SCIENCE 1206 UNIT 1 Sustainability of Ecosystems. NAME: Corner Brook Regional High

Transcription

1 SCIENCE 1206 UNIT 1 Sustainability of Ecosystems NAME: Corner Brook Regional High

2 SCIENCE 1206 Unit 1 Handout 1 SUSTAINABILITY and PARADIGM SHIFTS ECOLOGY: What are some natural resources, both RENEWABLE and NON-RENEWABLE, that are found on Earth? Let s pick ONE of these resources, our FISHERIES industry here in NL, and analyze it a bit further: How did people view the fisheries resource in NL in the PAST? o What HAPPENED historically to change the view? o What factors do people consider when managing the fisheries industry TODAY? o SUSTAINABILITY DIAGRAM:

3 SUSTAINABILITY... DEFINITION: o o Another name for sustainability is: PARADIGM PARADIGM SHIFT DIAGRAM: EXAMPLES OF PARADIGM SHIFTS: o IDEA: PAST: PRESENT: o IDEA: PAST: PRESENT: o IDEA: PAST: PRESENT: THE ECOLOGY PARADIGM SHIFT: o PAST: o PRESENT:

4 HOMEWORK: o How is Earth like a spaceship? List at least 3 ways that Earth and a spaceship are similar. o Is clear-cutting a forest a sustainable practice? Explain. o Is damming off a river permanently a sustainable practice? Explain. o Think of YOUR OWN EXAMPLE of a paradigm shift in history (one that we have not discussed in class).

5 SCIENCE - INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY ECOSYSTEM TERMS TO DESCRIBE ECOSYSTEMS: HABITAT ABIOTIC FACTORS Examples include: BIOTIC FACTORS Examples include: SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP FIVE TYPES OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS MUTUALISM EXAMPLES:

6 COMMENSALISM EXAMPLES: PARASITISM EXAMPLES: PARISITOIDISM EXAMPLES: PREDATOR-PREY EXAMPLES: *************************************************************************************

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11 SCIENCE 1206 UNIT 1 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS TOPICS LIST ENERGY FROM THE SUN Percentages, Albedo Effect, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Thermodynamics PYRAMIDS Energy, Biomass, and Numbers ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS Keystone Species, Ecological Niche, Intraspecific vs. Interspecific Competition, Exotic Species WHERE DOES OUR ENERGY COME FROM? The is the source of energy for the vast majority of life on Earth. Observe the following diagram: ENERGY FROM THE SUN What happens to the majority of the Sun s Energy? PERCENTAGES: % is reflected by Clouds and Earth s Surface % warms the atmosphere, land, and hydrosphere % generates wind patterns % is used in the process of photosynthesis (Yes, that s all! Not very much is it?)

12 ALBEDO EFFECT A measure of the from an object. Expressed as a. Example: 27 % reflection by clouds is. What are examples of objects that REFLECT sunlight? In general, objects such as: These highly reflective objects have a albedo. What are some examples of objects that ABSORB sunlight? In general, objects such as: These light-absorbing objects have a albedo. PHOTOSYNTHESIS What is it? GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION: Where: is necessary for. are necessary as a usable form of energy for nearly. CELLULAR RESPIRATION What is it? By eating sugars and breathing in oxygen, consumers produce for life processes.

13 GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION: Cellular Respiration is the reaction to photosynthesis. HOMEWORK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PAGE 33 NUMBERS 4 a), c), d) THERMODYNAMICS What is THERMODYNAMICS? 2 THERMODYNAMICS LAWS that apply to ecosystems are: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS PYRAMIDS PYRAMID OF ENERGY Recall from a previous lesson that we can represent in an ecosystem with a pyramid of energy, and that only about of energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.

14 There are 2 other types of pyramids that are of ecosystem patterns: PYRAMID OF BIOMASS PYRAMID OF NUMBERS PYRAMID OF BIOMASS BIOMASS varies greatly in living tissue, so it is more accurate to eliminate it. A PYRAMID OF BIOMASS is a Often similar in shape to a. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS Sometimes these are shaped like, but there are. AN EXCEPTION:

15 For example, if the following was rough sketch of our pyramid of energy, would the pyramid of numbers look the same? ANSWER: PYRAMID OF NUMBERS WOULD LOOK LIKE: HOMEWORK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PAGE 39, # 3, 4, 5, 7, 14 DRAW 3 PYRAMIDS (Energy, Biomass, Numbers) for the following food chain: FIR TREE (1, 10000J) WORM (1000, 1000 J), WOODPECKER (10, 100 J) HAWK (1, 10 J)

16 ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS It is time to discuss some the that take place in ecosystems between species. Some specific roles organisms can take on include: KEYSTONE SPECIES ECOLOGICAL NICHE INTRASPECIFIC VS. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION EXOTIC SPECIES KEYSTONE SPECIES A species that is considered so important to, that if the species declined, the. Why is it called a KEYSTONE? DRAWING: EXAMPLE: SEA OTTER is a keystone in the CALIFORNIA KELP ecosystem. Without otters,. ECOLOGICAL NICHE An organism s NICHE is. It includes everything an organism does to survive and reproduce including: Organisms tend to have niches, based on where and how they are best adapted to survive. EXAMPLE:

17 GALAPAGOS ISLAND FINCHES Found on the Galapagos Islands, 600 miles west of Ecuador in South America. This island is estimated to be 4 million years old, and largely untouched by human impacts for the bulk of its existence. Charles Darwin studied these finches in 1835 and his studies helped him navigate the theory of EVOLUTION in his book THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES> By most accounts, a windstorm blew one finch species to the island. Left undisturbed for many centuries, and with very little competition and many available niches, this little finch EVOLVED into MANY SUBSPECIES, all adapted to a DIFFERENT NICHE. SPECIES COMPETITION Sometimes in nature there is when two or more organisms have similar requirements for. Survival of the Fittest usually prevails. 2 MAIN TYPES: INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION EXAMPLES: INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION EXAMPLES:

18 EXOTIC SPECIES These are species that are NOT natural parts of ecosystems. Compete with native species in an area. Examples: HOMEWORK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Page 44 - # 2, 3, 4

19 Science Unit 1 - Forest Succession TOPICS RELATED TO SUCCESSION Why do Forests Change Over Time? Human Disturbances Natural Disturbances Seasonal Changes Ecological Succession Climax Community Pioneer Species 2 Types Succession PRIMARY SECONDARY Factors that Affect Ecological Succession WHY DO FORESTS CHANGE OVER TIME? Forests may be altered or disturbed over time due to 2 MAJOR FACTORS: HUMAN DISTURBANCES NATURAL DISTURBANCES HUMAN DISTURBANCES How can humans disturb a forest? NATURAL DISTURBANCES What types of natural disturbances can affect a forest?

20 SEASONAL CHANGES What are they? What are some specific examples? ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION How is succession different from seasonal changes? So, what exactly is ecological succession? In general, once an ecosystem has been There are TWO STAGES to the succession process: - FIRST STAGE - SECOND STAGE PIONEERING PLANTS These pioneers provide Examples include: CLIMAX COMMUNITY It is the community of dominant organisms in an area.

21 It is the LAST STAGE of succession. 2 TYPES OF SUCCESSION PRIMARY SUCCESSION SECONDARY SUCCESSION TYPE 1 - PRIMARY SUCCESSION This type begins in an area where there is. Examples of areas include: Could take to reach climax community! TYPE 2 - SECONDARY SUCCESSION This type occurs in an area that has been cleared of vegetation, but. Examples of areas: Could take to reach climax community.

22 FACTORS THAT AFFECT ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION HOMEWORK!!! 1. What are at least 3 human activities that have stressed or impacted forests near you? Be specific.. 2. What type of succession starts with a lake, and, over time, forms a forest? How do you know?

23 3. Draw 3pictures, outlining 3 stages in the succession discussed in question You are in charge of building a golf course next to a stream. You will have to clear some forests, but you also have to practice sustainability. What are 3 actions that you can take to ensure biodiversity in this area?

24 SCIENCE PESTS AND PESTICIDES NAME OUTLINE WHAT EXACTLY IS A PEST? PESTICIDES First-Generation Second Generation BIOAMPLIFICIATION INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Chemical Control Biological Control Pesticide Resistance PESTS What are some examples of pests? DEFINITION: Living organisms that fall into one of three categories: PESTICIDES DEFINITION: TWO MAIN CATEGORIES, based on ORIGIN: FIRST GENERATION PESTICIDES SECOND GENERATION PESTICIDES FIRST-GENERATION pesticides ORIGIN: Examples: SECOND-GENERATION pesticides ORIGIN: Examples: 4 SUBCATEGORIES of second-generation pesticides: INSECTICIDE: kills HERBICIDE: kills FUNGICIDE: kills

25 BACTERICIDE: kills PESTICIDES OVER TIME Pesticide types have changed over time. Older pesticides When ingested by an organism, these pesticides attach to fat cells. This was highly effective as they in the organism. Newer pesticides When ingested, they are effective in the target pest, but do not accumulate in fat cells. This type dissolves in water and of an organism s system. BIOACCUMULATION Also known as DEFINITION: A phenomenon in food chains whereby BIOACCUMULATION and DDT DDT stands for: Yeah, with a name like that, its second-generation, as in human-made. It was introduced as a FAT-SOLUBLE insecticide to control insects that: It was VERY EFFECTIVE at killing pests But there was an unknown effect: FIRST NOTICED EFFECTS: Egg shell thinning in top carnivore birds, such as Bald Eagle Thin shells meant HIGH RATES of chick mortality It takes about 15 yfor DDT to break down in the environment. What do we do?

26 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT for short DEFINITION:A sustainable approach to managing pests that involves: 2 MAIN TYPES OF PEST MANAGEMENT CHEMICAL CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IPM CHEMICAL CONTROL Chemical control IPM involves using chemicals to control insect populations. Although chemicals are, there are several DISADVANTAGESto using them, including: IPM BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological control IPM involves using natural ecological relationships as a means of controlling insects. Although they are more, there are several DISADVANTAGES including: Methods include using: NATURAL PREDATORS Examples: DISEASE ORGANISMS NATURAL COMPETITORS Examples: PHEROMONES PESTICIDE RESISTANCE Some pests are.

27 Once non-immune pests are killed off, the immune PESTS are HOMEWORK!!! #6, p. 58 What are 3 POSITIVE EFECTS of using PESTICIDES to manage pests? What are 3 NEGATIVE effects of using PESTICIDES to manage pests? Let s say you have your share of pests at home- caterpillars, earwigs, mice, dandelions, Wild Baloneys (the whole pesky creepy crawly kit and kaboodle!) What are 3 ALTERNATIVES that you could employ rather than using pesticides?

28 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES and HUMAN IMPACTS NAME: OUTLINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES INTRODUCTION THE CYCLING PROCESS THREE CYCLES: CARBON CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE OXYGEN CYCLE HUMAN IMPACTS OZONE DEPLETION GLOBAL WARMING AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: BIOCHEMIST: The work of biochemists has led to the understanding that are composed of some of the elements that are found in air, water, and soil. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES... Although there are elements known to occur naturally on Earth, fewer than elements are presently known to occur in the tissues of living things. For example, only elements make up 99.2 % of human tissue... And pumpkin tissue!!! How do we HUMANS compare to the EARTH'S CRUST and a PUMPKIN???

29 THE FOUR ELEMENTS that make up the MAJORITY of LIVING TISSUES are: THE CYCLING PROCESS The 4 elements -- O, C, N, and H are cycled constantly between 2 parts of nature: The cycling of these elements is dependent on two types of processes in order to work: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES The cycling of these elements requires, which make up the of Earth. What are some examples of BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES The cycling of these elements requires the, which INCLUDES: AIR LAND WATER - What are some examples of GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES? 3 TYPES OF CYCLES discussed in SCIENCE 1206: CARBON CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE OXYGEN CYCLE

30 THE CARBON CYCLE See also Figure 3, p. 63 DEFINITION CARBON AND THE BIOSPHERE HOW IMPORTANT IS CARBON for LIFE? Carbon is the ELEMENT that is the on Earth. In other words, we are life forms. HOW DOES CARBON MOVE THROUGH LIVING ORGANISMS? The two main PROCESSES that help cycle CARBON through the BIOSPHERE are: CARBON AND NONLIVING SYSTEMS WHERE IS CARBON STORED IN THE NON LIVING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT? 2 TYPES OF CARBON STORAGE: ORGANIC RESERVOIRS Carbon that has been stored as the result of decomposition of living organisms. These processes are VERY SPECIFIC and take MILLIONS OF YEARS to complete. When DETRITUS gets TRAPPED UNDER: INORGANIC RESERVOIRS 3 MAIN AREAS:

31 THE NITROGEN CYCLE DEFINITION: NITROGEN AND THE BIOSPHERE WHAT IS NITROGEN USED FOR IN LIVING ORGANISMS? Nitrogen is used to make. DNA is the found in every living cell. WHERE IS MOST NITROGEN FOUND ON EARTH? Most nitrogen on Earth is found in the. The air is NITROGEN. This atmospheric nitrogen is in the form, a gas. Although nitrogen is plentiful in the air, it is to most living organisms (we cannot simply breathe in nitrogen). HOW DO LIVING ORGANISMS GET NITROGEN? Plants and animals cannot use N2 gas. We can use nitrogen in TWOFORMS: WHAT ARE THE KEY NITROGEN CYCLE PROCESSES? NITROGEN FIXATION Also known as Gaseous nitrogen, N2, is converted to usable forms in TWO WAYS: These bacteria are found in the such as ALFALFA and CLOVER. DENITRIFICATION convert usable forms of nitrogen back into gaseous nitrogen, N2. These bacteria are found in the.

32 THE OXYGEN CYCLE The oxygen cycle is to the CARBON CYCLE, since both of these cycles depend on processes of. The Earth s atmosphere is. There is also another form of oxygen in the atmosphere:. Consumers must inhale oxygen to carry out cellular respiration. Producers produce oxygen via photosynthesis, but they also use a small amount of oxygen themselves. OXYGEN IN THE HYDROSPHERE DISSOLVED OXYGEN (d. O2) BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND As BOD increases, d. O2. In other words, the more decomposition, the in the water. Oxygen can be a in water, meaning it can limit the ability of the water environment to sustain life HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE... CARBON CYCLE GLOBAL WARMING and the GREENHOUSE EFFECT NITROGEN CYCLE AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION OXYGEN CYCLE OZONE DEPLETION

33 GLOBAL WARMING and the GREENHOUSE EFFECT Humans have DISRUPTED the CARBON CYCLE in TWO MAIN WAYS: Burning FOSSIL FUELS DEFORESTATION These INCREASES in CO2 Levels have led to an. GREENHOUSE GASES WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES? Gases that have the ability of the atmosphere. These gases are important to keep the Earth warm enough to sustain life. 3 MAIN GREENHOUSE GASES... Sources: Sources: Sources:

34 GLOBAL WARMING 101 Humans have DRAMATICALLY INCREASED the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to the. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION Humans have impacted the nitrogen cycle by releasing 2 substances into AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: WHAT ARE FERTILIZERS? Fertilizers, and untreated human sewage, contain. These chemicals into water ways through groundwater, road runoff, etc. Lakes that have HIGH LEVELS of phosphates and nitrates can undergo EUTROPHICATION AQUATIC EUTROPHICATION: OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE EUTROPHIC LAKE

35 OZONE DEPLETION Humans have impacted the OXYGEN CYCLE through our contributions to OZONE DEPLETION. OZONE LAYER: Located in the Earth s ATMOSPHERE. Made up of OZONE, a bluish-hued gas that has the chemical formula. Serves as a PROTECTIVE. THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE To understand the ozone layer, it is helpful to know the LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE: TROPOSPHERE: STRATOSPHERE: MESOSPHERE: THERMOSPHERE Also known as EXOSPHERE OZONE DEPLETION EXPLAINED 8O % of the Earth s Ozone has depleted as the result of humans using and other ozone depleting chemicals. In the past, CFCs were found in a variety of household items, including: These CFCs would be released into the air, and make their way up to the stratosphere and break down O3. TODAY, CFCs are banned in Canada, as well as in several other countries. The effect of ozone depletion is. In humans, high UV exposure can lead to increased risks of.