21-23 SEPTEMBER Mohd Said bin Dikon. Water Quality Status Main Policy Responses Water Quality Initiatives Conclusion

Transcription

1 3rd WEPA International Workshop and the 7th Annual Meeting SEPTEMBER 2011 POLICY RESPONSES TO ATTAIN THE WATER QUALITY TARGET: MALAYSIA EXPERIENCE Mohd Said bin Dikon Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia Introduction Contents Water Quality Status Main Policy Responses Water Quality Initiatives Conclusion 1

2 Malaysia 2

3 Malaysia Comprises two distinct bodies of land Federal Territories and 13 States Total land area 329,750 km 2 Population - about 26 million A multi-racial, multi-cultural country Climate - warm and humid Annual average rainfall Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 2,500 mm 3,000 mm 3,500 mm Definitions River means any river, stream, creek or other natural water course, and/or any tributary, distributary or artificial deviation thereof (National Land Code 1965). River means a body of inland water flowing for the most part on the surface of the land but which may flow underground for part of its course. River basin means the area of land from which h all surface runoff flows through a sequence of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes into the sea at a single river mouth, estuary or delta (Adapted from EU Water Framework Directive 2000). 6 3

4 River Basins in Malaysia List of River Basins - updated based on the definition of river and river basin Classify rivers into 3 categories - based on the Provision of Federal Constitution Category 1 - river wholly within a state (state river) Category 2 - river shared more than one state (national river) Category 3 - river shared with other country (international river) 7 River Basin in Malaysia Total Nos. of River Basin Main River Basin (>80km 2 ) Peninsular Malaysia 1, Sabah 1, Sarawak Grand Total 2,

5 5

6 River Basin in Malaysia Main river basin(189) 95% of land area in Malaysia Small river basin(2797) 5% of land area in Malaysia 12 6

7 7

8 8

9 Trend of River Water Quality in Malaysia Year 1990 ~ 2009* 9

10 Reforms in the Malaysia Water Sector In 1998, National Water Resources Council (NWRC) has been set up. In 2003, the NWRC has decided that the formulation of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) master plans be carried out for all the 189 river basins. Cabinet Reshuffle in March 2004, 11 agencies from 4 different ministries were combined in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). Reforms in the Malaysia Water Sector (contd) the Department of Water Supply ppy and the Department of Sewerage Services were moved to the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. The Federal Constitution was amended in January 2005 to transfer matters related to water supply services from the State list to the Concurrent list. The amendment enabled the Federal Government to regulate the water supply services while ownership and control of water resources, dams and catchment areas remained with the state governments. 10

11 The Federal Constitution of Malaysia List I - Federal List 9. Shipping, navigation and fisheries, including - (a) Shipping and navigation on the high seas and in tidal and inland waters; 10. Communications and transport, including - (d) Regulation of traffic by land, water and air other than on rivers outside harbour areas wholly within one State; 11. Federal works and power, including - (b) Water supplies, rivers and canals, except those wholly within one State or regulated by an agreement between all the States concerned; production, distributions by supply 21 of water power; List II - State List 6. State works and water, that is to say - (c) Subject to the Federal List, water (including rivers and canals but excluding water supplies and services); control of silt; riparian rights. List III - Concurrent List 8. Drainage and irrigation. 9. Rehabilitation of mining land and land which has suffered soil erosion. 9D. Subject to the Federal List, water supplies and services

12 Water Resources Management 1. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. 3. Ministry of Agriculture u and Agro-based Industry Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 1. Management age e of the implementation pe e tato of policies, strategies and programmes relating to natural resources and environment. 2. Enforcement and monitoring the implementation of and compliance with policies, i legislation l and guidelines relating to the management, conservation and natural resources and the environment. 12

13 Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water 1. Formulation and implementation of national policy on water supply services and sewerage services industry. 2. Formulating licensing and supervising policy and framework. 3. Formulating and determining tariffs. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry 1. Agricultural irrigation and drainage. 2. To regulate the paddy and rice industry under the Control of Paddy and Rice Act To formulate, plan and implement the National Agriculture Policy. 13

14 MELAKA RIVER CLEANING AND BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT 14

15 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 2.1 Improve water quality at Sungai Melaka. 22B 2.2 Beautify and preserve the river corridor. 2.3 Making the Melaka River as one of the main tourism products in the State of Melaka. 24An 2.4 alternative route of public transport by rivers (water taxi) Melaka River Basin Melaka River Basin = 670km 2 Melaka River Main Trunk = 80km 15

16 Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project 6km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project Parcel 2 3.5km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project - Parcel 1 6k km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project Parcel 2 3.5km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project - Parcel 1 16

17 MELAKA RIVER CLEANING AND BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT - PARCEL 1 17

18 Headworks at Btg. Melaka River Tampin River Kg. Gadek Batang Melaka River Melaka Pindah JUS DAM DURIAN TUNGGAL DAM MELAKA RIVER Durian Tunggal Regulator Melaka River Existing Bunded Storage Durian Tunggal River Gate at Malim Weir Malim Weir Cheng River Cheng Industrial Area Taman Merdeka Regulator Taman Merdeka Klebang Tidal Barrage Malim River Malim Jaya Industrial Area Melaka River Putat River Melaka River Tidal Barrage Historical Melaka City Batu Hampar Tidal Barrage Scope of Work 1. Construction of bank protection (river wall) 2. Construction of pedestrian walkways. (river walk) 3. Dredging of rivers 4. Construction of sewage treatment center based in Kota Laksamana 5. Construction of sewerage system with bypass (Intercept) of wastewater from the existing drainage system and led to Waste Water Treatment Plant 6. Construction of Tidal barrage 7. Construction and upgrading of vehicle and pedestrian bridge 8. Landscaping and beautification 18

19 Layout Plan PHASE 1 (completed) PHASE 2 (completed) PHASE 1 (completed) Implementation Schedule NO PROJECT COST (RM) PERIOD Implementing Agency NOTE 1. Phase I 91,200, Historical Melaka City Council(HMCC) -Ministry of Tourisme -Completed 2. Phase II 50,000, Phase III 93,000, Phase IV 90,398, TOTAL 324,598, HMCC HMCC HMCC -NRE -Completed -NRE -Completed -NRE -Completed 19

20 Pengkalan Niru Before & After Before After Before After Site Photo Before & After Before Before Before After After After 20

21 Laksamana Point After Kg. Nelayan Before After After 21

22 Dataran Hang Tuah Before After After After Bunga Raya Before Before Before After After After 22

23 New Structures Site Under Construction photos Tidal Barrage Completed New Tidal Barrage Completed 23

24 1 0 Before Hang Jebat Bridge After Pasar Bridge Before After 1 0 Before After Chan Koon Cheng Bridge 24

25 Kg. Jawa Bridge 1 0 Before After Before After Old Bus Station Bridge 1 0 Riverwall and riverwalk at Kg Mortem - after 25

26 Riverwall And Riverwalk at Muara Melaka River - after 1 0 MELAKA RIVER CLEANING AND BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT - PARCEL 2 26

27 Background 1. Under the 10 th Malaysia Plan, Federal Government has approved RM285 million for the implementation of Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project - Parcel Project s Objectives 2.1 To improve water quality and water quantity of Melaka River 2.2 To Beautify and Rehabilitation of River Corridor 2.3 To promote Melaka River as one of the tourism product 2.4 To promote Melaka River as an alternative transportation mode (water taxi) 3. Project s Location 3.1 Jambatan Hang Jebat Batu Hampar TCG (6km) 53 PROJECT s MAJOR COMPONENTS River Improvement work (Widening and Deepening) Riverbank protection works Main terminal/water taxi station, River information centre Storm Water Treatment Plants Jetty/ Pick up points Beautification works by landscaping components Beautification of existing bridges Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) Pedestrian Bridge Automatic WQ monitoring station (SCADA) Boardwalk Decorative lighting Public amenities, etc. 27

28 6km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project Parcel 2 3.5km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project - Parcel 1 28

29 OVERALL ZONING Rumpun Bahagia Bridge ZONE 4 ZONE 3 TAMAN RUMPUN BAHAGIA MELAKA SENTRAL Batu Hampar TCG ZONE 5 Pa ackage 2-3km Tun Razak Bridge ( AMJ Highway) TESCO Melaka Sentral Bridge ZONE 2 JUSCO COMMERCIAL AREA ZONE 1 Hang Jebat Bridge ackage 1-3km Pa Panglima Awang Bridge TAMAN REMPAH CONCEPTUAL IDEAS ZONE 1 PANGLIMA AWANG BRIDGE River Info Center Location Dragon Boat Jetty Option 2 for Water Taxi Station & River Info Center Site EXISTING CHINESE TENPLE Jebat Esplanade HANG JEBAT BRIDGE UITM S BUILDING Option 2 for Water Taxi Station & River Info Center Site Jetty Pick Up Point Proposed Alternative Site For River Info Center Location 29

30 Front View Perspektif TAMPAK HADAPAN Perspective View from Melaka RIver Side View Perspective View from Melaka RIver 30

31 PROPOSAL Jetty Pick Up Point - Right PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Left 31

32 PROPOSAL LEGARAN JEBAT Left PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Left 32

33 PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Left Decorative Pole Light Shelter With Malacca Architecture Esplanade Decorative Torch Planter Box PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Left Decorative Pole Light Shelter With Malacca Architecture Esplanade Decorative Torch Planter Box 33

34 PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Left Shelter With Malacca Architecture Decorative Pole Light Planter Box Decorative Torch CONCEPTUAL IDEAS ZONE 1 PANGLIMA AWANG BRIDGE EXISTING CHINESE TENPLE River Info Center Location Dragon Boat Jetty Jebat Esplanade Option 2 for Water Taxi Station & River Info Center Site HANG JEBAT BRIDGE UITM S BUILDING Option 2 for Water Taxi Station & River Info Center Site Jetty Pick Up Point Proposed Alternative Site For River Info Center Location 34

35 PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Right PROPOSAL JEBAT ESPLANADE Right 35

36 PROPOSAL JETTY AT CHINESE TEMPLE - Right PROPOSAL JETTY AT CHINESE TEMPLE - Right Water Taxi Jetty with Chinese Architecture Design. AFTER 36

37 PROPOSAL JETTY AT CHINESE TEMPLE - Right Water Taxi Jetty with Chinese Architecture Design. AFTER Night View ZONE 2 Water Taxi Station No. 2 Tun Razak Bridge(Lebuh AMJ) Nature Walk Natural Waterfall Pedestrian Bridge Modern Village Esplanade Board Walk Treatment Plan (Recreational Area) Melaka River Walk Terrace Plaza Viewing Vew Tower Urban Esplanade Wetland Board Walk Green Wall Screening Panglima Awang Bridge 37

38 PROPOSAL River Esplanade -Right PROPOSAL River Esplanade -Right 38

39 PROPOSAL River Esplanade -Right PROPOSAL MELAKA RIVER WALK - Right 39

40 PROPOSAL MELAKA RIVER WALK - Right PROPOSAL MELAKA RIVER WALK - Right 40

41 PROPOSAL WATER TAXI STATION -Right PROPOSAL WATER TAXI STATION -Right 41

42 PROPOSAL WATER TAXI STATION -Right PROPOSAL Melaka River Walk - Right 42

43 PROPOSAL Melaka River Walk - Right ZONE 2 Water Taxi Station No. 2 Tun Razak Bridge(Lebuh AMJ) Nature Walk Natural Waterfall Pedestrian Bridge Modern Village Esplanade Board Walk Treatment Plan (Recreational Area) Melaka River Walk Terrace Plaza Viewing Vew Tower Urban Esplanade Wetland Board Walk Green Wall Screening Panglima Awang Bridge 43

44 PROPOSAL GREEN WALL - Left PROPOSAL GREEN WALL - Left 44

45 PROPOSAL GREEN WALL - Left PROPOSAL FIREFLY & WILDLIFE HABITAT - Left 45

46 PROPOSAL FIREFLY & WILDLIFE HABITAT - Left Nature observation deck is made from timber to blend with natural setting. Restoration of original habitat for indigenous flora and fauna at the river of Sungai Melaka. Nature appreciation through boardwalk experience. PROPOSAL FIREFLY & WILDLIFE HABITAT - Left Night view of bird sanctuary and small animal habitat. 46

47 PROPOSAL FIREFLY & WILDLIFE HABITAT - Left Night view of bird sanctuary and small animal habitat. PROPOSAL FIREFLY & WILDLIFE HABITAT - Left Night view of bird sanctuary and small animal habitat. 47

48 PROPOSAL KAMPUNG ENAM ESPLANADE - Left PROPOSAL KAMPUNG ENAM ESPLANADE - Left 48

49 PROPOSAL Pedestrian Bridge - Left PROPOSAL Pedestrian Bridge - Left 49

50 PROPOSAL BRIDGE 02 - JAMBATAN TUN RAZAK (AMJ) BEFOR E PROPOSAL BRIDGE 02 - JAMBATAN TUN RAZAK (AMJ) Adaptation of the Masjid Selat Melaka s architecture Islamic decorative pattern AFTER 50

51 RIVER DREDGING Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project 6km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project Parcel 2 3.5km Melaka River Cleaning and Beautification Project - Parcel 1 51

52 Cross Section 37m TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF RIVER DREDGING

53 PROPOSED EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION FOR SG MELAKA RIVER DREDGING MODULAR TYPE CUTTER SUCTION DREDGER Principal Particulars 1) 5-PIECE Hull allows Transport by trucks 2) Separate Engines for Dredge Pump and Hydraulic System and Generator 3) Size of 6m (Width) x 18m (Length) Length Overall 18.0 m Dia. discharge pipe Pump Power 300 kw Mean draught with full bunkers Dia suction pipe 300 mm Pump output Cutter Power 40 kw Dredging Depth 12.8 m Breath including side 6.0 m pontoons Depth 2.44 m No. of Engines mm 1.55 m 125 m3/hr 53

54 GEOTUBE DEWATERING 54

55 3 Stages of Geotube Dewatering Containment Stage: Filling of tubes with slurry waste and Ashland polymers Dewatering Stage: Drainage of free water from tube Large volume reduction Repeating Cycles: Until tube is full with dry solids Consolidation Stage: Drainage of pore water from tube D i i f i d fill 55

56 Geotube Dewatering Performance Aquaculture Sludge Effluent Coal Sludge Effluent Oil Sludge Effluent Sewage Digester Sludge Effluent 56

57 Dry Solids - Typical Results Final Solids Result Depend On: Polymer selection and dosage Type of waste Age of waste Time for dewatering Waste Material / Solids Initial Solids Final Solids Biosolids 1% to 4% 15% to 25%+ Agriculture 2% to 4% 20% to 30%+ Mineral Processing 3% to 10% 40% to 75%+ Industrial Waste Water 4% to 10% 25% to 75%+ Contaminated Sediments 10% to 14% 35% to 75%+ Dry Solids Handling Options On-site disposal Recycled Off-site disposal 57

58 Type of Geotube Item Description Circumference Length Layflat width Fill height Working width Fill volume m m m m B1 (m) m 3 1 Geotube GT500D/4.4m/7.6m Geotube GT500D/8.8m/15.3m Geotube GT500D/8.8m/27.5m8m/27 5m Geotube GT500D/13.7m/30.6m Geotube GT500D/18.3m/30.6m Geotube GT500D/18.3m/61.4m Geotube GT500D/27.5m/30.6m Geotube GT500D/27.5m/61.4m Geotube GT500D/36.6m/30.6m Geotube GT500D/36.6m/61.4m B1 Fill Height Geotube Installation Step by Step Process

59 Geotube Installation Step 1 Grade Site to Remove Debris, Sharp Objects Level From Side to Side, With No More Than a 0.5% Grade From End to End Geotube Installation Construct Containment Berm 1/3 to 2/3 the Height of the Geotube Unit Around the Perimeter Create Drainage: Dig Trench Inside Unroll Geotube Containment Berm, Bag Over Sloped for Positive Drainage Media Drainage to Lower on the Upper End End of Cell of the Dewatering Cell. Align Using Handling Straps. 59

60 Geotube Installation Cont d Install an In-line Mixing Manifold System Include: Injection Port 90-degree Elbows for Mixing Sample Port Pump Some Sludge Through a Return Line - Final Check Of Floc and Polymer Dose Before Pumping Geotube Unit Connect a Flexible Line to the Filling Port Pinch Valves are the Preferred Method to Control the Waste Stream GEOTUBE 60

61 61

62 RIVERBANK PROTECTION RIVER BANK PROTECTION TYPE 1 62

63 RIVER BANK PROTECTION TYPE 2 RIVER BANK PROTECTION TYPE 3 63

64 RIVER BANK PROTECTION TYPE 4 RIVER BANK PROTECTION TYPE 5 64

65 65

66 INTERCEPTOR DRAIN POLLUTION CONTROL PLAN CONCEPT Planning Approach Consider efforts by IWK and DoE Prevent entry into designated receiving i water Provide treatment Possible Components 1. Interceptor drains/tunnels 2. Sewerage Collection and treatment upgrading 3. Treatment Plant (SW runoff and DWF) 4. Community Treatment Facilities for Industrial Parks, Markets, Pasar Malam & Eateries 5. In stream Treatment Facilities 6. Off stream Treatment Facilities 66

67 67

68 STORM WATER TREATMENT PLANT STORM WATER TREATMENT PLANT 68

69 137 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS - most common - easy to operate

70 Activated Sludge Process Why use Activated sludge? It uses microorganism process Most reliable process and low cost to operate Well known system 139 Activated Sludge Process Influent Aeration Tank MLSS Sedimentation Tank Effluent Diffuser O2 Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) MLSS = Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids 2000 mg/l

71 AIR BUBBLES (oxygen) NEEDED BY MICROORGANISM Diffusers 141 Extended Aeration Process - 21 hrs Aeration Tank with diffusers is designed to have long retention time of about 18 hours Secondary Settling Tank (SST) - 3 hrs Sludge Wasting Sludge Recycle Line Aeration Tank SST HRT = 18 h 3hr Inluent Return sludge Sludge Wasting

72 Fine bubble aeration 143 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR SBR

73 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR Why use SBR? It is a biological aeration process. Decant influent Mixed Fill influent React Fill Popular due to simplicity and smaller area requirement Wasted sludge Effluent discharge Settle React It does not require additional sedimentation tank 145 Equalisation tank Aeration tank Air blower Decanter PLC control system 3 outlets for effluent discharge (manual decanting SBR)

74 SBR aeration sequence is controlled 147 Decanter unit - KEE

75 Decanter unit - USFILTER FRP Foam Filled Float Assembly Draw Tube with Solids Excluding Plugs FRP Discharge pipe TWL BWL Automatic Effluent Decant Valve Hinged Knee Brace Assembly Steel Reinforced Rubber Flexible Connector Elbow and Spool Rest position when tank Is drained Decanter Rest Support 149 Sequencing Batch Reactor SBR Decanter system

76 SBR aeration tank ( 2 x 8 hrs = 16 hr) Settling and decanting Filling and Aeration in progress

77

78 Air headers provide oxygen to the bottom of tank 155 Membrane air diffusers

79 BIOFIL SYSTEM USING BIOFILM ON PLASTIC MEDIA 157 AEROBIC BIOFIL TARGET AMMONIA REMOVAL Cosmo balls GREASE TRAP GRIT CHAMBER EQUALISATION TANK AERATION TANK COSMO-BALL MEDIA CLARIFIER DISINFECTION PUMP SUMP AIR BLOWER FINAL DISCHARGE SLUDGE TANK

80 BioFil System (12 hrs) Nitrified effluent recycle line Layout Plan New Process (in EA 1 st module) 1.5 hr 1.5 hr 3 hr 3 hr Raw BOD 100 mg/l AN 10 mg/l Clarifier Nitrified effluent recycle line Cosmo balls Cosmo balls Clarifier 1.5Qpeak Treated BOD 5 mg/l AN < 3 mg/l Anaerobic 1.5 hr Anoxic 1.5 hr Aerobic 2 stages - 6 hr RAS WAS 159 Innovative technology use of Cosmo-ball media for Biofil system 80

81 BioFil STP Fabrication is completed -cosmo-balls are secured in a cage 161 View of biomedia cage in Aeration tank 81

82 VIEW 1 VIEW Highly effective treatment process able to remove Ammonia N to less than 3 mg/l. A compact system (50% smaller) only 12 hours, vs existing 24 hours tank

83 High density of stable microbial biomass on media Suitable for upgrade STP to Category I in sensitive catchment th t areas. 165 BioFil The new process is suitable for IWK to upgrade their STP easily at reduced time and cost in sensitive catchment areas

84 167 GROSS POLLUTANTS TRAP 84

85 Operation Process of the CDS Stormwater Unit Polluted Runoff Unpolluted Waterways Stormwater (with trash & debris) Solids Collection Sump (trash & debris) Stormwater (water only) CDS Model Showing Flows 85

86 Concealed Storage Area Maintenance By Lift Basket 86

87 Maintenance By Vacuum Suction Method Using Vacuum Suction Truck WETLAND 87

88 CONCEPTUAL IDEAS ZONE 2 Water Taxi Station No. 2 Jambatan Tun Razak (Lebuh AMJ) Nature Walk Natural Waterfall Pedestrian Bridge Modern Village Esplanade Board Walk Treatment Plan (Recreational Area) Melaka River Walk Terrace Plaza Viewing Vew Tower Urban Esplanade Wetland Board Walk Green Wall Screening Jambatan Panglima Awang 88

89 WETLAND Phyto Remediation System 89

90 BACK TO PRODUCT LIST 90

91 RIVER OF LIFE for Greater Kuala Lumpur 91

92 RIVER OF LIFE for Greater Kuala Lumpur. KLANG RIVER BASIN Upper Klang River Catchment 2 States WPKL Selangor Main River involved Sg. Klang Sg Ampang Sg. Gombak SgBatu Sg Bunus Sg. Jinjang Sg Kuyoh 183 RIVER OF LIFE RIVER CLEANING In order to bring life to the river, pollution must be reduced and water must be treated Areas Aspiration of focusin cleaning river Sg. Batu Sg. Klang Sg. Gombak MP Sepang Sg. Ampang Upstream Pollution source 31 polluting factories 484 squatter households multipoint and 1 regional sewage treatment plants (STP) that needs significant and long overdue upgrade Length: 73km (Sg. Batu-25km, Sg. Gombak-30 km, Sg. Ampang-18 km) Local authority: Ampang Jaya & Selayang Kuala Lumpur Pollution source: 304 polluting factories 838 squatter households multipoint and 7 regional STPs that need significant upgrade and regionalisation Length: 40 km (Sg. Klang) Local authority: DBKL Tackling the pollution sources is key to transform and maintain Klang river as Class IIB (recreational use with body contact) 1 Squatter households within 500m radius of the river SOURCE: KLCH, BULETIN J/KUASA PERANCANG N. SELANGOR 2010 BI 2/2010; DOE S DATABASE 2009, IWK inputs

93 RIVER OF LIFE RIVER CLEANING Transforming the Klang river requires an integrated approach that stops pollution at the source Aspiration Key initiatives Summary description Class III (unsafe for body contact) Decrease ammoniacal nitrogen 1 from 0.9 to 0.3 mg/l Decrease biological oxygen demand 2 from 6 to 3 mg/l Decrease suspended solids 3 from 150 to 50 mg/l Class IIB (recreational use with body contact) 1 Sewage and sullage management 2 Squatter 3 Drainage and relocation flow management 4 Promote, enforce, and manage river cleanliness 1 Upgrade existing sewage systems to decrease pollutants from entering into the river 2 Enforce the zero-squatter policy through local authorities to prevent squatter waste 3 Upgrade drainage systems to prevent flooding and maintain water quantity 4 Enforce water waste guidelines for residents, factories, and commercial outlets through local authorities 1 Ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) is a toxic pollutant often found in sewage and landfill 2 Higher biological oxygen demand (BOD) BOD indicates higher presence of microorganisms, suggesting higher pollution 3 Suspended solid (SS) is organic and inorganic particle (e.g., waste, sand) that increases turbidity and reduces oxygen content SOURCE: Lab analysis 93

94 Conclusion Policy begin with Federal Constitution Rightly placed policy will help in attaining water quality target Clean and beautiful river invites public appreciation of water and nature Generates country economy through eco-tourism and inline with IWRM approach Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Defined as : the process that promotes the coordinated development and management of resources in the natural environment (water, land, flora and fauna) in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco-systems (Integrated Water Resources Management, Global Water Partnership Technical,Advisory Committee Background Papers, No. 4, 2000.) 94

95 95