Biological Indicators
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1 Biological Indicators
2 Biological indicators are species that can be used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem. A biomonitor, can be defined as an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it.
3 Evolution of biological indicator theory The term bioindicators species was coined by Kolkwitz and Marsson in 1908 and 1909 regarding the impact of organic pollution (i.e. sewage) on aquatic organisms (Rosenburg & Resh 1996). Bioindicator literature has since developed to include the concepts of population and biodiversity indicators (i.e. originating around 1942 and 1980, respectively).
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5 Criteria for selecting bioindicators Indicator should have casual relationship to ecological significant endpoint. Indicator should be sensitive and specific. Indicator should be available all the year. Indicator should have results which are transparent and reproducible. Indicator should be easy to collect and should be cost-effective
6 Types of biological indicators Spore Strips Crushable self-contained Sealed glass ampoule
7 The organisms or its spores are added to a carrier such as filter paper or glass and packed in order to maintain their integrity. A self-contained biological indicator is a complete unit, requiring no special lab work or equipment. The unit is exposed to the sterilisation process and activated by squeezing the sides of the unit to release the growth media. Ampoules are small, self-contained, vials which are sealed with a flame. They have a score mark around the neck so that the sealed top can be snapped off by hand. Typically, ampoules are used to contain injection solutions.
8 Specialist Biological Indicators Spore Discs Available in a variety of types and sizes, including: paper, borosilicate paper, and stainless steel, spore discs have advantages over spore strips due to their size. Woven cotton threads Suitable for use at the interface of a syringe and plunger to show sterilant penetration and efficacy at that point and also for placement in tubing and in small vials. Braided steel wires Suitable for placement in very small lumens, braided steel wires are easy to retrieve due to their rigid nature.
9 The main purpose of bioindicators is to remove any type of pollution from environment (soil, air and water). e.g in aquatic ecosystem fish, algae and benthic macroinvertebrates are used in determining the biological integrity. Benthic macroinvertebrates, primarily immature insects, are useful organisms because 1- many are sensitive to physical and chemical changes in their habitat. 2- many live in the water more than a year. 3- they cannot easily "escape" pollution. 4- they are easily collected in many streams and rivers.
10 Healthy pond ecosystem unhealthy pond ecosystem As an agent for the environment agency you will have to take samples of pond and river water, especially those that are based near farm land. Farmers use fertilisers on their land to increase productivity. If nitrates on the land are washed off into streams, rivers, ponds by heavy rain they can have devastating effects.
11 Lichens as Bio-indicators Lichens are alga and fungi living symbiotically (they have to live together to survive)
12 Lichens are used for reindeer food, dying wool, medicines and even perfumes. info Lichens can live in extreme conditions, but they hate pollution. The cleaner the air, the bigger and more elaborate the lichen. So by looking at the lichens growing in a certain area you can tell how bad the air pollution is. This is why lichens are used as bio-indicators or air pollution detectors.
13 Indicator species Invertebrate as indicator of water pollution We can determine if the water is polluted by collecting a sample of suspected water and analysis the type of animals that are in the sample. Rat tailed maggot Live in sewage polluted water Flatworm Live in slightly polluted water Fresh water shrimp Live only in fresh water
14 Fish be a good pollution indication Fish need oxygen to live in the water. Water pollution effects the oxygen level in the water. If the water is so polluted the oxygen levels will fall and fish will die. This is how fish are a good indicator or pollution.
15 These are called Crusty These are called Flakey These are called Leafy These are called Shrubby
16 Uses: Used in pharmaceutical industry Medical use Used to monitor the effectiveness of sterilization Used for food preservation Used to monitor trace metal pollution
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