Riverbank Filtration In Columbia River Area

Transcription

1 Riverbank Filtration In Columbia River Area Henry C. Hunt Ranney Collector Wells A Layne Christensen Company Presented at the 2009 Pacific Northwest Section AWWA Conference Salem, Oregon

2 Presentation Outline What is Riverbank Filtration? General U.S. Experience Riverbank Filtration Examples in Columbia River Valley & Vicinity

3 Riverbank Filtration (RBF) Natural filtration process using alluvial deposits Induced Infiltration (original terminology) Bank Filtration / RBF Riverbed Filtration (Korea) Filtered Seawater Beach Wells

4 Basic RBF Principles Source: USGS Groundwater recharges river Gradient Reversed

5 Historical Perspective Historically used in Europe since the 1800 s s (first known Glasgow 1810) References in the Bible to the River Nile (Exedus) Primates in Senegal (Africa)

6 Distance from bank and flow time Wasterwork no Waterwork no USA Europe Distance bank to well in m Flow time in d

7 RBF Processes Multi-dimensional Several reaction processes (filtration, biodegradation, ion exchange, precipitation, sorption, dilution, and dampening of shock loads) Removal of NOM, biodegradable compounds, microbes, taste and odors, and other contaminants Possible sequential aerobic and anaerobic reactions (affecting more exotic contaminants)

8 Recognition of RBF as a Pretreatment Step (US EPA) Proposed to help meet the LT2ESWTR 25 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 0.5 log removal credit 50 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 1.0 log removal credit Must meet siting and monitoring requirements Aquifer must be unconsolidated and granular (clay, silt, sand, or pebbles) >10% fines Only horizontal or vertical wells Can petition for more removal credit with studies Increased interest for microbial compliance

9 Benefits of RBF vs Surface Water Eliminates intake of aquatic organisms (zebra mussels) Natural filtration of suspended particulates, turbidity, NOM, TOC, microbials More consistent water quality Reduced temperature extremes Easier to permit than intakes Dampening of shock loads and spill protection Fish protection

10 Benefits of RBF vs Groundwater Typically lower in hardness, specific conductance and TDS Lower in other minerals (e.g. Fe) Closer to source of recharge ~ means higher individual well capacities often possible Can simplify treatment (less chemicals?)

11 Downcutting / Sustainability Due to on-going erosion Original River Elevation More Recent River Elevation Insufficient Submergence

12 RBF Goals First Barrier Provide natural pre-treatment Improve raw water quality (more consistent) Reduce solids generation Reduce risk to facility (automate WTP) Fish protection

13 Intake Placement Affects WQ Intake Placement Affects WQ Ground -water Blended RBF

14 RBF Investigation Hydrogeological Investigation Data review (paper study) Exploratory test drilling Hydraulic interval testing Detailed aquifer pumping test Flow modeling Streambed studies In-river drilling sampling Water quality analysis Data analysis well design

15 Largest RBF/Alluvial Well 55 mgd Missouri River Riverbank Filtration (RBF) Radial Collector Well

16 Construction of a RBF Collector Well

17 Vertical Wells Courtesy of Johnson Screens

18 Angled / Slant well

19 Infiltration Galleries

20 RBF Historic Progression (U.S.) Capacity Issue: the closer to the recharge.. Physical Benefits (Turbidity, Temp, Dilution) Bacteriologic Microbial (DBPs( & THMFP) Chemical (Pharmaceuticals, PCPs, VOCs,, etc.)

21 Louisville Water Company

22 Water Quality Comparison at Louisville Parameters River Water Infiltrated Groundwater Bedrock Groundwater ph Total Hardness (mg/l) TDS (mg/l) TOC (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) 2-1,500 <0.08 NA D.O. (mg/l) >5.0 <0.1 NA Iron (mg/l) < Temperature (F) About 55 From Wang 2002, 2003, and CH2M Hill 1996

23 Aurora, CO = RBF + ARR RBF ARR RBF + Vertical and Collector Wells Constructed Filter

24 Aurora, CO : RBF + ARR S. Platte R. RBF Nitrates (mg/l) avg TOC (mg/l) up to 11 < 3 NDMA (ng/l( ng/l) * * further reduction with organic supplements Cryptosporidium* 7.3 avg < 0.1 Pharmaceuticals 400 ND (e.g. Ibuprofen) (<10-25) * oocysts/l

25 Riverbank Filtration Kansas City MGD Test Well Mo. River RBF Hardness Iron Manganese ph Turbidity < 10 NTU ,000 10,000 1

26 Humboldt Bay (CA) Example Turbidity spikes required extreme high rate serial filtration (SF) (up to 15 gpm/sf) Collector wells + SF: log reduct. of 4-10 μm particles (Crypto ~ 4-5 μm)

27 Benefits of RBF for Cedar Rapids, IA Enhanced Water Quality (versus river) Nitrate levels reduced 2-3 mg/l (below MCL) Turbidity - consistent low levels Reduced levels of herbicides ( e.g. atrazine and its degradation byproducts Minimal incidents of taste and odor (algae) problems Filtration Efficiency 3 Log Removal of Particulates Giardia and Cryptosporidium

28 Sioux City, IA Reductions Capacity: mgd Turbidity: Missouri River: NTU Collector Well: NTU Particle Counts: 3 log reduction MPA: showed about 8 log reduction in algae IDNR: log reduction for Cryptosporidium and Giardia thru RBF + WTP

29 Platte River Alluvium Temp Range in River: o F (55 degrees) Temp Range in Collector Well: o F (33 degrees)

30 Jefferson County, MO Designed for 3-5 mgd foot ID 83 feet deep 5 lateral well screens (840 LF) Temperature (Feb. 2008): Well: 56 o F River: o F Hardness: 2003: mg/l 2008: 269 mg/l River: mg/l

31 Miss. River - 90-Day Pumping Test Test Pumping Well Mississippi River Average Total Hardness, mg/l 0 6/6/1980 6/13/1980 6/20/1980 6/27/1980 7/4/1980 7/11/1980 7/18/1980 7/25/1980 8/1/1980 8/8/1980 8/15/1980 8/22/1980 8/29/1980 9/5/1980 Date Conductivity and Alkalinity showed similar trends

32 Parkville, MO DBP Reduction Parameter Missouri River # 4 #5 % Red D.O.C. (mg/l) T.O.C. (mg/l) TTHMFP (ug( ug/l) HAAFP (ug( ug/l) From Weiss, W.J. et al. Riverbank Filtration Improving Source Water Quality 2002

33 Board of Public Utilities, KS Capacity: 25 MGD - Normal Demand 40 MGD - Peak Periods 55 MGD - Increased To 135 feet deep 20 feet inside diameter Over a half mile of well screen

34 Riverbank Filtration Kansas City MGD Test Well Mo. River RBF Hardness Iron Manganese ph Turbidity < 10 NTU ,000 10,000 1

35 Missouri River Alluvium Temp Range in River: o F (55 degrees) Temp Range in Collector Well: o F (33 degrees)

36 St. Joseph, MO Constructed in 1998 Designed for 15 MGD 16 feet ID 135 feet deep 7 lateral well screens (1225 LF) System includes 7 vertical wells

37 Pre-Con St. Joseph, MO Range Average Range Average Fe, ppm Mn, ppm ph NH 3 ppm Hdns Ca Alk TOC s

38 Industrial Facilities Collector Well #1 Constructed in 1999 Designed for 4 MGD 16 foot ID 88 feet deep 6 Gravel-packed lateral well screens (1017 LF) Collector Well #2 Constructed in 2003 Designed for 4 MGD 16 foot ID 80 feet deep 3 lateral well screens (600 LF) Also: River Intake Line & Screen Temp.: 61 o F Well & 44 o FRiver

39 Cape Girardeau, MO Collector Well - Water Quality - Start Up 600 parts per million (ppm) Hardness Alkalinity CO2 Expon. (Alkalinity) Expon. (Hardness) 0 6/18/1999 7/18/1999 8/18/1999 9/17/ /18/ /17/ /18/199 9 Expon. (CO2)

40 Gallery (SA) - Suspended Solids Reduction SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/l) River Gal. 1 Gal. 4 Feb-20 Feb-25 Mar-02 Mar-07 Mar-12 Mar-19 Mar-26 Mar-31 Apr-05 Days Rainy Season 2003

41 Gallery (SA) - Fecal Coliform Reduction FAECAL COLIFORMS (FC/100 ml) Minimun Mean Maximun Gallery Gallery River Rainy Season 2003

42 Columbia River Area RBF Wells

43 Pacific Northwest Collector Wells Washington: Anacortes (2) Attalia (3) Wallula Kalama Kelso Kennewick (5) Marysville Port Angeles Mt. Vernon Woodland Satsop (2) Yakima Oregon: Brookings Harbor Nyssa Gladstone St. Helens (3) Boardman (2) Umatilla Irrigon (2) Clatskanie Idaho: Boise (4)

44 Pacific Northwest Investigations Washington: Cashmere Ridgefield La Conner Sequim Skagit Nuclear Chehalis Ellensburg Kent Raymond Castle Rock Attalia Clark County Oregon: Keizer WD Tigard WD Monmouth Rainbow WD Clackamas Albany Canby Newberg Eugene Scappoose Umatilla In addition to collector well sites

45 Recent Northwest Collector Wells Columbia River City of Boardman, OR Well No MGD, 48 feet deep City of St. Helens, OR - Well No. 3 5 MGD, 60 feet deep Port of St. Helens, Clatskanie, OR 21 MGD, 100 feet deep industrial supply

46 Northwest Collector Wells Average Annual Turbidity (ntu( ntu) Kennewick, WA Kalama, WA Fort Benton, MT Boardman, OR Port Angeles, WA

47 Kennewick Turbidity Well Generally varies between NTU Courtesy: Western Groundwater Services

48 St. Helens #3 Temperature St. Helens #3 Temperature River Coll Well /01/ /13/ /25/ /07/ /19/ /31/ /12/ /24/ /6/ /18/ /30/ /11/ /23/ /04/ /16/ /28/ /12/ /24/2002 Temperature range: River: o F Collector Well: o F Period of record: 7 months

49 St. Helens Turbidity River Coll Wells #3 Turbidity Correlation Columbis River / Collector Well No. 3 St. Helens, Oregon 100 Turbidity, NTU Sep-01 Oct -01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02

50 Spokane, WA - RBF Conductivity used as indicator of RBF influences

51 RBF / Groundwater Wells Boardman, OR Clatskanie, OR Umatilla / Irrigon Columbia River Chetco River: Kelso, WA Cowlitz River Brookings, OR Kalama KalamaR. Boise, ID Boise River Harbor, OR Woodland, WA Stilliguamish River

52 Natural Filtration of Seawater

53 Seawater (Beach) Collector Wells Mexico California

54 Beach Sand Filtration Consistent Temperature Consistent Water Quality Low SDI (1 3 typical) Reduces Turbidity & Organics (THM( THM s) Mineral: microsand,, clays, Ls fines Organic: algae, bacteria, plankton Other: hydrocarbons, pollution, etc.

55 Natural Filtration of Seawater Provide Pre-treatment (natural filtration) of seawater: low SDI Improve raw water quality (more consistent quality) Minimize maintenance vs intakes Reduce impacts compared to intakes

56 Filtered Seawater Mexico: 3 seawater collector wells Salinity: Ocean: 37,000 Collectors: 17-25,000 SDI: permanently below 2 (below % of the time) 1 chemical cleaning in 18 months MWDOC, California: SDI - 1

57 Questions? Thank You. 10,000 GPM Performance Test Discharge Boardman, OR