Operator Basics: Water Supply & Sources WELCOME!

Transcription

1 Operator Basics: Water Supply & Sources WELCOME! This training is presented by RCAC with funding provided by the California State Revolving Fund (SRFCA) from the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) 1

2 Your Moderators Today John Hamner, Kelsyville, CA Neil Worthen Las Cruces, NM The Rural Community Assistance Partnership RCAC 2

3 RCAC Programs Affordable housing Community facilities Water and wastewater infrastructure financing (Loan Fund) Classroom and online training On-site technical assistance Median Household Income (MHI) surveys Questions? Text your questions and comments anytime during the session 3

4 Performance Assessment Rating Tool (PART) 4 to 6 weeks from today w/ today s workshop in subject line 3 questions 3 minutes maximum How did you use the information that was presented today? Funders are looking for positive changes Help us continue these free workshops! Your Presenter Today RosAnna Noval Portland OR rnoval@rcac.org 4

5 Supply vs Source Supply Quantity Customer Demand Water Rights Forecasting Drought Source Type Characteristics Quality Treatment Variations Contamination Poll Time! Question 1: How s your Supply? 5

6 Supply to Meet Demand? Is each source metered? Does the system keep records on how much drinking water is produced? Adequate water rights? Is there adequate source capacity? Any seasonal variations? Emergency or supplemental water supply available? Rights of the use of Water Riparian acquired with title to the land bordering a source of surface water. Appropriative acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure. Prescriptive acquired by diverting water, putting to use for a period of time specified by statute. 6

7 What Exactly Is a Drought? No unique definition! National Drought Policy Commission: a persistent and abnormal moisture deficiency having adverse impacts on vegetation, animals, and people. Meteorological - rainfall deficit (supply-demand) Agricultural - topsoil moisture deficit; crop impacts Hydrological - surface or sub-surface water supply shortage Drought Preparedness Droughts are long-term Droughts occur slowly and recede slowly Normal part of the hydrologic cycle Impacts are site-specific and sector-specific Drought conditions are directly relative to supply and demand 7

8 Just How Bad Is California s Drought? National Drought Mitigation Center Poll Time! Question 2: What actions has your water system taken during this or previous droughts? 8

9 Challenges For Small Systems Isolated rural communities Fractured rock groundwater Small groundwater basins Minimal recharge Limited storage capacities Typically operate with little margin May lack technical, managerial, financial capacity Conservation vs Drought Conservation measures should be implemented continually Drought measures are triggered by supply reduction Depend on severity Voluntary and enforced Possible drought impact mitigation measures should be considered 9

10 Drought Preparedness Assessment of supply and demand Key tool is a Drought Preparedness Management Plan Drought Management Plan In Seven Steps! 1. Obtain public input and involvement 2. Define goals and objectives 3. Assess water supply and demand conditions 4. Define drought indicators 5. Identify drought mitigation measures 6. Assess mitigation measures 7. Develop a drought index and management strategy 10

11 Review Test 1: 3 types of water rights Source Water Hydrological Cycle Types Treatment 11

12 Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Saturation 12

13 Water Characteristics Physical Turbidity Color Temperature Taste Odor Water Characteristics Chemical Inorganic Chemicals Organic Chemicals General Mineral Constituents 13

14 Water Characteristics Biological Bacteria Protozoa Viruses Cysts Source Types & Characteristics Groundwater Lower in organics Lower turbidity Harder water due to minerals Harder to pollute, but harder to mitigate if polluted Iron and manganese Surface Water Higher in organics Higher turbidity Softer water Easier to pollute Microbial contamination Falls under the SWTR ($$$) 14

15 What Water Sources Do You Have? Groundwater well or wells River Spring Bottled Lake/reservoir Mud puddle Purchased water Other Creek 15

16 What is Groundwater? 16

17 Groundwater Aquifer Underground layer of porous water bearing material (sand or gravel) Confined Between two impervious layers (clay or rock). Known as an artesian aquifer. Unconfined Has an impervious layer beneath it, but is unconfined on top. Known as water table aquifer. 17

18 Fractures in Limestone Not all soils are created equal! water/undrstnd/soil.htm 18

19 Sediments and Stains Milky or Cloudy Excessive air, suspended solids, aquifer material Bluish Green Green Precipitates Copper, hardness, aggressive water and corrosion by-products, nuisance bacteria Blackish Tint or Black Slimes Reactions with manganese and possibly iron, nuisance bacteria Yellowish or Reddish Tint or Slimes Humic material, dissolved or precipitated iron, nuisance bacteria 19

20 Typical Well Sanitary seal Well casing Well slab Grout Well screen Parts of a Groundwater Well Sanitary seal: prevents surface contamination from entry Well casing: lines the bore hole preventing collapse Well slab: prevents surface contamination, supports equipment Grout: used to fill annular space preventing contamination Well screen: prevents sand from entering well 20

21 Well Screen 21

22 Well Terms Static water level: normal water level at rest Drawdown: the total drop between static and pumping water levels Cone of depression: in an unconfined aquifer, the cone shape of the surface Well Terms, continued Radius of Influence: the zone affected by drawdown (varies w/porosity & permeability) Pumping water level: stabilized water level when pumping over time Well Yield: the rate of withdrawal over time (safe yield vs overdraft) 22

23 Well Construction Records Depth of well Depth of well casing Annular seal dimensions and materials Type and depth of screen Measurement of drawdown Well construction/completion report Water quality Refer to State s Well Standards Line Tool: Groundwater Characteristics Red water Hard water Black water Consistent Generally neutral Temperature Iron ph Calcium/magnesium Manganese 23

24 Line Tool: Groundwater Characteristics Red water Hard water Black water Consistent Generally neutral Temperature Iron ph Calcium/magnesium Manganese Water Quality - Groundwater Lower in organics Higher in minerals Harder water due to minerals Harder to pollute, but harder to mitigate if polluted Lower turbidity Iron and manganese issues 24

25 jointheevolution.ca 25

26 Water Quality Surface Water Higher in organics Higher in turbidity Soft water Microbial contamination Easier to pollute Falls under the SWTR 26

27 Surface Water Flows by gravity or has to be pumped to treatment plant Spring Collector 27

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29 Surface Water Stratification Thermal stratification different temperature zones (layers) in a reservoir Upper layer warms up in spring Reduces mixing Thermal unification causes turnover of reservoir or lake Surface Water Stratification Epilimnion The upper (warmest) layer, which continues to mix Metalimnion The middle layer (zone of rapid temperature decrease with depth). Also known as the thermocline Hypolimnion The lowest layer (coldest) which is the denser water 29

30 Review Test : Surface Water Pros & Cons 30

31 GWUDI Groundwater Under the Direct Influence Technically GW but impacted by SW Shares SW characteristics May change seasonally Regulated like surface water Review Type of Source Surface River, lake, creek Groundwater Drilled, driven, dug well, spring collector GWUDI Spring, infiltration wells, rainey wells Purchase water 31

32 What and Why Type of treatment Reason for treatment Poll Time! Question 3: What treatment does your water system use? 32

33 Treatment Processes Disinfection Chlorination Gas Hypochlorination Onsite Generation Chloramination Ultra-Violet (UV) Light Ozone Ground Water Treatment Additional Treatment processes Oxidation Sequesters / Filtration Corrosion Control Reverse Osmosis Ion Exchange Aeration Fluoridation 33

34 Surface Water Treatment Additional Treatment processes Slow Sand Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration Alternative Technology Bag Cartridge Membrane Diatomaceous Earth Fluoridation Review Test 3: Hydrologic cycle, surface water treatment, GW characteristics 34

35 Review Reservoirs are stratified in three layers. Epilimnion Hot Metalimnion Warm Hypolimnion Cold Review Reservoirs are stratified in three layers. Epilimnion Hot Metalimnion Warm Hypolimnion Cold 35

36 Source Types & Characteristics Groundwater Lower in organics Lower turbidity Harder water due to minerals Harder to pollute, but harder to mitigate if polluted Iron and manganese Surface Water Higher in organics Higher turbidity Softer water Easier to pollute Microbial contamination Falls under the SWTR ($$$) Source Water Protection Watershed management Protection through regulation Sanitary survey Inspect/evaluate to insure source protection SWAP Source Water Assessment Plan 36

37 Sanitary Survey Source Water Inspection Sanitary Surveys: 1. Source water 2. Treatment; 3. Distribution system; 4. Finished water storage; 5. Pumps, pump facilities, and controls; 6. Monitoring, reporting, and data verification; 7. System management and operation; 8. Operator compliance with state requirements 37

38 Significant Deficiencies : Source Well near a source of fecal contamination Well in a flood zone Well improperly constructed Spring boxes poorly constructed Water Sources Ground or surface water Quantity and quality Source water protection Well grout and screens O & M schedules Redundancy 38

39 Surface Water Surface Water Inspections Fecal sources Wastewater plant/septic systems Feed lots/animal pens Agricultural Fuel Anything chemical Review of Watershed Protection Plan 39

40 Groundwater Inspections Fecal sources Wastewater plant Septic systems Feed lots/animal pens Agricultural Fuel Chemical Sources? Well Construction Hard to see! Check records Geologic data When was it installed Has it been inspected Draw down tests Chemical/mineral 40

41 Pumping Stations and Pump Houses Well casing 18 inches above grade Three feet above flood level Submersibles should be sealed Piping and valving Lightning protection for electrical system Is pump easy to maintain Possible Defects Casing too low Improper well cap No sanitary seal Well is in a pit Well not grouted properly Well not properly ventilated 41

42 Potential Sources of Contamination Does a Wellhead Protection Program (WHPP) exist? Is the aquifer recharge area (actively) protected? What is the size of the protected area and who controls it? 42

43 Source Water Assessment Has hydro geological sensitivity been assessed? Is raw water quality monitored? Does raw water quality indicate sanitary deficiency? Does source meet demands and future demands? Is system operating with permit requirements? Source Water Assessment Is there a master meter? Are the system customers metered? How many? Interconnections? Redundant source? Meet needs during drought? Conservation plan? 43

44 Source Water Transmission Installation: La Mesa, CA 182 Do lines deliver to treatment plant? Can lines bypass treatment plant? Age and condition of lines? Redundancy? Site Security 44

45 Site Security Is well protected from vandalism? Accidents? Is wellhead restricted? Are transmission lines vulnerable? Housekeeping? How often is site visited? Is it well maintained? Cross connections? Source Water Assessment Protection is cheaper than treatment. 45

46 What about Source Water Quality? Meet source monitoring requirements? Any contaminants of concern? Does water system treat for a primary contaminant? Secondary contaminant? Any indication of water quality changing? Any indication of sanitary deficiency? Is your Source Vulnerable? Do you have a source water protection program? i.e.: wellhead protection, source water assessment, watershed sanitary survey, watershed protection plan? Wells 46

47 Source Water Protection Requirement of 1986 SDWA amendments Community involvement & support Surveys for potential/actual contaminants Determine potential contamination of basin/aquifers Development, implementation and enforcement of land use regulations 8 ACP 6 ACP Wells 47

48 Community Involvement Community buy in means less work/dollars Seek volunteers with geology, planning & engineering backgrounds Local college students Committee meetings monthly Budget for expenses Collect Existing Data Geology of the area Local aquifers Any existing groundwater data Locate underground storage tanks Septic tanks and WW disposal methods 48

49 Collect Existing Data Locate all existing wells in the area Identify businesses that may be a threat to groundwater Identify what community regulations already in place Identify local and state public works practices Fill In The Data Gap Survey the locals Public buy in is crucial Survey should help determine location of potential contaminants not on record, like: Patterns of land use Underground storage tanks Septic systems Abandoned wells 49

50 Contaminant Sources Source Protection Well Herbicide 50

51 Source Protection Well Abandonment Must be done properly; Eliminate a physical hazard Prevent groundwater contamination Conserve the aquifer To prevent mixing of desirable and undesirable water between aquifers 51

52 Land Use Pass ordinances OR encourage county or state entities to enforce existing requirements? Create an education and/or voluntary best practices program? If not, what could you do? 52

53 Poll Time! Question 4: How do you protect your source water? Review Test 4: What information are you taking away? 53

54 Thank you for attending! Sept 9, 2015 RosAnna Noval Neil Worthen John Hamner 54