INAGAKI Fumiaki. Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio University, Japan

Transcription

1 INAGAKI Fumiaki Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio University, Japan YICGG2008 Casa dell Aviatore, Italy, 19th August 2008

2 Introduction

3 Introduction The Aral Sea has been shrinking since Central Asian States and International communities tried to stop shrinking but failed.

4 Population, Water Allocation and etc Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmensitan 10 0 Population Headwaters allocation farmland Based on Daene C. McKinnery, Cooperative Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Central Asia, in Daniel L. Burghart and Theresa Sabonis-Helf (ed.), In the Tracks of Temerlane: Central Asia s Path to the 21st Century (NDU Press, 2004), p.191

5 Structure of Conflict Basic Structure of Conflicts Upstream vs. Downstream Energy Shortage Agriculture Kyrgyzstan (Syr River) Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan (Amu River) Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Hydropower Irrigation Winter Season Summer Season

6 Aral Sea Basin Water Management in Soviet Era Before 1987 After 1987 (2) Decide the water allocation and timetable Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management (Minvodkhoz) Ministry or Agency in Central Asian Republics (1)Forecast Main Hydrometeorogy Service (Glavgidromet) (3)Practice Ministry of Water Management and Construction (Minvodstroy) C.A. Republics (3)Agreement (4)Apply (2) Propose the Plan Basin Water Management Association (BVO) (1)Forecast (5)Permission Glavgidromet Decentralization and democratization under New Thinking

7 Water Management after Soviet Union Organization Year Targets Basin Water Management Associations (BVO) 1987 Monitoring and control the allocation and discharge of water. Interstate commission for Water Management Coordination(ICWC) 1992 Consists of representative from the administration of water resources in five Central Asian Republics. Administrate the BVO. Aral Sea Basin Program (ASBP) 1992 (1994) Started under the cooperation of UNEP, UNDP and WB aiming the follows: Stabilize the environmental problem over the Aral Sea Basin Rehabilitation of disaster area within the Basin Improve the land and water usage within the Basin Human resource development in all levels Interstate Council for Aral Basin(ICAS) 1993 Consists of 5 representatives from each five Central Asian republics. Executive Committee of Interstate Council for Aral Basin (EC-ICAS) 1993 Applying the plan to ICAS and carries out the permitted one. Sustainable Development Committee (SDC) or ICDSTEC ( Interstate Commission for Socioeconomic Development and Scientific, Technological, and Ecological Cooperation) 1993 Promoting the sustainable development in Aral Sea Basin Interstate Fund for the Aral Sea(IFAS) 1993 Carrying out the activity on the basis of Council of the Heads of states decisions, IFAS Board, IFAS Regulation, Agreements on the status of IFAS Executive Committee of Interstate Fund for Aral Sea (EC-IFAS) Interstate Council of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (ICKKTU) 1997 Establish by unify of ICAS and IFAS. Consists of 2 representatives from each Central Asian Countries Promoting regional economic cooperation.

8 Water for Life: Tajikistan s Water Policy After the Civil War, Tajik Government participated in the Water Problem 1. Water for Life: proposed at Kyoto Water Forum, Dushanbe Fresh Water Forum and 12 th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development United Nations (2003) 2. Held the International Conferences on water problem. Dushanbe Water Forum (2003) Regional Cooperation in Transboundary River Basins with United Nations in 2005 International Conference on Water Related Disaster Reduction in 2008 with support of UN, UNDP, EC-IFAS, OSCE, etc.. While seeking the regional cooperation based on EurAsEC, Tajik Government pursue the legitimacy over the Fresh Water in own Territory depending on the notion of Human Security.

9 Tajik-Uzbek Relationship and Hydropower Tajik-Uzbek Relationship is not well. A) Historical and Territorial Problem B) Uzbek conspiracy of coup d'état in Northern Tajikistan Uzbekistan is major supplier of natural gas in winter season a. There are no permanent agreement on the exchange of gas and water b. Tajikistan aims to export the electricity to South Asia as a clean energy (nationalism over the resources)

10 Noruk Reservoir (Hydropower station) in Tajikistan

11 Hydropower Station as Clean Energy? Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan agreed with Afghanistan, Pakistan and India to export the electricity by hydropower stations in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (2007). Tajik Government insists that the hydropower station is clean energy with no emission. So, Using the terms of Global Warming, Tajikistan progress the national interest, Fomenting a dispute with Uzbekistan

12 Conclusion Main target is socio-economic development depending on the irrigation (cotton and rice) Fostered the value or norms that Water as Resources for socio-economic development (Nationalism over the Resources) Same scheme as the energy distribution based on the principle of compensation for loss. The principle transformed to norms, and what they need is not support but budget for compensation. Fostering the norms or value for regional cooperation+ adopting Debt-for-Nature Swap scheme substitute compensation by Moscow.

13 Thank you for your Attention!