Heterotrophic Algae Growth 11/23/2009 1

Transcription

1 Heterotrophic Algae Growth 11/23/2009 1

2 ph Growth Conditions Water Chemistry ph, DO Biomass (Algae growth) 2 nd Semester Reactor Design & Culture Algae Sp. CSTR, Plug flow High rate Pond Algal Ingredient Biochemical Analysis 4 th Semester Chlorophyll Protein Biodiesel Production 1 st Semester Transesterification Acid 6 th Semester Alkali COD, TN, TP TSS, FSS,VSS 3 rd Semester 11/23/2009 Mixed culture Fresh water algae Pure culture Marine Algae Heterotrophic growth 5 th Semester Lipid Carbohydrate 6 th Semester Oil Enzyme TODAY Literature Results 2

3 Heterotrophic Algae Growth Instructors : Dr. Li Ling LIN Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng Dr. Paris Honglay Chen Dr. Der-Guey LIN Speaker : Albert Ramaraj Rameshprabu Advisor : Prof. Paris Honglay Chen, PhD MPH PE Course 9105 : 4 th Year Seminar 11/23/2009 Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group 3

4 11/23/2009 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 2.1 Algae growth conditions 2.2 Definition 2.3 Essential characteristics 2.4 Species(Heterotrophic) 2.5 high lipid(autotrophic) 2.6 high oil(autotrophic) 2.7 Marine Species 2.8 Culture Medium 2.9 Other applications 3. Summary 4

5 1.Introduction Sustainable resource utilization & biotechnology approach Algae biomass - renewable energy source Find out the high content lipid or oil algae sp. To growth algae heterotrophically 11/23/2009 5

6 Photosynthesis :light / dark reactions Dark reaction Light reaction Heterotrophic 11/23/2009 6

7 2. Literature Review 2.1 Algae growth conditions 1. Autotrophic 2. Mixotrophic 3. Heterotrophic 11/23/2009 7

8 1. Autotrophic An organism that produces organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or chemical reactions. Source: 11/23/

9 2. Mixotrophic Simultaneously in the light and on carbon source (K.Chojnacka,A.Noworyta (2004) Light + Carbon source (sucrose, glucose, CO 2 11/23/

10 3. Heterotrophic An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. + Carbon source (sucrose, glucose, CO 2 11/23/

11 2. Literature Review 2.2 Heterotrophic Definition Heterotrophic an organism that cannot produce its own energy and its must obtain its energy from external sources. An organism Definition that cannot 3synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances Definition for nutrition. 1 This ability of an organism to use an organic molecule as carbon source is known as heterotrophic Definition organisms. 2 (1,3) (2) 11/23/

12 2. Literature Review 2.3 Essential characteristics Heterotrophic culture is best used in monocultures Requires extensive sterilization of media and equipment. The ability to divide and metabolize without light The ability to grow on inexpensive and easily sterilized media; 11/23/

13 2. Literature Review 2.3 Essential characteristics The ability to adapt rapidly to the new environment The ability to withstand hydrodynamic stresses in fermentors and peripheral equipment 11/23/

14 2. Literature Review 2.4 Species (Heterotrophic) No Microalgae Carbon source Application Reference Chlorella protothecoides Chlorella protothecoides Chlorella protothecoides Chlorella protothecoides starin 25 Glucose, Yeast extract Sugarcane juice, Glucose glucose glucose biodiesel biodiesel Lipid, lipid as a oil, biodiesel Lipid 5 Gyrodiniumdominans acetate Lipid 6 Chlorella vulgaris acetate, glucose, glycerol Lipid Biodiesel Yun Cheng et al., 2009 Cheng et al.,2009 X. Miao and Q. Wu, 2006; H. Xu et al., 2006; T. L. da Silva, et al.,2009 E.D.Lund et al., 2009 Y.Lian et al., /23/

15 2. Literature Review 2.5 high lipid(autotrophic) No Strain Lipid (w/w%)( Reference 1 Scenedesmus obliquus E.W.Becker, (1994) 2 Scenedesmus dimorphus E.W.Becker, (1994) 3 Chlamydomonas rheinhardii 21 E.W.Becker, (1994) 4 Chlorella vulgaris E.W.Becker, (1994) 5 Spirogyra sp E.W.Becker, (1994) 6 7 Nannochloris sp. 40 Monallanthus salina 72 Ratledge,(1989) Y. Chisti (2007) Ratledge(1989) Y. Chisti (2007) 8 Outirococcus sp 50 Ratledge(1989) 9 Chlorella Protothecoides 14 Miao & Wu (2005) 11/23/

16 2. Literature Review Lipid(AC & HC) Table: Main Chemical components: Autotrophic (AC) & Heterotrophic (HC) C. Protothecoides Component(%) AC HC Protein 52.64± ± 0.10 Lipid 14.57± ± 0.28 Carbohydrate ± ± 0.17 Ash 6.36 ± ± times more Moisture 5.39 ± ± 0.02 Others ± ± /23/2009 (Miao & Wu,2005) 16

17 2. Literature Review Lipid (C.protothecoides AC & HC) Autotrophic Heterotrophic 11/23/

18 2. Literature Review 2.6 high oil (Autotrophic) No Species Oil content (%) Reference 1 Botryococcus braunii Y. Chisti (2007) 2 Chlorella Sp Y. Chisti (2007) 3 Chlorella vulgaris 40 Illman et al. (2000) 56.6 Liu et al. (2007) 4 Chlorella emersonii 63 Illman et al. (2000) 5 6 Chlorella protothecoides 23 Illman et al. (2000) Chlorella sorokiniana 22 Illman et al. (2000) 7 Chlorella minutissima 57 Illman et al. (2000) 8 Crypthecodinium cohnii 20 Y. Chisti (2007) 9 Cylindrotheca Sp Y. Chisti (2007) 10 Dunaliella primolecta 23 Y. Chisti (2007) 11/23/ Isochrysis Sp Y. Chisti (2007) 18

19 2. Literature Review 2.7 Marine species (Autotrophic) Spices name Lipid Content w/w% Oil content w/w% Reference Outirococcus sp 50 Ratledge(1989) Dunaliella bioculata 8 Becker, (1994) Dunaliella salina 6 Becker, (1994) Monallanthus salina 72 > 20 Ratledge(1989), Y. Chisti 2007 Schizochytrium sp Y. Chisti 2007 Phaeodactylum tricornutum Y. Chisti 2007 Crypthecodinium cohnii 20 Y. Chisti 2007 Dunaliella primolecta 23 Y. Chisti 2007 Isochrysis sp Y. Chisti 2007 Nannochloris sp Ratledge(1989), Y. Chisti 2007 Tetraselmis sueica Y. Chisti 2007

20 2. Literature Review 2.7 Culture medium A nutrient material, either solid or liquid, used to support the growth of microorganisms or to maintain cultures Natural water (filtered) 2. Artificial chemical components. 3. Carbon source 11/23/

21 2. Literature Review 2.7 Culture medium Natural water (filtered) the water (river, pond, marine water, etc) filtered by 0.45 µm filter paper as medium. Mixed Culture Source : SRSE-Lab, Dept. of SWC, NCHU 11/23/

22 2. Literature Review 2.7. Culture medium Artificial chemical components Organic/ inorganic nutrients prepared by synthetic chemical with distilled water Pure Culture Source : SBRC, Bogor Agri. Uni. Indonesia 11/23/

23 2. Literature Review 2.7. Culture medium Carbon source No. Carbon Source Microalgae Reference 1 Acetate Brachiomonas submarina Tsavalos & Day, 1994 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chen & Johns, 1996 Chlorella saccharophila Tan & Johns, 1991 Chlorella sorokiniana Chen & Johns 1991 Dunaliella tertiolecta Gladue & Maxey, Glucose Nannochloropsis oculata Gladue & Maxey,1994 Scenedesmus acutus Ogawa & Aiba, 1981 Tetraselmis chuii Gladue & Maxey, 1994 Tetraselmis verrucosa Gladue & Maxey, /23/

24 Carbon source No. Carbon Source Microalgae Reference 3 Glutamate Nitzschia alba Barclay et al.,1994 Chlorella pyrenoidosa Gladue & Maxey, Acetate, glucose Euglena gracilis Cook & Heinrich, 1965 Nitzschia alba Lewin & Lewin, 1967 Tetraselmis suecica Gladue & Maxey, Lactate, glutamate Chlorella pyrenoidosa Running et al., 1994 Tetraselmis suecica Day et al., /23/

25 Carbon source No. Carbon Source Microalgae Reference 6 Acetate, asparagine Haematococcus pluvialis Kobayashi et al., Glutamate, yeast extract Acetate, glucose, ethanol Poterioochromonas malhamensis Gladue, 1991 Chlorella regularis Endo et al., 1977 Chlorella vulgaris Gladue & Maxey, Acetate, glucose, Lactate, glutamate Dunaliella salina Gladue & Maxey, 1994 Tetraselmis tetrathele Gladue & Maxey, /23/

26 2. Literature Review 2.8 Other applications (Heterotrophic) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Omega-3 Fatty Acids Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 11/23/

27 2. Literature Review 2.8 Other applications (Heterotrophic) Combination of nutrition and pharmaceutical CO 2 11/23/

28 Summary Led to the attempts to commercially cultivate phototrophic cells in the dark. Application point of view I. Focus on screening phototrophic II. High contents of valuable products III. High content of lipid or oil IV. Grow well in the dark 11/23/

29 Reference Becker, Microalgae Biotechnology& Microbiology. Cambridge University Press. Chisti, Y., (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnol. Adv. 25, N. Kosaric, J. Velikonja / FEMS Microbiology Reviews 16 (1995) [Retledge] [ Becker] Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Biotechnology and Applied Phycology, Blackwell Science, Oxford pp Otto Pulz, (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae, Appl Microbial Biotechnology 65: Joel C. Goldman, (1986) On phytoplankton growth rates and particulate C : N : P ratios at low light Limnol.Oceanogr.,31(6), Robert A. Andersen, (2005) Algal culture Techniques, Physiological Society of America Elsevier Academic Press, California USA. J.M.Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer, Biochemistry. 5th ed. 2002, New York: W.H. Freeman. Y. Chisti, Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007) Kolattukudy, P.E. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes. (Elsevier, Amsterdam) (1976). Biochemistry" by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer (2002) W. H. Freeman and Co /15/

30 Reference (cont.) Shay, E.G., (1993) Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: Status and Bioenergy, 4, Opportunities. Biomass and Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J., and Roessler P., (1998) A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy s Aquatic Species Program Biodiesel from Algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Report: NREL/TP Golden, CO. David Alan Walker, (2009) Biofuels, facts, fantasy, and feasibility, J Appl Phycol /s Chih-Hung Hsieh, Wen-Teng Wu, (2009) Cultivation of microalgae for oil production with a cultivation strategy of urea limitation, Bioresource Technology. 100, Tomoaki Minowa, Shin-ya Yokoyama, Michimasa Kishimoto and Toru Okakurat (1995) Oil production from algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction Fuel. 74, Demirbas. A, (2009), Production of Biodiesel from Algae Oils, Energy Conversion and Management 50, Xiaoling Miao and Qingyu Wu (2006) Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil Bioresource Technology 97 (2006) Scragg A.H., J. Morrison, Shales S.W., (2003) The use of a fuel containing Chlorella vulgaris in a diesel engine, Enzyme and Microbial Technology Xiaoling Miao, Qingyu Wu, Changyan Yang (2004) Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis Sharif Hossain A.B.M., Aishah Salleh, (2008) Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy, Am. J. Biochem. & Biotech., 4 (3): /15/

31 Reference (cont.) Luisa Gouveia and Ana Cristina Oliveira, (2008) Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production, J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol Feb; 36(2): Sawayama, S., S.Inoue, Y. Dote and S.Y. Yokoyama, ( 1995) CO2 fixation and oil production through microalga, Energy Convers Manage., 36: Xiufeng Li, Han Xu, Qingyu Wu, (2007) Large Scale Biodiesel Production From Microalga Chlorella protothecoides Through Heterotrophic Cultivation in Bioreactors, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 98, No. 4, George Marsh(2009), Small wonders: biomass from algae, Renewable Energy Focus, 9: 74-76, 78 Harold R. Azencott, Gary F. Peter and Mark R. Prausnitz (2007) Influence of the Cell Wall on Intracellular Delivery to Algal Cells by Electroporation and Sonication, Ultrasound Med Biol. 33(11): Najafian L., Ghodsvali A., Haddad Khodaparast M.H., and Diosady L.L., (2009), Aqueous extraction of virgin olive oil using industrial enzymes,food Research International 42: Henriques M., Silva A., and Rocha J., (2007) Extraction and quantification of pigments from a marine microalga: a simple and reproducible method, Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology - A. Mendez-Vilas (Ed), 2, Shigeki Sawyayama, Tomoaki Minowa, Yutaka Dote and Shinya Yokoyama(1992)Growth of the hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 38: /15/

32 Thank you very much for your time & attention!! 11/23/