L eau en montagne et le développement responsable : de nos attentes à nos actions sous le changement climatique
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1 L eau en montagne et le développement responsable : de nos attentes à nos actions sous le changement climatique Water in mountains and responsible development: from expectations to actions under climate change Carmen de Jong University of Savoy, France
2 AIMS What are our expectations concerning water resources under climate change? How does water use fit into the current issue of climate-neutral role models? Suggest how to best adapt to rapid climate and socio-economic change
3 Problem: climate change > in snow-line altitude < in reservoir levels
4 Water scarcity in dam reservoirs (lack of input discharge and/or extreme evaporation and over-use) Dried up Sylvenstein reservoir, Bavaria, April 2007
5 Distribution of dams in Europe, (Rödel and Hoffmann 2005 based on ICOLD database 1998)
6 Simulated Daily Average Flow (from Goldbergkees Glacier, Austria) total runoff icemelt runoff Q (m 3 s -1 ) April 15 May 14 June 14 July 13 Aug 12 Sept 2003 Koboltschnig 2009
7 Hydroelectric production in Austria GWh scenario A1B year
8 Problem: human pressures Water conflicts drinking water / tourism
9 Projection of water availability and water demand as a function of time Point of conflict Water demand Water availability climate change time de Jong 2009
10 Population exposed to drought in Europe 2003 Alpine Space EEA 2008
11 Summer drought (Savoy, 2003) Degree of summer drought Dominantly natural triggers! Situation critique sur l ensemble de la commune Situation critique sur une partie de la commune
12 Winter Drought (Savoy, 2003) Level of Winter drought Dominantly human triggers! Situation critique sur l ensemble de la commune Situation critique sur une partie de la commune
13 The role of wetlands as carbon sinks - Wetlands act as carbon sinks (binding C0 2 ). - Under undisturbed conditions wetlands are the ONLY types of ecosystems that can continually and perennially store significant amounts of carbon through growth and peat development (Höper 2007). - In Alps, the total carbon stored in wetlands is estimated at > 4 million tons of carbon. - When drained or used, CO 2 and N 2 0 is released and the natural CH4 emissions are reduced. 13 Photo: de Jong 2009
14 The concept of carbon neutral Alps estimated CO 2 neutral zone / major carbon sink area 14 de Jong 2009
15 Newspaper article of 20 September 2010
16 Artificial snow requires much water Zermatt 2007
17 Man-made soil destruction releasing CO 2 approx tonnes of carbon released = annual emission of 500 EU citizens! Excavation of snow-making reservoir, French Alps (2008)
18 High density construction of lifts, roads and ski runs - > surface discharge and soil erosion - CO 2 release La Rossière, French Alps
19 Road Erosion and influence on water quality erosion - 20% (11 ) river slope m altitude deposition 200 m
20 Sectors influenced by water problems in the Alps Alp-Water-Scarce 2009
21 Reasons for Water Problems Past water problems in the French Alps Past water problems 16% 2% 16% 32% 4% 2% Scarcity of w ater resources Exceptional drought ( ) Natural risks Disappearance of w etlands Pollution Decreasing w ater quality Management Problems User conflicts Artificial snow 10% 2% 16% Alp-Water-Scarce 2009
22 (Mal) Adaptation to climate change
23 The Farm Chamouset in Savoy, French Alps
24 Agri-toursim de Jong 2010
25 Natural agriculture in French Alps de Jong 2010
26 Cheeze cooling with wood chips Absorbtion chiller with biomass Entlebucher Speciality Cheeze, Switzerland 26
27 Human Intuitiveness and Adaptation CONSERVE WATER SHOWER WITH ME de Jong 2010
28 CONCLUSIONS Water Scarcity in Mountains (especially Alps) is already a problem in certain hotpots over space and time and is expected to become a crucial issue in the future The potential of climate-neutral Alps is high and will require re-thinking water use, re-use and protection of water resources using interdisciplinary approaches of diversification Transboundary water management plans supported by EU funding, labelling and regulations have to be rapidly put into place and extended
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