ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIAL REMOVAL CAPABILITIES OF RIVERBANK FILTRATION
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1 ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIAL REMOVAL CAPABILITIES OF RIVERBANK FILTRATION V. Partinoudi M. R. Collins A. B. Margolin L. K. Brannaka New England Water Treatment Technology Assistance Center Department of Civil Engineering University of New Hampshire
2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES To assess riverbank filtration as a viable treatment and pretreatment option; To quantify the contribution of river water and groundwater to the RBF extraction water; To compare riverbank filtration to slow sand filtration in terms of particulate, organic precursors and microbiological removal capabilities expressed in log removal credits.
3 ASSESSING REMOVAL CAPABILITITES OF RBF Difficult to assess removal capability: What is the travel time from the river to the well? due to subsurface filtration? due to groundwater dilution?
4 OPERATIONAL FIELD SITES SELECTED Pembroke, NH (8/01-11/02, n=19) Milford, NH (11/01-11/02, n=13) Jackson, NH (5/02-11/02, n=3) Louisville, KY (9/01-5/03, n=11) Cedar Rapids, IA (9/02-4/03, n=5) Jackson Pembroke Milford Cedar Rapids, IA Louisville, KY
5 PEMBROKE, NH Soucook River Vertical well 30.5cm diameter 17m deep well 55m from the river Samples collected River Groundwater source RBF extraction well
6 Souhegan River Vertical well 61cm diameter 19.8m deep well 23m from the river Samples collected River Groundwater source RBF extraction well MILFORD, NH
7 JACKSON, NH Ellis River 5 infiltration galleries 6.1m long, 1.2m deep, 1.2m wide each Samples collected River Groundwater source RBF extraction well pump river Sand and gravel filling material Well screen Impermeable material
8 LOUISVILLE, KY Ohio river Horizontal well 7 laterals 6.1m diameter caisson 12.2m deep Samples collected: River L1 (used as groundwater source) L4 (used as RBF extract) L4 L1
9 CEDAR RAPIDS, IA Cedar Rapids River Vertical well 19.5m from the river 17.4m deep 10.7cm diameter Samples collected: River Groundwater source RBF extraction well
10 CHARACTERIZATION OF SAMPLING SITES Sampling Site Source river water Distance between the RBF well and the river Pembroke (NH) Soucook River 54.9m Milford (NH) Souhegan River 22.9m Jackson (NH) Ellis river 5 infiltration galleries each: 6.1m long, 1.2m deep, 1.2m wide Louisville (KY) Ohio River Horizontal well RBF sampling lateral 12.2m below the riverbed Cedar Rapids (IA). Cedar River 19.5m
11 What is the estimated travel time from the river to the well? Sampling Site Travel Time Evaluation of Travel Time Pembroke, NH 5 days Darcy s Law in terms of seepage velocity Milford, NH 1 day Darcy s Law in terms of seepage velocity Jackson, NH <2hrs Infiltration Gallery Louisville, KY 1 day Information provided by the LWC (AWWARF, 2002) Cedar Rapids, IA 5 days Information provided by the City of Cedar Rapids Water Department (Schulmayer, 1999)
12 How much removal is due to filtration and how much due to dilution with groundwater? Color Temperature Conductivity Sulfate UV254 absorbance Hardness Chloride Particle counts Alkalinity ph Radon Redox potential
13 How much removal is due to filtration and how much due to dilution with groundwater? % river water in RBF well % Groundwater in RBF well Parameter upon which ratio is based Pembroke, NH 40.7± ±3.7 Conductivity Milford, NH 40.8± ±6.4 Sulfate Jackson, NH Infiltration Gallery Louisville, KY 78.1± ±4.4 Hardness Cedar Rapids, IA Groundwater Flow Modeling
14 SELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS REMOVALS Parameter % Total Removal Weighted % average of RBF Range total removals observed DOC UV254 abs True Color Particle Counts Turbidity
15 INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER DILUTION ON SELECTED PARAMETERS Parameter % TOTAL Removal % Removal due to DILUTION % Removal due to SUBSURFACE FILTRATION DOC Turbidity
16 MICROBIAL ANALYSES Total coliforms and E.coli Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria Virus indicators (male specific &somatic bateriophage) Enteric Viruses Adenovirus Type 40 and 41 Astrovirus Enterovirus (poliovirus, coxsackie virus, rotavirus and echovirus)
17 TOTAL COLIFORMS (CFU/100mL) Typical Total Coliforms (CFU/100mL) Variations (n=19) as a Function of River Discharge in Pembroke, NH (8/01-11/02) Including Groundwater Dilution Impacts Total Coliforms (CFU/100mL) Aug-01 Oct-01 Dec-01 Feb-02 Apr-02 Jun-02 Aug-02 Oct-02 0 River RBF BG Discharge Number of Days River Discharge (ft^3/sec) Sampling site Pembroke, NH Milford, NH Jackson, NH Louisville, KY Cedar Rapids, IA Total removal >2.1 log >2.6 log >0.5 log >1.0 log >1.4 log
18 E.coli (CFU/100mL) Typical Variations of E. Coli (CFU/100mL) (n=19) as a Function of River Discharge in Pembroke, NH (8/01-11/02) Including Groundwater Dilution Impacts 120 Aug-01 Oct-01 Dec-01 Feb-02 Apr-02 Jun-02 Aug-02 Oct E. Coli (CFU/100mL) River RBF BG Discharge 500 River Discharge (ft^3/sec) Sampling site Total removal Pembroke, NH >0.6 log Number of Days Milford, NH >0.8 log Jackson, NH >0.4 log Louisville, KY >0.3 log Cedar Rapids, IA >0.7 log
19 AEROBIC SPORE FORMING BACTERIA (CFU/100mL) Typical Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria (CFU/100mL) Variations (n=19) as a Function of River Discharge in Pembroke, NH (8/01-11/02) Including Groundwtaer Dilution Impacts 2500 Aug-01 Oct-01 Dec-01 Feb-02 Apr-02 Jun-02 Aug-02 Oct Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria (CFU/100mL) River RBF BG Discharge River Discharge (ft^3/sec) Sampling site Pembroke, NH Total removal >1.9 log Number of Days Milford, NH Louisville, KY Cedar Rapids, IA >2.1 log >3.5 log >2.6 log
20 VIRUS INDICATORS (PFU/100mL) Male Specific Bacteriophage (including MS2) Somatic Bacteriophage Intensive sampling (Dec 2002): Louisville (n=4) Cedar Rapids (n=5) Range (PFU/100mL) Sampling site Total removal of MS river water RBF extracted water Groundwater Louisville, KY 0.2 log 4622 ± ± ±18 Cedar Rapids, IA 0.7 log 3453±20 753±9 BDL Where Range=average ±analytical error
21 VIRUSES None detected (ICC-RT-nPCR method) in the samples collected in Louisville, KY nor in Cedar Rapids, IA. Liters of water collected Sampling site River RBF extract Louisville, KY (3/03) 100L 1000L Cedar Rapids, IA (1/03) 362L 995L
22 River Processes Taking Place at an RBF site RBF Extract Subsurface Filtration (Absorption + Biodegradation) Dilution Groundwater
23 TREATMENT PROBABILITY DUE TO SUBSURFACE FILTRATION (most conservative estimation for RBF) TURBIDITY, NTU (n=37) 80 >% total removal Probability of Exceedance 6 AEROBIC SPORE FORMING BACTERIA, CFU/100mL (n=43) >Log Removal Credit Louisville, KY only Probability of Exceedance
24 TREATMENT PROBABILITY DUE TO SUBSURFACE FILTRATION (most conservative estimation for RBF) TOTAL COLIFORMS, CFU/100mL (n=48) >Log Removal Credit Probability of Exceedance E.coli, CFU/100mL (n=41) 1.6 >Log Removal Credit Probability of Exceedance
25 SUBSURFACE FILTRATION MICROBIAL PROBABILITY REMOVALS Parameter >70% >90% (probability of exceedance) (probability of exceedance) Turbidity 73% 55% Total coliforms 2.1 log 1.7 log E.coli 0.8 log 0.4 log ASFB (spores) 2 log 1.5
26 SUMMARY OF MOST CONSERVATIVE AVERAGE SITE REMOVALS Parameter Minimum removal* Turbidity >74% E.coli >0.3 log Total coliforms >1.0 log Aerobic Spores >1.9 log *based on subsurface filtration only, limited by river water concentrations, and RBF site of lowest average removals.
27 CONCLUSIONS RBF shows potential to be a viable pretreatment and treatment process and warrants log removal credits for microbial pathogen removal
28 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS EPA for funding this project through the New England Water Treatment Technology Assistance Center N. Ballester & J. Fontaine, UNH The Pembroke, NH Waterworks personnel The Louisville Water Company, KY The Milford, NH Fish Hatchery personnel The Jackson, NH Waterworks personnel The Cedar Rapids Water Department, IA M. Smith, UNH
29 QUESTIONS?
Assessing RBF reduction/removal mechanisms for microbial and organic DBP precursors
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