Key Challenges in CCS

Transcription

1 Key Challenges in CCS Paul Fennell Clean Fossil and Bioenergy Research Group Imperial College London

2 Background and Challenges Target set by 2015 Paris COP (1.5C) Not having CCS is uniquely costly Negative emissions via BECCS key BECCS: BioEnergy with CCS IPCC Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report November 2014, Fuss, S., et al. (2014). Betting on negative emissions. Nature Climate Change, 4(10),

3 CCS not just a synonym for clean coal

4 Solvent-based Post-combustion CO 2 capture. A demonstration challenge.

5 Oxy-fuel combustion Another demonstration challenge Ash behaviour? Engineering integration? O 2

6 Challenges with intermittent energy Weekday Weekend Variability in generation from wind at peak demand showing wind generation as a proportion of total capacity and average demand. With an installed capacity of 30GW and an expected 35% load factor, this would leave an average 9GW gap

7 Future thermal power with CCS? Current CCS technology a solved problem Get on with demonstration Stop writing papers suggesting that there are critical areas for further research Niche areas for engineering advancement Next generation technologies Highly efficient cycles Re-engineering processes with integrated CCS Integration with bioenergy Integration of industry, power and CCS Understanding that flexible operation is key for power The key selling point for CCS is that it is dispatchable Modelling working hand-in-hand with experiments Knowing what the desired end-point is something that can be deployed

8 Clean Fossil Fuels: A Multi-Scale Problem Mac Dowell et al, Energy & Environ. Sci, 2010

9 Integrated market + engineering modelling

10 Both experiments and modelling are required

11 Development of Novel Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Need to be Reactive & Stable Me x O y : NiO-Ni, CuO-Cu, Mn 2 O 3 -MnO or Fe 2 O 3 -Fe 3 O 4 supported on various materials However, Sintering always happens High Porosity High Surface Area Porous Materials a. Resistant to sintering, b. Good to mass, heat and gas transfer Methods: Sacrificing Template, Foaming-gel casting

12 Project 89 Porous CuO Phase Compositions & Microstructures & Performance XRD SEM TGA

13 r' (mol/s g) lnr (mol/s g) Project 92 Measurements made at pressures up to 10 bar in a Fluidised Bed Reactor Cycle2 Cycle Total Pressure (bara) Cycle3 Cycle5-9 Cycle5, n= ln [CO] (mol/m 3 ) Initial indications, order of reaction slightly lower than 1 mechanistic work under way Cycle2, n=0.63 Cycle3, n=0.70 Cycle4, n=0.74

14 Linking industry and power together, with CCS included Basic research is lacking in the field of industrial CCS Few studies of integration of CCS into industry, in particular costs Focus should be on the differences from power heat availability and quality, energy integration Don t just assume you bolt power CCS on to industrial sources

15 Cement production from spent sorbent for CCS PRODUCTION OF CYCLED SORBENT PRODUCTION OF CLINKER TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SORBENT XRD ANALYSIS OF CLINKER

16 % wt in clinker XRD results 70% 60% 50% 40% Boxes represent typical weight percentages in Portland cement clinker Error bars at ± 1 standard deviation (five samples) 30% 20% 10% 0% Alite Belite C3A C4AF 5-cycle sorbent clinker, pure oxide RMs 0-cycle oxy-fuel clinker, pure oxide RMs 0-cycle oxy-fuel clinker, real RMs (clay)

17 Key aspect Industrial CCS DON T AFFECT PRODUCT QUALITY TEST THIS Consider the integration of power and CCS etc Bear in mind that a cement kiln is refurbished every 20 years + Blast furnaces are around for 40 years + Technologies may well need to integrate with current production processes

18 And don t forget storage

19 Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre Professor Martin Trusler, Program Director

20 And don t forget storage

21 Research Required in CCU Fundamental LCA and economic studies Don t ask the question can I do this before asking is this a good idea?. Agreement on how long storage needs to be for it to count as permanent BEIS Study recently conducted results should be coming out soon What is the implied CO 2 cost for your technology? CAPITAL COSTS MONEY Electrolysers cost money Chemical Plants cost money Wind turbines cost money There is always an opportunity cost for using free electricity

22 Who We Are - Academics Dr Niall Mac Dowell Process Systems Engineering Environmental Policy Dr Paul Fennell Chemical Engineering Dr Sam Krevor Earth Science and Engineering Professor Martin Trusler Chemical Engineering Professor Geoffrey Maitland Chemical Engineering Professor Nilay Shah Chemical Engineering Process Systems Engineering Professor Richard Green Business School

23 Who We Are Researchers 22 research projects - Over 75 million of funding under current management

24 Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge funding from the EPSRC / RUK energy programme under grants EP/K000446/1: UKCCSRC - The United Kingdom Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre EP/K021710/1 G8 Multilateral Research Programme REO Kiln Grantham Institute and Cemex for Continued support in the field of Low CO 2 cement The Energy Programme is a Research Councils UK cross council initiative led by EPSRC and contributed to by ESRC, NERC, BBSRC and STFC