Analysis of Residential Subsurface. SF constructed wetlands. Performance in Northern Alabama
|
|
- Benedict Townsend
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Analysis of Residential Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Performance in Northern Alabama CONTRIBUTING WRITER Kathleen M. Leonard Ph.D., P.E. ABSTRACT Constructed wetlands are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative onsite wastewater treatment technology in many areas of the U.S. This paper documents a sample collection study and statistical analysis of five such residential constructed wetlands over seasonal variations. Results of the data analysis show that constructed wetlands can reduce organic content and coliform appreciably, an average of 85 percent and 90 percent respectively. The operational parameters obtained from this study are being used by local and state health departments for developing future design guidelines. One of the major causes of nonpoint source water pollution may be poorly operating wastewater treatment procedures, including conventional residential onsite systems. This problem is immense since over 27 million housing units in the U.S. are served by conventional onsite septic systems, and it has been documented that 2.5 million of these systems were malfunctioning (Eddy, 1999). in response to the need for practical treatment alternatives, many communities are investigating constructed wetlands (CWs) for these areas. However, there seems to be a reluctance to design and permit these innovative natural systems due to lack of knowledge of their performance and long-term viability (Cole, 1998). Constructed wetlands are commonly described as either free-water-surface (FWS) or subsurface flow (SF) systems. The FWS systems have visible standing water comparable to shallow lagoons and are usually found in larger, municipal systems. On the other hand, the SF type do not have visible flow, are similar to flow through a porous media (sand or gravel), and are quite similar to other types of attached growth processes (Reed, et al., 1995). Two major design approaches are being promulgated in the U.S. for designing CWs. The first approach was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 1988) for large municipal wastewater treatment systems and is based on plug-flow kinetics. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) developed the second model for small onsite systems (e.g., less than 76 m 3 /day) with design criteria applicable for temperate climates. A recent article (Sauter and Leonard, 1997) documented differences in these design methods in residential applications. Constructed Wetland Systems in Northern Alabama It is often difficult to site conventional septic tank/leach field systems in Northern Alabama due to the heavy clay soils, limestone geology, and high water tables. This is a significant problem especially for small communities and rural areas that do not have access to sewer lines. Therefore, innovative decentralized and onsite systems are of major interest to health departments and land developers in the region. As a result, several experimental SF constructed wetlands were permitted and installed three to five years ago in suburban neighborhoods near Decatur in North Alabama. To verify performance efficiency, these constructed wetland systems were sampled for a variety of water quality parameters including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrates, ammonia, total coliform bacterial, turbidity, and solids over a range of seasons (e.g., temperatures). Water samples were taken at the influent to the cells (at hydraulic control structures), at the midpoint of two-cell systems, and from treated effluent at the end of the cell. All of the systems studied had a 1,250-gallon septic tank upstream of the wetland for initial solids and BOD removal. They were all designed for four bedroom homes using
2 Nov. Jan. March May July Sept. Feb. March June July Jan. Feb. March Date Plot Showing Variability of BOD Concentrations at Site 2 over 18-Month Sampling Study the TVA method for subsurface flow through a pea gravel medium. This design is considered non-discharge since the anterior portion of the final cell is unlined and the effluent infiltrates either through a sand sump or mound system. The sites had a variety of vegetation including sedges, softstem bulrush, canna lilies, and iris. The water surface is not visible and the vegetation is very attractive, giving the appearance of a garden in warmer months. Performance Data As noted previously, the experimental CWs have been in operation a minimum of three years. The systems were originally designed using the TVA method, but actual flows (Q) and organic loadings (BOD) were not verified initially. Based on the data obtained from this study, it was found that the flow rates were much lower than that suggested by the state health department standards (Alabama Department of Public Health). In fact, the average residential flows measured in this study were 73 percent of design criteria. In order to document organic loading and treatment, standard laboratory fice-day BOD tests were performed on the samples and then the data was graphed and analyzed. Samples were taken on a Average monthly basis at each loca- Site BOD in tion. Figure l is a plot (mg/l) showing influent (after sep Site tic tank settling) and efflu- Site 2 75 ent concentrations for one site over a range of 18 Site 3 88 months. As illustrated, Site 4 93 there is a high variation in Site 5 82 the incoming BOD con- Average over centration. Since local all sites 101 health departments and engineers had questions about seasonal efficiency of the wetlands, part of this study was to document that the CWs performed over the winter months. The effluent BOD was below the required 30 mg/l except for two sampling periods in January and February of the second year. This could be indicative of clogging or low temperature effects. It should be noted that the March data for both years did not show any problem. Also, samples were only taken at two-month intervals over the first year due to financial constraints. Table 1 is a summary of the above BOD data showing the average values of input and effluent BOD along with average percent removals of the CW. The average removals are about 85 percent; however, as mentioned previously, Site 3 had the lowest removal percentage. The cause of this variability is being investigated. In all cases, the average annual BOD of the effluent was under 22 mg/l, which is acceptable to local health departments for non-discharge treatment within Alabama. The first order model of BOD removal incorporates temperature into the reaction rate coefficient (Tchbanoglous and Schroeder, 1987). One of the significant questions that engi- Average BOD out (mg/l) Percent Removals 5 97% 16 79% 21 76% 10 89% 15 82% 13 85% neers have regarding implementation of CW technology is performance over seasonal variations. Therefore, figure 2 was constructed to illustrate a relationship between water temperature and percent of BOD removal.
3 ... Plot of BOD Reductions Versus Temperature at All Sites Based on this small set of data, the trend-line shows an increase in removal due to temperature, but good reductions occur even during winter months. Nitrogen compounds also are found in significant concentrations in domestic wastewater. In particular, ammonia nitrogen removal is a major concern because of EPA's implementation of more stringent water quality-based ammonia limits (EPA, 1991). The process of mineralization of organic nitrogen to ammonia is the first step in the complicated biological breakdown of nitrogen in natural systems. The process can be aerobic or anaerobic, but occurs much faster under aerobic conditions. Ammonia is biologically converted (nitrification) to nitrate in an aerobic process. (It should be noted that nitrification also is highly temperature and ph dependent.) The final step is the denitrification of the nitrates to nitrite and elemental nitrogen. Since the effluent nitrate concentration is of concern to the health department, both ammonia and nitrate measurements were taken. Figure 3 shows the input and effluent concentrations of ammonia for Site 2 from start-up condition to 24 months into operation. In most cases the nitrification process appears to be the predominant nitrogen reaction as shown by the ammonia reductions. However at startup for Site 2 (first three samples) the output ammonia increased within the wetland cells, indicating that mineralization was the dominant process within the wetland during that time. This could be associated with insufficient nitrifying bacteria, anaerobic conditions, short hydraulic retention times, or excessive organic nitrogen conversion within the cell. However, on average, ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased Date Plot of Ammonia Input and Output Concentration at Site 2
4 Percent Ammonia Reduction Scatter Plot of Ammonia Reduction Versus Temperature at Site 2 by 35 percent in the CW. Many practicing engineers question the efficiency of the CWs to operate at low temperatures. Figure 4 illustrates the effects of temperature on percent removal of ammonia concentrations at Site 2. As expected from literature (Kadlec & Knight, 1996), mineralization rates are highly temperature dependent. However, the linear trend-line shows (albeit with a very poor fit) of expected percent removal to temperature given as % reduction NH = 0.33 *(Temp) [equation 1] Bacterial reductions of wastewater also are a positive function of CW treatment. Kadlec and Knight (1 996) reported expected average total coliform (TC) bacteria reductions greater than 90 percent and stated that the reductions are a function of influent concentrations. Standard membrane filtration (24-hour incubation period) coupled with plate count methods were performed on the water samples. The units reported are given in colony forming units per 100 ml (cfu/l00 ml). The Northern Alabama data showed high levels of TC reductions at all sites as illustrated in table 2. It was expected that limited bacterial action in colder weather would hamper the natural disinfection process. This is illustrated at Site 2 (January and February) and Site 4 (February) where the reductions are less than 80 percent. However, it also should be noted that the TC removals in July at two sites are also below 80 percent. The cause of this limitation may be the extreme temperatures (>26 C), high levels of natural, in-situ bacteria, or bad data sampling/testing techniques. Reductions at Sites 1 and 3 were very consistent and show no strong temperature dependence. The TC removal data for 12 months is summarized in table 3. Site 1 had the highest average coliform Coliform Bacteria Removal per Site.
5 removal efficiency, while Sites 4 and 5 were the lowest. The average for all sites was greater than 90 percent, consistent with the literature. However, although the percent reductions were high, the average effluent concentrations were still above 10,000 cfu/100 ml. Kadlec and Knight reported that bacterial reductions could be represented by an exponential decline equation: C/C o = exp (- k 1/q) [equation 2] Where Co is influent concentration, C is effluent concentration, k 1 is a first-order zero-background rate constant, and q is the hydraulic loading rate (m/day). Rate constants (k 1) calculated using equation 2 and areal flow rates resulted in a range of values from 0.01 to 0.5 for coliform removal of these systems. Percent Turbidity Removal by Site, Season, and Average Although turbidity is a gross measurement, it was of concern to the local health departments since it can be indicative of suspended solids. Turbidity was quantified in a HACH 2100 turbidimeter using the nephalmetric approach. The percent removal measured at each site is listed in table 4 according to season and site. As noted earlier, the influent reading is taken after the septic tank treatment and prior to the CW treatment and thus is not indicative of total turbidity of the raw wastewater. As shown in the figure, Site 4 had negative reductions during the winter months and the header pipes were discovered to be clogged with debris. Thus, the performance concerns were not temperature-related. After cleaning the pipes, the removal rates at Site 4 increased to an average of 80 percent. Conversely, Site 1 had consistently high turbidity reductions. Site 2 had problems during the summer related to low-flow conditions, which could be attributed to the sampling method of using a hand-operated vacuum pump (this site was overdesigned and the second cell was frequently dry). This could have dredged up debris from the bottom of the hydraulic discharge pipes and caused increases in turbtdrty. A statistical analysis of the performance data over all of the sites for a 12month period is presented in table 5. Although this data set is relatively limited (n = 60), the local health department wanted an idea of expected effluent concentrations for future design criteria. The range of values gives an indication of the variability of the data sets at each site and over the seasons. The coefficient of variability (CV) quantifies the standard deviation of each parameter to its mean. From this test it is apparent that the BOD and coliform data are both highly variable. The coefficient of skewness was calculated to determine if the statistical distributions are best approximated by normal or log-normal probability density functions (pdf). The closest to normal distribution (skew = 0) are the TDS, nitrogen ammonia, nitrate, and ph data. This means that although the nitrogen process is very complicated, concentrations of ammonia in the effluent still can be predicted with some accuracy. The others (BOD, coliform and turbidity) are extremely skewed (skew > 1.0 ) and a normal distribution would not be appropriate. Therefore, an analysis of calculating the skewness of the data logarithms was performed to determine if the data could be approximated by a log-normal distribution. Column 6 of table 5 shows the "log skew" of that exercise. Since the log skew of both the coliforms and turbidity are low, log-normal probability density function may be best for predicting the expected values of effluent data. Since the BOD data was not strongly normal or log-normal, a probability density function was constructed using the Weiball plotting position method. This data is shown in figure 5. Next a "best fit" trend-line was constructed using the log-log plot. The resultant equation is given on the chart to be a power function where Performance Data: Effluent Concentrations BOD 5 = 0.36 P 0.93 [equation 3] This equation (or figure 5) can be used to determine the expected effluent concentration at any
6 Percent of Measured Values Equal to or Less than Value Probability Density Function of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Data. probability (P). For example if the design were to find the effluent concentration that would exceed a probability of 95 percent, the expected BODS would be less than 24 mg/l. REFERENCES CONCLUSIONS The sample collection and data analysis performed at the experimental residential systems was used to evaluate performance and construct statistical models of the operating parameters. This study demonstrated that constructed wetlands are a viable alternative for natural, residential, onsite wastewater treatment. The effluent met BOD requirements for non-discharge systems, although ammonia was an issue on several sampling dates. Specifically, it was determined that average BOD removal rates were greater than 85 percent and total bacteria coliform reductions of 91 percent were realized. The statistical analysis showed that the effluent BOD data was not normally distributed, and a power curve fit was best to calculate the probability of removal rates. The results of this ongoing study will be used to make recommendations for future design guidelines. In particular, new technology to address the ammonia removal problems are currently being tested. Author Guidelines for Juried Article Submissions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to express gratitude to the University of Alabama-Huntsville environmental engineering students who sampled the wetlands and spent hours in the lab analyzing the data. In addition, Mike Roden (Tennessee Valley Resource Conservation and Development Council) was instrumental in allowing access and providing the opportunity for this study.
Constructed Wetlands
Constructed Wetlands Constructed Wetlands Artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of shallow ponds or channels which have been planted with aquatic plants to treat wastewater. Rely upon natural
More informationA Hybrid Constructed Wetland System for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
A Hybrid Constructed Wetland System for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment C. Kinsley 1, A. Crolla 1, J. Rode 1,2, R. Zytner 2 1 Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre, Université de Guelph-Campus d Alfred 2
More informationWetlands Application. Constructed Wetlands
Constructed Wetlands A constructed wetland system treats wastewater by filtration, settling, and bacterial decomposition in a lined marsh. Constructed wetland systems have been used nationally and internationally
More informationNITROGEN REMOVAL USING SATURATED UPFLOW WOODY FIBER MEDIA. Larry D. Stephens, P.E. 1
NITROGEN REMOVAL USING SATURATED UPFLOW WOODY FIBER MEDIA Larry D. Stephens, P.E. 1 ABSTRACT Nitrogen in raw wastewater is predominately in the forms of organic nitrogen and ammonium. Well developed aerobic
More informationLagoons Operation and Management in New Brunswick
Lagoons Operation and Management in New Brunswick Lagoons Provide secondary treatment to domestic wastewater by the action of bacteria stabilizing the organic matter in the wastewater. Benefits of lagoons:
More informationWater Resources Director: Chris Graybeal
Water Resources Director: Chris Graybeal Our Mission To promote and protect the environment, preserve natural resources, and ensure the health and safety of our customers. Granite Falls Wastewater Treatment
More informationENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF OXIDATION DITCHES. Larry W. Moore, Ph.D., P.E., DEE Professor of Environmental Engineering The University of Memphis
ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF OXIDATION DITCHES Larry W. Moore, Ph.D., P.E., DEE Professor of Environmental Engineering The University of Memphis ABSTRACT Oxidation ditches are very popular wastewater treatment
More informationWASTEWATER DEPARTMENT. Bentonville Wastewater Treatment Plant Facts:
Mission: The mission of the Bentonville Wastewater Treatment Utility and staff is to protect public health and the environment through the effective treatment of wastewater. Effective wastewater treatment
More informationPerformance of a Tire Chip Media Constructed Wetland Presented by William Li, PE, Stantec Consulting Inc Geoffrey Holmes, Superintendent, Fisherman
Performance of a Tire Chip Media Constructed Wetland Presented by William Li, PE, Stantec Consulting Inc Geoffrey Holmes, Superintendent, Fisherman Bay Sewer District, WA Pacific Northwest Clean Water
More informationAvailable online at I-SEEC Proceeding - Science and Engineering (2013)
Available online at www.iseec2012.com I-SEEC 2012 Proceeding - Science and Engineering (2013) 591 598 Proceeding Science and Engineering www.iseec2012.com Science and Engineering Symposium 4 th International
More informationFeel free to contact me should you require any additional information regarding the report. I can be reached at
February 28, 217 Tom Clubb 3232 White Oak Road, 3 rd Floor London ON N6E 1L8 Attention: Mr. Clubb RE: Annual Report 216 Glencoe Wastewater Treatment Plant The Ontario Clean Water Agency is the Operating
More informationTreatment of Milk House Wash Water
Treatment of Milk House Wash Water Steven Safferman Dept. of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Lloyd Rozema Aqua Treatment Technologies, Grimsby, Ontario, Canada Introduction Milk house wash water
More informationCHAPTER 4 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS WASTEWATER FLOWS
CHAPTER 4 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS Wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal facilities are designed to handle specific hydraulic and pollutant loads for 20 or more years after they are constructed.
More information1/11/2016. Types and Characteristics of Microorganisms. Topic VI: Biological Treatment Processes. Learning Objectives:
Topic VI: Biological Treatment Processes Learning Objectives: 1. Discuss microbiology and relate it to wastewater treatment. 2. Describe growth kinetics of pure bacterial culture with Monod expression
More information/ Marley MARPAK Modular Biomedia /
/ Marley MARPAK Modular Biomedia / The Marley MARPAK Difference SPX Cooling Technologies is a world leader in the design, manufacturing and construction of cooling products. The design and production of
More informationAdelere Ezekiel Adeniran, Ph.D., FNSE University of Lagos, Nigeria
The Design, Construction, and Performance: Cyperus Papyrus Planted Constructed Wetland for Domestic Sewage Treatment in a Medium Size Community in Nigeria Adelere Ezekiel Adeniran, Ph.D., FNSE University
More informationSecondary Treatment Systems for the Onsite Industry
Secondary Treatment Systems for the Onsite Industry Conventional Septic Tank Systems can be Problematic, Particularly in Areas exhibiting: High High Ground Water Table Poor Poor Soils Increasing Population
More informationArchaeaSolutions, Inc. Improved Wastewater Processing Driven by Arkea
ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. Improved Wastewater Processing Driven by Arkea Background ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. is a high-science company focused on the use of Archaea organisms to assist natural cycle processes.
More informationSIMPLE and FLEXIBLE ENERGY SAVINGS And PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT for OXIDATION DITCH UPGRADES
SIMPLE and FLEXIBLE ENERGY SAVINGS And PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT for OXIDATION DITCH UPGRADES Oxidation ditches are very popular wastewater treatment processes for small to medium sized municipalities that
More informationMARPAK modular biomedia WASTEWATER TREATMENT
MARPAK modular biomedia WASTEWATER TREATMENT The Marley MARPAK Difference SPX Cooling Technologies is a world leader in the design, manufacturing and construction of evaporative cooling products. The design
More informationUniversity Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Constructed Wetlands Systems: Design Approaches Wallace Page i University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Constructed Wetland Systems: Design Approaches Suggested Course Materials
More informationEHS SMART-Treat Onsite Moving Media Treatment System
EHS SMART-Treat Onsite Moving Media Treatment System Sampling &Testing Protocol for SMART-Treat Wastewater Treatment System SAMPLING DURING OPERATION OF THE TREATMENT SYSTEM-IF DESIRED Sampling and analytical
More informationSecondary Treatment Process Control
SARBS One-Day Training Seminar Phoenix Club, Anaheim Secondary Treatment Process Control Graham Juby June 5, 2013 Objectives Provide an understanding of nitrogen removal process interactions to support
More informationCONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: A Critical Review of Wetland Treatment Processes
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: A Critical Review of Wetland Treatment Processes Robert W. Seabloom, P.E. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington Adrian T. Hanson, PE Frank M. Tejeda
More informationONSITE SEWAGE SYSTEMS*
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF COMMON TYPES OF ONSITE SEWAGE SYSTEMS* *Some of the systems described are not permitted for new construction under the current code in Wisconsin. See individual descriptions for
More informationDRIP EMITTER SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE
DRIP EMITTER SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE Minimum Criteria for Pressurized Subsurface Absorption Fields Utilizing Emitters. Subsurface systems utilizing emitters may be used in lieu of conventional or other alternative
More informationONSITE TREATMENT. Amphidrome
ONSITE TREATMENT Amphidrome Agenda System Description Installation Locations Performance Questions Definition in Oceanography Amphidrome The position in the ocean where the tide vanishes to zero Definition
More informationNitrogen Removal Using Saturated Upflow Woody Fiber Media
Nitrogen Removal Using Saturated Upflow Woody Fiber Media 2017 Onsite Wastewater Mega Conference October 24, 2017 Larry Stephens, P.E. Acknowledgement Some of this material comes from Stewart Oakley, Department
More informationWASTEWATER TREATMENT. Nelson Environmental Inc. Nelson Environmental Inc.
The OPTAER system provides reliable nutrient removal in pond based wastewater treatment plants combining cost-effective technologies and low maintenance requirements. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PrintStudioOne.com
More informationSUBSURFACE - FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND : PROPOSED DESIGN AREA FOR HIGH STRENGTH EFFLUENT DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
SUBSURFACE - FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND : PROPOSED DESIGN AREA FOR HIGH STRENGTH EFFLUENT DOMESTIC WASTEWATER Roslinda Seswoya 1, Mohammad Yusri Zainal 2 Lecturer 1, Researcher 2,, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
More informationPresentation Outline
Presentation Outline Nitrification/denitrification refresher Treatment technologies available for nitrification and BNR/ENR What is the problem? BNR/ENR VPDES permitting Causes of reduced BNR performance
More informationWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT MASTER PLAN 6. BUSINESS CASE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT MASTER PLAN 6. BUSINESS CASE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES A range of potential ammonia limits were identified for alternatives evaluation, as discussed in Section 2.2.5. This chapter
More informationDESIGNING LAGOON-BASED WWTP FOR <1 MG/ L AMMONIA (AND TN) IN <34 F WATER. Nick Janous Regional Manager
DESIGNING LAGOON-BASED WWTP FOR
More information11 Making an IMPACT 28 JURIED ARTICLE. FALL 2006 Wastewater Training in Rhode Island. Making an IMPACT. The Watershed Approach Caigan M.
DEPARTMENTS 4 MOU Update 8 Legal Views 28 Related Products 11 Making an IMPACT 11 Making an IMPACT 17 Onsite The Watershed Approach Caigan M. McKenzie Nearly 40 percent of streams, 45 percent of lakes,
More informationLEMNA BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS LEMTEC TM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
LEMNA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. I n n o v a t i v e W a s t e w a t e r T r e a t m e n t S o l u t i o n s LEMTEC TM BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS LEMNA For more than 20 years, Lemna has been the world leader
More informationREED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS AS AN AFFORDABLE AND RELIABLE OPPORTUNITY FOR SOLVING SANITARY EMERGENCIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH TROPICAL CLIMATE
REED BED TREATMENT SYSTEMS AS AN AFFORDABLE AND RELIABLE OPPORTUNITY FOR SOLVING SANITARY EMERGENCIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH TROPICAL CLIMATE Fabio Masi*, Luciano Giovannelli**, Victoria Cortés***,
More informationDemonstration of IFAS Technology for Cold Temperature Nitrification in Lagoon WWTFs at Clare and Ludington, Michigan
Demonstration of IFAS Technology for Cold Temperature Nitrification in Lagoon WWTFs at Clare and Ludington, Michigan Jason Borchert 1, Sarah Hubbell 2*, Heidi Rupp 2 1 Gourdie Fraser, Inc., Traverse City,
More informationCSR Process Simulations Can Help Municipalities Meet Stringent Nutrient Removal Requirements
CSR Process Simulations Can Help Municipalities Meet Stringent Nutrient Removal Requirements Continuous Flow Sequencing Reactor (CSR) Basin with Moving Bridge, Submerged Diffusers, and Stationary Diffusers
More informationChris Kinsley, M.Eng., P.Eng. Anna Crolla, M.A.Sc., P.Eng. Sara Altimimi, B.A.Sc.
From Brown Water to Blue Water Natural systems to recycle farm effluents Chris Kinsley, M.Eng., P.Eng. Anna Crolla, M.A.Sc., P.Eng. Sara Altimimi, B.A.Sc. Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre University of
More informationBest Practice in Sewage and Effluent Treatment Technologies
Best Practice in Sewage and Effluent Treatment Technologies Contents 1 Wastewater - Introduction 1 1.1 Earth s ecological system 1 1.1.1 Water effect on ecology 2 1.1.2 Wastewater generation 3 1.2 Wastewater
More informationEarly Onsite Systems
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Concepts Septic 101 Fred Bowers, Ph. D. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/sep_site.htm Early Onsite Systems Did not use water
More informationPost-Aerobic Digester with Bioaugmentation Pilot Study City of Meridian, ID WWTP PNCWA 2010
Post-Aerobic Digester with Bioaugmentation Pilot Study City of Meridian, ID WWTP by: William Leaf Adrienne Menniti Bruce Johnson CH2M HILL, Inc. Clint Dolsby Tracy Crane City of Meridian October 26, 21
More informationCONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEMS
Fact Sheet T4 Performance & Cost for Decentralized Unit Processes TREATMENT SERIES DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER SYSTEMS What are Constructed Wetlands? Constructed wetlands are passive wastewater treatment
More informationCITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 2018
CITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 2018 PREPARED: January 2019 2018 ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FICILITY
More informationChallenges in Wastewater Treatment and Management in Asia:
Challenges in Wastewater Treatment and Management in Asia: Appropriate Technological Solutions Thammarat Koottatep Reinventing the Toilet Areas of Technology Innovation Onsite Management Treatment & Reuse
More informationDuffin Creek Water Pollution Control Plant Technical Information
Duffin Creek Water Pollution Control Plant Technical Information Plant History The Duffin Creek Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) is located on the northern shore of Lake Ontario in the City of Pickering
More informationBEING GOOD STEWARDS: IMPROVING EFFLUENT QUALITY ON A BARRIER ISLAND. 1.0 Executive Summary
BEING GOOD STEWARDS: IMPROVING EFFLUENT QUALITY ON A BARRIER ISLAND Brett T. Messner, PE, Tetra Tech, Inc., 201 E Pine St, Suite 1000, Orlando, FL 32801 Brett.Messner@tetratech.com, Ph: 239-851-1225 Fred
More informationCase Study. Biological Help for the Human Race. Bathurst Municipal Wastewater Treatment Works, New South Wales, Australia.
Case Study BiOWiSH Aqua Bathurst Municipal Wastewater Treatment Works, New South Wales, Australia BiOWiSH Aqua Executive Summary The main objective of the study was to quantify the cost savings of using
More informationNEW BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CONCEPT SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED IN A T-DITCH PROCESS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
NEW BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CONCEPT SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED IN A T-DITCH PROCESS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ABSTRACT C. Yang*, L. Zhou**, W. Luo***, and L. Johnson**** *Corstar International Corp. 111
More informationCITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 2014
CITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 2014 PREPARED: January 2015 2014 ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR THE CITY OF OXFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT FICILITY
More informationClearPod Enhanced Septic System Treatment
Onsite Wastewater Technology Testing Report Massachusetts Alternative Massachusetts Alternative Septic SystemTest Center Air Station Cape Cod, Massachusetts 02542 Telephone: 508-563-6757 MASSTC@cape.com
More informationHence, most commentators will indicate a range of values for effluent quality and maybe put forward a typical concentration.
NOTES on SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT QUALITY Prepared By: Ian Gunn, On-Site NewZ 25 August 2014 1.0 Background Information on septic tank effluent quality is particularly hard to come by as: the amount of work
More informationProbabilistic Modeling of Two-Stage Biological Nitrogen Removal Process: Formulation of Control Strategy for Enhanced Process Certainty
Probabilistic Modeling of Two-Stage Biological Nitrogen Removal Process: Formulation of Control Strategy for Enhanced Process Certainty By Ayanangshu Dey (Ayan) & B S Magbanua Jr., Ph.D, PE Department
More informationAMPC Wastewater Management Fact Sheet Series Page 1
Nitrogen removal Nitrogen present in meat processing wastewater are termed a nutrient, since they are essential elements for life. They largely derive from proteins dissolved into wastewater from meat
More informationAMPC Wastewater Management Fact Sheet Series Page 1
Nitrogen removal Nitrogen present in meat processing wastewater are termed a nutrient, since they are essential elements for life. They largely derive from proteins dissolved into wastewater from meat
More informationINTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PLUMBING AND MECHANICAL OFFICIALS
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PLUMBING AND MECHANICAL OFFICIALS INTERIM GUIDE CRITERIA FOR AEROBIC BACTERIAL GENERATOR FOR INSERT INTO SEPTIC TANKS, GREASE INTERCEPTORS AND GREASE TRAPS IAPMO IGC 180-20023
More informationCOMPARISON OF SBR AND CONTINUOUS FLOW ACTIVATED SLUDGE FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL
COMPARISON OF SBR AND CONTINUOUS FLOW ACTIVATED SLUDGE FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL Alvin C. Firmin CDM Jefferson Mill, 670 North Commercial Street Suite 201 Manchester, New Hampshire 03101 ABSTRACT Sequencing
More informationECO Smart Aerobic Waste Water Treatment System. Optimising the re-use and recycling of waste water
Optimising the re-use and recycling of waste water The ECO Smart aerobic wastewater treatment system is a selfcontained wastewater treatment system that utilizes a combination of anaerobic as well as aerobic
More information(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/ A1
(19) United States US 2011 O174731A1 (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0174731 A1 Hildebrand et al. (43) Pub. Date: (54) SUBMERGED ATTACHED GROWTH (52) U.S. Cl.... 210/615 REACTOR
More informationFundamental Concepts: Overview of Water Quality
Fundamental Concepts: Overview of Water Quality Ann Kenimer Texas A & M University University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management NDWRCDP Disclaimer This work was supported by
More informationTales from the Field: Troubleshooting Denitrification
Tales from the Field: Troubleshooting Denitrification OWEA Plant Operations Conference North Pointe Conference Center May 21, 2014 Jon van Dommelen Ohio EPA Compliance Assistance Unit Denitrification Denitrification
More informationWASTEWATER 101 Fo r MOWA
WASTEWATER 101 For MOWA iochemical xygen emand BOD Reactions BOD 5 = 0.68 BOD u Lu Carbonaceous BOD BOD 5 Time, Days BOD w/ Nitrification Oxygen Used for Nitrificationifi ti BOD Point Nitrification Begins
More information4 Onsite Sewage Systems
4 Onsite Sewage Systems The term onsite system refers to any system which is used to store, treat and dispose of liquid waste at the premises where the waste is generated. Many households and industries
More information2017 Annual Performance Report
Newcastle Water Pollution Control Plant The Regional Municipality of Durham Newcastle Water Pollution Control Plant Environmental Compliance Approval (ECA): 3-2189-87-946 Dated July 26, 1994 Amendments:
More informationThe Wetland Biofilter System:
The Wetland Biofilter System: A vertical flow constructed wetland for treatment of manure compost pile leachate water What is the Wetland Biofilter System? Vertical flow constructed wetland Consists of
More informationWastewater treatment Systems and the Implementation of constructed Wetlands in Atitlán Lake Basin, Guatemala
Wastewater treatment Systems and the Implementation of constructed Wetlands in Atitlán Lake Basin, Guatemala Abstract Jonás A. Dobias and Ilan Leshem Water and Environmental Engineering Department of Chemical
More informationMASTER THESIS. Comparison of Nitrogen Retention in Wetlands With Different Depths. Jes Mary Thomas
Master's Programme in Applied Environmental Science, 60 credits MASTER THESIS Comparison of Nitrogen Retention in Wetlands With Different Depths Jes Mary Thomas Applied Environmental Science, 15 credits
More information3 8 COLIFORM BACTERIA AS INDICATOR ORGANISMS Laboratory tests for disease-producing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are difficult to perform
3 8 COLIFORM BACTERIA AS INDICATOR ORGANISMS Laboratory tests for disease-producing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are difficult to perform Most utilities have neither qualified personnel nor laboratories
More informationCrushed Glass as a Filter Medium for the Onsite Treatment of Wastewater
Crushed Glass as a Filter Medium for the Onsite Treatment of Wastewater Crushed Glass as a Filter Medium for the Onsite Treatment of Wastewater FINAL REPORT Prepared for CWC Formerly known as the Clean
More informationThe Membrane Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ihn Layman s report
The Membrane Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ihn Layman s report 1 Entsorgungsverband Saar, Tel. +49 6 81/ 60 00-0, P.O.Box 10 01 22, D-66001 Saarbrücken, www.entsorgungsverband.de The Wastewater Treatment
More informationHomework Solution for Module 15 Waste Water Treatment Plants. 2. What is the difference between municipal and industrial wastewater?
Homework Solution for Module 15 Waste Water Treatment Plants 1. Why do we have to treat wastewater? Because the dilution of a river is usually not sufficient to purify sewage and industrial pollution well
More informationEnhanced Nutrient Removal by Extended Aeration. Christina Edvardsson MicroSepTec, Inc
Enhanced Nutrient Removal by Extended Aeration Christina Edvardsson MicroSepTec, Inc Typical Pathways & Conversions of Wastewater Treatment for Traditional Septic Tank with Leach Field and for the EnviroServer
More informationoperation of continuous and batch reactors. Contrary to what happens in the batch reactor, the substrate (BOD) of the wastewater in the continuous rea
The Effect of Ammonia Loading on the Nitrification Kinetic of Aerobic Baffled Continuous Biological Reactor S.R.M. Kutty, M.H. Isa and L.C. Leong Abstract - The purpose of this study is to determine the
More informationHOW TO SELECT SRT. SRT is selected based on the following treatment requirements/objectives:
HOW TO SELECT SRT Selection of design SRT is important as it impacts: solids inventory in the bioreactor. oxygen requirements. sludge quantity and quality. The longer the SRT the larger the bioreactor
More informationCOMPACT WETLAND SYSTEM FOR URBAN AREA IN JAPAN
COMPACT WETLAND SYSTEM FOR URBAN AREA IN JAPAN Keigo Nakamura *, Osamu Miki ** and Yukihiro Shimatani * * River Environment Division, Environment Department, Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of
More informationTHE FATE OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE OSCAR SYSTEM. Dave Lowe 1 ABSTRACT
THE FATE OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE OSCAR SYSTEM Dave Lowe 1 ABSTRACT The OSCAR is a patent pending onsite sewage treatment technology that employs the principles of thin film flow and micro dosing
More informationETV Joint Verification Statement
THE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION PROGRAM U.S. Environmental Protection Agency NSF International ETV Joint Verification Statement TECHNOLOGY TYPE: BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT NITRIFICATION
More informationTreatment Systems How they work and what to consider when selecting one. Joe Walsh IOWA Conference 2015
Treatment Systems How they work and what to consider when selecting one Joe Walsh IOWA Conference 2015 Content Treatment systems overview and certification for Irish market Types of secondary treatment
More informationSecondary Treatment Systems for the Onsite Industry
Secondary Treatment Systems for the Onsite Industry Conventional Septic Tank Systems can be Problematic, Particularly in Areas exhibiting: High Ground Water Table Poor Soils Increasing Population Density
More informationSECTION 8.0 NEWPCC SECOND PRIORITY CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
SECTION 8.0 NEWPCC SECOND PRIORITY CONTROL ALTERNATIVES 8.1 PREAMBLE Table 8.1 below indicates the target ammonia concentrations for the Best Practicable and the Second Priority Levels of Control for the
More informationNitrogen Removal with the Waterloo Biofilter
1 of 4 October 15, 2004 Dear Engineer, The purpose of this letter is to provide supporting documentation that shows the nitrogen removal capabilities of the Waterloo Biofilter system. Introduction Nitrogen
More informationThe oxidation index: a tool for controlling the activated sludge process
The oxidation index: a tool for controlling the activated sludge process A common approach to controlling the activated sludge process involves adjusting the amount of biomass in the system according to
More informationCOLD WEATHER NITRIFICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT USING A MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) TREATMENT PROCESS
ABSTRACT COLD WEATHER NITRIFICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT USING A MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) TREATMENT PROCESS Mr. Flemming G. Wessman 1 and Mr. Chandler H. Johnson 1 AnoxKaldnes, Inc., 58 Weybosset
More informationBASICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
BASICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT Knowing the decisioning criteria relevant to site and drain field suitability, i.e., soil properties, can be enhanced by an understanding of some of the basics of wastewater
More informationModule 20: Trickling Filters Answer Key
Module 20: Trickling Filters Answer Key Calculation Capital City WWTF, which processes 2.0 MGD, is required to nitrify to meet the 2.0 mg/l ammonia discharge limit stated in their NPDES permit. A table
More informationNitrogen Transformation within Constructed Wetlands Purifying Secondary Treated Sewage
Nitrogen Transformation within Constructed Wetlands Purifying Secondary Treated Sewage T. Y. Yeh 1,*, C. M. Kao 2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering National University of Kaohsiung Kaohsiung,
More informationHybrid Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) Offer an Efficient Wastewater Treatment
Hybrid Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) Offer an Efficient Wastewater Treatment CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Michael Lahlou, E.I.T. and James Matthews, P.E. Batch processes are not a new or innovative wastewater
More informationModelling Onsite Wastewater Systems in SWAT
Modelling Onsite Wastewater Systems in SWAT J. Jeong, C. Santhi, J. G. Arnold, R. Srinivasan Contents Overview Motivation Biozone algorithm SWAT integration Assumption/limitation SWAT data processing Study
More informationHough, M., Stewart, W.I., Uderstadt, K.F. & Wood, A.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A PILOT ARTIFICIAL WETLAND SYSTEM TO REMOVE STORMWATER AND SEWAGE POLLUTANTS ENTERING THE SWARTKOPS RIVER ESTUARY VIA THE MOTHERWELL CANAL, NELSON MANDELA
More informationWastewater Terms for Permit Applications
Wastewater Terms for Permit Applications Activated Sludge Alkalinity Anaerobic Anoxic Bacteria The term "activated sludge" refers to a brownish flocculent culture of organisms developed in aeration tanks
More informationFocus 10,000. Wastewater Treatment by Peat Filters
Focus 10,000 Published in Focus 10,000 May 1999 Wastewater Treatment by Peat Filters Steve Monson Geerts (Scientist) and Barb McCarthy (Research Fellow), Natural Resources Research Institute, University
More informationUsing Compact Combined Constructed Wetland as Post Treatment for Biogas Wastewater
Using Compact Combined Constructed Wetland as Post Treatment for Biogas Wastewater Somanat Somprasert The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi
More informationSWAT INPUT DATA: SEPTWQ.DAT CHAPTER 34
CHAPTER 34 SWAT INPUT DATA: SEPTWQ.DAT Information of water quality or effluent characteristics required to simulate different types of Onsite Wastewater Systems (OWSs) is stored in the septic water quality
More informationWastewater Systems. By Reza Shams-Khorzani, Ph.D. VP - Bio-Microbics, Inc. 9 th KWEA/KsAWWA Annual Joint Conference August 29, 2017 Wichita, Kansas
MBR Technology for Onn-site Wastewater Systems By Reza Shams-Khorzani, Ph.D. VP - Bio-Microbics, Inc. 9 th KWEA/KsAWWA Annual Joint Conference August 29, 2017 Wichita, Kansas Decentralized Wastewater Systems
More informationMUNICIPALITY OF WEST ELGIN RODNEY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
MUNICIPALITY OF WEST ELGIN RODNEY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT 214 ANNUAL REPORT uary 1 to ember 31, 214 Environmental Compliance Approval # 3-871-88-949 Prepared by: Table of Contents Section 1: Overview...
More informationUpgrading Lagoons to Remove Ammonia, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus *nutrient removal in cold-climate lagoon systems
Upgrading Lagoons to Remove Ammonia, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus *nutrient removal in cold-climate lagoon systems October 7, 2015 3:15 4:00pm Session M Room Tamboti / Aloes-wood Treatment Processes Aerated
More informationWHIPPANY RIVER WATER QUALITY TREND ANALYSIS STUDY
WHIPPANY RIVER WATER QUALITY TREND ANALYSIS STUDY FINAL REPORT AUGUST 28, 2012 PREPARED FOR THE WHIPPANY RIVER WATERSHED ACTION COMMITTEE PROJECT OFFICER: GEORGE VAN ORDEN, PH.D. TOWNSHIP OF HANOVER HEALTH
More informationCE 370. Wastewater Characteristics. Quality. Wastewater Quality. The degree of treatment depends on: Impurities come from:
CE 37 Wastewater Characteristics Quality Wastewater Quality The degree of treatment depends on: Influent characteristics Effluent characteristics Impurities come from: Domestic activities Industrial activities
More informationWater Quality Permitting Program Monitoring Matrix 1,2,3
State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Water Quality Permitting Program Monitoring Matrix 1,2,3 ITEM OR PARAMETER Total Flow (influent and/or effluent) 4 Flow Meter Calibration 5 (influent
More informationEvaluation of a Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetland for Onsite Wastewater Treatment using NSF Standard 40 Protocol
Evaluation of a Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetland for Onsite Wastewater Treatment using NSF Standard 4 Protocol Pablo A. Davila, Joe C. Yelderman Jr., Robert Doyle, Bruce Lesikar, Courtney O Neill, and
More information