schools and clinics. This number also includes the people who are exposed to the risk of outbreak of water borne diseases. Although all the 41 districts have been classified as severely affected in one way or the other, this severity differs in terms of spread and intensity and is localized to specific wards of a given district. 2

21 General Recommendations The most affected sector requiring immediate intervention is infrastructure (roads and bridges). Meanwhile information from Roads Development Agency (RDA) indicates that meaningful road or bridge works can only be done after the end of rain season. Extensive damage to roads and bridges in the affected districts was as a result of lack of maintenance and poor workmanship. Floods only exacerbated these long standing problems. In the case of houses most of those that collapsed were mainly as a result of poor workmanship and/or built out mad and pole. Problems of water and sanitation in urban districts such as Luanshya, Kabwe and Solwezi are directly linked to drainage and unplanned settlements. There was evidence of respondents deliberately exaggerating figures of affected population and linking these figures to food relief even where floods had more devastation in other sectors. In- depth vulnerability and needs assessment should be conducted in May (after the 27 harvest) to determine the effects of the floods and prolonged dry spells on this years crop yield. There is urgent need to provide logistical support for water and land transport to facilitate the delivery of relief supplies. 21

22 7. AEXES: Annex 1: Table of Areas Visited / Teams Composition/ Editorial Team TEAM PROVICE O. OF DISTRICTS TEAM COMPOSITIO 1 orthwestern Kabompo, Chavuma, Zambezi Team leader: Mr. Evans Kapekele - DMMU Team members: Mr. Alfred Daka WFP Mr. Gift Himunya- CSO 2 orthwestern Solwezi, Kasempa, Mwinilunga Team Leader: Mr. Lyson Mbewe ZRDF Team Members Ms Mari Siyamba-FC 3 Luapula Samfya, Mwense, Kawambwa, Team leader: Mr. Kebby Mutale - WFP Team members: Ms Sandie Sikazwe CARE Mr. M. Muteteka A 4 Eastern/Lusaka Province Luangwa, yimba, Chama, Lundazi, Mambwe, 5 Southern/Lusaka Kafue, Mazabuka, amwala, Itezhi-tezhi 6 orthern Mpulungu, Mpika, Chinsali Mungwi, 7 Central Chibombo, Kabwe, Kapiri Mposhi, Mkushi, Serenje Team Leader: Mr. Meetwell Cheelo - LDHMT Team Members: Mr. Raymond Chipoma UICEF Mr. Mercy Mbewe - ZRDF Team Leader: Ms. Chansa Mushinge - FEWSET Team Members: Mr. Phil German - USAID Mr. Emmanuel gulube- USAID Team Leader: Mr. Ronald Msoni - PAM Team Members: Mr. Glen Shaw UICEF Ms. Patricia Sakala FC Team Leader: Pauline Inambao RDC Team Members: Mr. Oscar Silembo DWA Mr. M. Kaima Commission for Refugees 8 Western Mongu, Kalabo, Senanga Team Leader: Mr. Sibajane Munkombwe - LWF Team Members: Mr. Victor Bupe MET Mr. Steven Chikwanda MACO 9 Western Kaoma, Lukulu Team Leader: Esnart Makwakwa - DMMU Team Members Vincent Mungalu APS 1 Western Sesheke, Shang ombo, Team Leader: Mr. Bwendo Kabanda - CRS Team Members: John Service Ms Brenda Kambaila CARE 11 Copperblet Luanshya. Masaiti, Mpongwe Team Leader: Mr. Isaac Sichivula - RDC Team Members: Mr. Linos Musimbwe FAO Mr. James Simasiku UICEF 12 orthern Kaputa,Luwingu,Isoka Team Leader:Mr Besa Muwele-CSO Team Member:Stanley yendwa-cso Editorial Team ame and Organisation Chansa Mushinge - FEWSET Yande Mwape DMMU Evans Kapekele DMMU Patricia Sakala FC Sibajane Munkombwe LWF Lyson Mbewe ZRDF Allan Mulando -WFP Anderson Banda- DMMU Aaron Phiri - CSO ame and Organisation Ronald Msoni PAM Pauline T. Inambao RDC Bwendo Kabanda CRS Isaac Sichivula RDC Besa Muwelani CSO Dominiciano Mulenga - DMMU Meetwell Cheelo LDHMT Esnart Mukwakwa - DMMU Kebby Mutale WFP 22

23 Annex 2: Sample of Assessment Tools. Office of the Vice President Disaster Management & Mitigation Unit DMMU Lusaka Republic of Zambia Flood Multisectoral Disaster Impact Assessment VULERABILITY ASSESSMET COMMITTEE Form Ref: DMMUFLOOD-1 Version 1./February 27 O. IDETIFICATIO O.1 LOCATIOS O.2 DATE O.3 RESPODETS PROVICE O.4 OTHER AREAS VISITED DISTRICT WARD O.5 STAFF WHO FILLED THIS FORM A IMPACTS O HUMA LIVES A.1 DEATHS A.2 MISSIG MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE ADULTS ADULTS CHILDRE CHILDRE A.3 UMBER OF PEOPLE WITHOUT SHELTER A.4 MAJOR DISEASES DETECTED MALE FEMALE CASES PRIOR TO FLOOD CASES AFTER FLOOD ADULTS CHILDRE ADULTS CHILDRE MALARIA DISPLACED DIARRHEA HOMELESS ARI MEASLES B. IMPACTS O HOUSIG, TRASPORT AD COMMUICATIO B.1 HOUSIG & PUBLIC BUILDIGS B.2 TELECOMMUICATIOS Roof Missing Underwater Partially damaged Destroyed Functioning Partially functioning ot Functioning Habitations Landline telephone Community Center Radio communications Schools Cellular telephone Health Care Centers Radio Stations Gov Offices Other Others B.3 TRASPORTATIO Accessible Partially Accessible ot Accessible Main Road from/to district center Railway Bridges Airports / Airfields Others (Specify) C. IMPACTS O WATSA AD HEALTH IFRASTRUCTURE C.1 WATSA C.1.A DRIKIG WATER 75-1% 5-75% 25-5% -25% Population with access to safe drinking water C.1.B RISK OF WATER COTAMIATIO Low Medium High Very High Faecal Pesticides C.2 HEALTH HEALTH SERVICES Functioning Partially Functioning on the verge of Closing Health Posts (number) Rural Healthcare centres (number) Hospitals (number) HEALTH SUPPLIES AD PERSOEL o Change Low one Availability of health supplies Availability of healthcare personnel D. IMPACTS O EDUCATIO D.1 SCHOOL IFRASTRUCTURE AD ATTEDACE D.1.A Functioning Partially Functioning Closed D.1.B Primary Secondary Schools Children out of Schoo(%) E. IMPACTS O AGRICULTURE & COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES Percentage losses 75-1% 5-75% 25-5% -25% Staple crop fields Cash crop fields Livestock: Cattle Livestock: Goat Livestock: Pig Poultry Aquaculture Mills, storage and preservation Current food access of affected population 23

24 Annex 3: Rainfall Maps Cumulative Rainfall Departure from the 3 year ormal - December 26 Cumulative Rainfall Map - December 26 Dekad 3 ChiengiKaputa chelenge Mpulungu Kawambwa Mporokoso Mwense Luwingu Kasama Mbala Mungwi akonde Isoka Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu chelenge Mbala akonde Kawambwa Mporokoso Mungwi Isoka Mwense Luwingu Kasama Rainfall (mm) Chilubi Chinsali Mansa Chama Samfya Departure (%) Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Chililabombwe Solwezi Chingola Lundazi Kitwe Lufwanyama 2-43 dola Chavuma Kabompo Serenje Masaiti Mambwe Zambezi Mpongwe Chipata Mufumbwe Kasempa Katete Mkushi Petauke Chadiza Kapiri Mposhi Lukulu Kabwe yimba Kaoma Mumbwa Kalabo Chibombo Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Mongu Lusaka Chongwe Department. Luangwa amwala Kafue Desktop Mapping and Itezhi-tezhi Mazabuka Senanga Production by ZVAC. Monze Siavonga Shang'ombo Sesheke Date: 1/3/7 ChomaGwembe Kazungula Kalomo ote: Sinazongwe Below ormal = <-2% ormal = -2 to 2% Livingstone Above ormal = >2% Chilubi Chinsali Chama Mansa Samfya Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Solwezi Chililabombwe Chingola Lundazi Kitwe Lufwanyama dola Chavuma Kabompo Serenje Masaiti Mambwe Zambezi Mpongwe Chipata Mufumbwe Kasempa Katete Mkushi Petauke Chadiza Kapiri Mposhi Lukulu Kabwe yimba Kaoma Mumbwa Kalabo Chibombo Mongu Lusaka Chongwe Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Luangwa Kafue Department Itezhi-tezhi amwala Mazabuka Senanga Monze Destop Mapping and Production done Siavonga by ZVAC. Shang'ombo Sesheke Gwembe Choma Kazungula Date: 1/3/7 Kalomo Sinazongwe Livingstone Cumulative Rainfall Departure from the 3 year ormal - January 27 Cumulative Rainfall Map - January 27 Dekad3 Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu Mbala chelenge akonde Kawambwa Mporokoso Mungwi Isoka Mwense Luwingu Kasama ChiengiKaputa Mpulungu chelenge Mbala akonde Kawambwa Mporokoso Mungwi Isoka Mwense Luwingu Kasama Chilubi Chinsali Mansa Chama Samfya Departure (%) Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Solwezi Chililabombwe - 19 Chingola Lundazi 2-39 Kitwe Lufwanyama dola 4-59 Chavuma Kabompo Masaiti Serenje Mambwe 6-8 Zambezi Mpongwe Chipata Mufumbwe Kasempa Katete Mkushi Petauke Chadiza Kapiri Mposhi Lukulu Kabwe yimba Kaoma Mumbwa Kalabo Chibombo Mongu Lusaka Chongwe Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Luangwa amwala Kafue Department. Itezhi-tezhi Mazabuka Senanga Monze Desktop Mapping and Siavonga Production by ZVAC. Shang'ombo Sesheke Choma Gwembe Kazungula Date: 1/3/7 Kalomo Sinazongwe ote: Livingstone Below ormal = <-2% ormal = -2 to 2% Above ormal = >2% Chilubi Chinsali Mansa Chama Rainfall (mm) Samfya Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Solwezi Chililabombwe Chingola Lundazi Lufwanyama Kitwe dola Chavuma Kabompo Masaiti Serenje Mambwe Zambezi Mpongwe Chipata Mufumbwe Kasempa Katete Mkushi Petauke Chadiza Kapiri Mposhi Lukulu Kabwe yimba Kaoma Mumbwa Kalabo Chibombo Mongu Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Lusaka Chongwe Department. amwala Kafue Luangwa Itezhi-tezhi Mazabuka Desktop Mapping and Senanga Monze Production by ZVAC. Siavonga Shang'ombo Sesheke ChomaGwembe Date: 1/3/7 Kazungula Kalomo Sinazongwe Livingstone ` Cumulative Rainfall Departure from the 3 year ormal - February 27 Cumulative Rainfall Map - February 27 Dekad3 Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu Mbala chelenge akonde Kawambwa Mporokoso Mungwi Isoka Mwense Luwingu Kasama Chilubi Chinsali Departure (%) Mansa Chama Samfya Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Solwezi Chililabombwe Chingola Lundazi Kitwe Lufwanyama dola Chavuma Kabompo Masaiti Serenje Mambwe Zambezi Mpongwe Chipata Mufumbwe Kasempa Katete Mkushi Petauke Chadiza Kapiri Mposhi Lukulu Kabwe yimba Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Kaoma Mumbwa Department. Kalabo Chibombo Mongu Lusaka Chongwe Desktop Mapping and Luangwa amwala Kafue Production by ZVAC. Itezhi-tezhi Mazabuka Senanga Monze Date: 1/3/7 Siavonga Shang'ombo Sesheke ChomaGwembe ote: Kazungula Below ormal = <-2% Kalomo ormal = -2 to 2% Sinazongwe Above ormal = >2% Livingstone Chavuma Kalabo Zambezi Lukulu Mongu Senanga Shang'ombo Mwinilunga Kabompo Kaoma Sesheke Mufumbwe Solwezi Kazungula Kasempa Mpongwe Kalomo Sinazongwe Kapiri Mposhi Kabwe Choma Gwembe chelenge Chililabombwe Chingola Kitwe Lufwanyama dola Chiengi Kaputa Kawambwa Mwense Masaiti Mansa Milenge Samfya Mkushi Mpulungu Mporokoso Luwingu Chilubi Mumbwa Chibombo Lusaka Chongwe Luangwa amwala Kafue Itezhi-tezhi Mazabuka Monze Siavonga Livingstone Serenje yimba Kasama Mpika Mbala Mungwi Chinsali Katete Petauke akonde Isoka Chama Lundazi Mambwe Chipata Chadiza Data Source: Zambia Meteorological Department. Desktop Mapping and Production by ZVAC. Date: 1/3/7 Rainfall (mm)

25 Annex 4: Overview of District Status PROVICE DISTRICT TOTAL O. O. OF AFFECTED O. OF WARDS GEERAL OF WARDS WARDS VISITED COMMETS Chibombo Kabwe Worst affected- Unplanned settlement Central Kapiri Mposhi Worst affected- Unplanned settlement Mkushi Mumbwa Serenje Luanshya Worst Affected - Peri-urban Copperbelt Masaiti Worst Affected - ear rivers Mpongwe Worst Affected - in the Dambos / Plains Chama visited -High water levels Eastern Lundazi visited-poor road network Mambwe visited-high water levels yimba visited-poor road network Kawambwa Luapula Mwense Samfya Lusaka Kafue Luangwa The water has receded Chinsali o Emergency observed Isoka Luwingu orthern Kaputa Water and Sanitation situation critical Mungwi Mpika eed for aerial survey orth Western Mpulungu Road infrastructure is Chavuma Worst in terms of food security and health Kabompo Affected wards along the river banks Kasempa Water logging and poor road network Mwinilunga Water logging

26 Solwezi Unplanned settlements Zambezi All affected wards are on the West bank Lukulu Accessible with difficulty using water transport Kaoma Kalabo Rice fields submerged - food security risk Western Mongu Rice fields submerged - food security risk Senanga Sesheke District Administration did not allow visit. Shangombo Crop in the field is doing well. Itezhi-tezhi Accessible by water Southern Mazabuka amwala