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7 (Trillion Yen) Legend New construction /Improvement Renewal (Projection) Nearly doubles O&M Post-disaster rehabilitation Depoldering The dike on the river side of a polder is relocated land inwards and water can flow into the polder at high water levels. Dike relocation Relocating a dike land inwards increases the width of the floodplains and provides more room for the river. Deepening river bed Removing obstacles Removing or modifying obstacles in the river bed where possible, or modifying them, increases the flow rate of the water in the river.

8 Preparedness phase Preparedness Proactive disaster management At the occurrence of disaster Physical mitigation of disaster risks Disaster Evacuation Risk reduction Disaster prevention using ecosystem services Risk/ vulnerability assessment Based on assessment of ecosystem services Ecosystem Management Provision offood, shelter, fuel, etc. Initial recovery Provision of food, fiber, construction materials, etc. Securing of income sources Rebuilding Provision of food, fiber, construction materials, etc. Securing of sustainable income sources Post-disaster rehabilitation Phase

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11 Initially, a dike was built only on the upstream side to protect the area from the direct impact of flowing water. To block off seawater backflow, another dike was built on the downstream side to form the present ring shape.

12 Natural hazards Vulnerability Exposure Avoide exposure Reduce disaster risk Reduce vulnerability

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17 Normal When flooded Protected from flooding Embankment

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20 生態系サービスへの支払い値段 price( 円 JPY/60kg) 収穫量 yield(kg/1,000m ) 2 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, ,000 ~ 24,000 ふゆみずたんぼ米 Fuyu-mizu-tambo method 慣行栽培米 Conventional methods ふゆみずたんぼ米 Fuyu-mizu-tambo method 慣行栽培米 Conventional methods 14,000 ~ 15,

21 Eco-DRR as Part of Administrative Policy in Japan Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction has been increasingly incorporated into the policies and planning of the Japanese Government. National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan (2012 Cabinet decision), which was established based on the lessons learnt from the Great East Japan Earthquake, stresses the importance of conserving and restoring ecosystems for reducing disaster risks. National Spatial Planning / The National Land Use Planning The National Spatial Strategy (2015 Cabinet decision) aims to promote Green Infrastructure that utilizes diverse functions of natural environment (habitats for plants and animals, formation of aesthetic landscape, and control of temperature rise, etc.) in social infrastructure development and land use, towards developing sustainable and attractive national land and local communities in the face of full-scale population decline. It also states it is important to promote disaster management that is sustainable, efficient, and effective by utilizing disaster-preventing/mitigating functions of natural ecosystems. In addition, such ecosystems as coastal forests and wetlands can be utilized not only for providing various functions including conservation of biodiversity and provision of scenic beauty and recreational space during non-disaster times, but also for adapting to environmental change due to climate change. National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan Basic Act for National Resilience / Fundamental Plan for National Resilience The Basic Act for National Resilience Contributing to Preventing and Mitigating Disasters for Developing Resilience in the Lives of the Citizenry (enacted in 2013) lists policies for establishing and implementing measures, one of which is to give due consideration to symbiosis with nature and harmony with the environment. Its Supplementary Resolution also aims to promote land use taking advantage of regional ecosystem-based functions to prevent and reduce disasters. Fundamental Plan for National Resilience (2014 Cabinet decision), which was established based on the above Basic Act, states the government s intention to promote ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction according to the characteristics of each region by assessing the disaster-preventing/mitigating functions of ecosystems, such as coastal forests and wetlands, during disaster events, as well as other functions that can be provided during non-disaster times. The National Land Use Plan (2015 Cabinet decision) also states the government s intention to promote Green Infrastructure and similar approaches that utilize diverse functions of natural environment (habitats for plants and animals, formation of aesthetic landscape, and control of temperature rise, etc.) in social infrastructure development and land use, towards developing sustainable and attractive national land and local communities. Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development The Fourth Priority Plan for Social Infrastructure Development, which was approved at an Cabinet meeting in September 2015, states that Japan needs to keep pace with international discussions and activities in promoting Green Infrastructure, which is designed to harness diverse functions of natural environment (habitats for plants and animals, formation of aesthetic landscape, and control of temperature rise, etc.) for enhancing the attractiveness and living comfort of local communities, reducing disaster risks, and enjoying various other benefits. 16

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