A Primer on CO 2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) William D. Gunter and Ken Brown Alberta Research Council

Transcription

1 A Primer on CO 2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) William D. Gunter and Ken Brown Alberta Research Council

2 Outline Context The Science around CCS Key Components Storage Options Provincial, National and International Potential Economic Analysis Current Projects Monitoring tools National and International Organizations Looking Ahead Questions and Answers

3 Setting the Context

4 Canada s s Climate Change Challenge: The Gap Mt of CO 2 equivalent emissions 607 Mt Actual Projected 2000 emissions 726 Mt or 1990 plus 19% Business as Usual (BAU) 2010 emissions: 808 Mt or 1990 plus 33% The Gap = 240 Mt Kyoto Target (6% below 1990) 2010 emissions: 571 Mt

5 Addressing Climate Change Energy Efficiency Fuel Switching Carbon Management

6 Carbon Management Capture & Storage Sequestration Geological Ocean Useful Products Ocean Biomass Agriculture Forests

7 Making the Energy Transition from Combustion to Zero Emissions Kyoto 1 Fossil Fuel: Combustion with Emission Control Fossil Fuel Energy Conversion Fossil Fuel: Energy Conversion Renewable Sources Year 2025 Year Business as Usual Fossil Fuels Renewables Zero Emission Fossil Fuels

8 Innovation in Energy & the Environment The Environmental Revolution: GHG emission constraints require new approaches Carbon Management is a new field of research in the Environmental Revolution CO 2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) is an important area of Carbon Management CCS offers an opportunity for Innovation step changes

9

10 Key Components of a CO 2 Capture and Storage System

11

12 What is Carbon Capture & Storage? CO 2 Source CO 2 Capture Hydrocarbon Recovery CO 2 Storage CO 2 Transport

13 CCS The prize for Canada

14 CO 2 Storage Options

15 Sedimentary Basins, Fossil Fuels, Greenhouse Gases, and Geological Storage: A Serendipitous Association Fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal) are found in sedimentary basins. The fluid fossil fuels are transported to traps through aquifers. During conversion of the fuels to energy, greenhouse gases are created. Extraction of the fossil fuels have created new storage space (in the subsurface) which can be used for geological storage of greenhouse gases.

16

17 Geologic Storage of CO 2 Coalbed Methane Reservoir Gas Reservoir Coal Mine Gas Reservoir Saline Aquifer Oil Reservoir CO 2 pipeline natural gas pipeline Storage in geologic formations over geologic time Options include: oil reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs, depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep saline aquifers Injection into oil reservoirs and coalbed methane reservoirs produces oil and gas revenues which can offset costs Afford the time to continue to use fossil fuels until renewables are developed CO 2 for re-pressurization of gas caps Coal Mine oil pipeline

18 CO2 pipeline Natural gas pipeline Oil pipeline Coal Mine Coalbed Methane Reservoir Oil Reservoir Gas Reservoir Saline Aquifer

19 Provincial, National and International Potential

20 Fossil Fuel Supply Oil Gas Coal

21 Alberta s oil sands reserve is huge - full development will take many decades Billion barrels AEUB as of Dec.31, 2002 Initial in-place Initial est. reserve Cum. production Remaining established Mineable In-situ 1,

22

23

24

25 Alberta s Coal: Status Resource: Huge Ultimate Potential: 620 billion tonnes (~ 1860 barrels oil equivalent) Remaining Reserves (2000): 34 billion tonnes Production (2003): 29.3 million tonnes Alberta s coal reserves 70% of Canada s 50% of coal produced in Canada 8 Major mines (May 2004) 80% used in electricity generation Sub-bituminous (low S, clean burning) 20% exported Metallurgical

26

27 Future Driver in Western Canada Canada s Kyoto emissions target is future driver for: (i) CO 2 storage (ii) manufacture of H 2 for oil sands upgrading by gasification in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

28

29

30

31 Suitability of WCSB for CO 2 Fort McMurray

32 Sample of Initial Stages of a CO 2 Backbone Concept Source: CANiCAP, 2005

33 CO 2 storage needs CO 2 supply - 4 CO 2 supply hubs in Alberta Fort McMurray Fort Saskatchewan Red Deer/Joffre Wabamun, west of Edmonton

34 Source: Bob Mitchell

35 CO 2 Backbone More manifold than pipeline No necessary direction of flow Input CO 2 from Emission Hubs Lateral lines to take CO 2 to customers sites Maybe spots for truck or train loading Maybe postage stamp toll for input rather than distance-based toll Attract new industry to locate along it

36 Backbone Pressure-Balance System By: Excess volume (injected > sales) then inject in this order: 1) temporarily store in salt caverns; 2) temporarily store in depleted oil/gas pools; 3) permanently store for research (at an injection rate appropriate for the research); 4) permanent storage in the deep saline aquifer, & 5) if absolutely necessary, vent to the atmosphere safety valve only Backbone makes $15/T for 3 & 4 Backstop for Gov t commitment -- Not offshore credits Vented CO 2,(i.e. 5) allocated back to oversuppliers

37 Large Scale Deployment of CC&S Possible in North America J.J. Dooley, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Lab (2005)

38 Alberta s CO 2 Storage Capacity in the Alberta Sedimentary Basin CO2 Sinks (total capacity) CO2 EOR Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs Coalbed Methane Resource Deep Saline Aquifers CO2 Sources (annual) Alberta GHG?? Alberta Power Plants Megatonnes CO 2 Equivalent

39 Capacity for CO 2 Sequestration in Depleted Oil Reservoirs in Alberta o 8118 single-drive oil pools in Alberta o 193 primary recovery oil pools o 387 water flood oil pools o 53 solvent flood oil pools o 12 gas flood oil pools o 365 commingled and multi-mechanism pools (2001 Reserves Database) Ultimate theoretical CO 2 sequestration capacity upon depletion: 1,090 Mt CO 2 Stefan Bachu

40 Capacity for CO 2 Sequestration in Enhanced Oil Recovery in Alberta o 9128 oil pools in Alberta 2001 Reserves Database) o 4371 oil pools meet screening criteria for CO 2 -flood EOR o Estimated CO 2 capacity at 100% PV 690 Mt o Estimated incremental recovered oil at 100% PV 304 x 10 6 m 3 Stefan Bachu

41 Enhanced Oil Recovery Reservoirs Depleted Oil Production technology is mature Focus on monitoring and maximizing CO 2 uptake Value added Commercial projects 1. Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Encana) 2. Joffre Viking (Penn West)

42 Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO 2 Miscible Flooding)

43 CO 2 Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery Production (bbl/day) Mbbl/d Base Waterflood Production Incremental Vertical Production Incremental Horizontal Production Incremental Miscible Flood Production

44

45

46

47 Generalized Reservoir Model Weyburn Field, Saskatchewan SW Jurassic Mississippian NE (M1) (M3) (V1) Vuggy Shoal (V2) (V4) (V6) Midale Evaporite Transition Zone Marly (DOL) (LS) Vuggy Intershoal OGB '00 Frobisher 47

48 Reservoir Mineral Dissolution Ca 2+ in produced fluids Pre-injection 12 months 31 months Calcite and dolomite dissolution increases the Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations in produced fluids. CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Ca HCO 3 -

49 Mineral Dissolution Total Alkalinity [HCO 3- ] of produced fluids Pre-injection 12 months 31 months Mineral dissolution increases the [HCO 3- ]. CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 Ca HCO 3 -

50 Depleted Gas Reservoirs Storage technology is mature Nothing required at this time Currently used to store Natural Gas

51 Capacity for CO 2 Sequestration in Depleted Gas Reservoirs in Alberta 28,337 non-associated gas pools 2,309 associated gas pools (2001 Reserves Database) Ultimate theoretical CO 2 sequestration capacity upon depletion 13,560 Mt CO 2 Stefan Bachu

52

53 Identified CO 2 Sink Capacity in WCSB Type of Reservoirs Total Identified Pools Eligible Pools 1 Storage Capacity Number (Mt CO 2 ) Province Alberta Storage Capacity (Mt CO 2 ) 2812 Oil Northeast BC 780 Gas Saskatchewan 79 Total 3720 Manitoba 1 Basin suitable for sequestration in short to medium term (next 3 decades) Capable of accepting all CO 2 from major point sources in WCSB Additional advantage of enhanced oil and gas recovery 1 Pools with capacity greater than 1Mt CO 2 and at a depth range of m Source: Stefan Bachu-AEUB/AERI/NRCan

54 Enhanced Coalbed Methane CH 4 CH 4 CH 4

55 Enhanced Coalbed Methane Technology is immature Requires technical demonstration and basic research Value added Demonstration Projects Fenn-Big Valley, Alberta CSEMP, Alberta (Suncor)

56

57 Process of Gas Transport in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Face Cleat Butt Cleat 1. Fluid Production from Natural Fractures 2. Gas Desorption from Cleat surfaces 3. Molecular Diffusion through the coal matrix

58

59 New Technology Development Increases Storage Capacity

60 Forecast Full-Field Development Production Numerical Modelling - 5-Spot Pattern CO 2 Injection CO 2 /N 2 Content 1 N 2 Injection 0 After 1 year After 3 years After 5 years After 7 years 1/4 of 5-Spot Pattern Constant Injection Rate

61 Generalized flow diagram of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and generation of methane. Hydrolytic, fermentative COMPLEX POLYMERS (cellulose, polysaccharides, proteins) bacteria MONOMERS (fatty acids, sugars, amino acids, NH 3, HS -, CO 2, acetate, H 2 ) CH 4 Methanogenic bacteria ACETATE, H 2 O, H 2, CO 2 Syntrophic acetogenic bacteria ACETATE FERMENTATION CH 3 COO - + H + CH 4 + CO 2 CARBONATE REDUCTION CO 2 + 4H 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 O

62 Biogenic Methane Production and CO 2 Sequestration Microbial-directed conversion of CO 2 to methane. Either by indigenous or introduced microorganisms. Closed-loop fossil fuel system. Sustainable methane economy with near zero net CO 2 emissions. CO 2 CH 4 Coalbed Displace CH 4 CO 2 Microbial Conversion CH 4 H 2

63 Aquifers Injection technology is mature on a small scale Huge capacity if counting hydrodynamic trapping in addition to geological trapping Ubiquitous Need database for hydrology, capacities, locations, stability and ranking Treat oil and gas as related to aquifers Commercial Projects Acid gas disposal, Western Canada

64 CO 2 Injection into Aquifers

65 Acid Gas Injection Sites in the Alberta Basin

66 Acid Gas Injection Projects

67

68 Security of Storage Trapping mechanisms

69 Subsurface CO 2 Storage Mechanisms Geochemical Traps Well Scale (cm to m) Separate Phase Dissolved in oil Dissolved in water Adsorbed to coal Precipitated as a mineral Relative perm effects Geological Traps Reservoir Scale (km) Stratigraphic trap Structural trap Scale Increasing Hydrodynamic Traps Basin Scale (100 s km) Migration trap

70

71 Traps for Geological Storage

72 Representative Cross Section of the Alberta Basin

73 Capacity for dissolved CO 2 in the Viking Aquifer, Alberta Basin Total capacity: 200 Gt Capacity in the suitable region: 106 Gt

74 Storage Security

75

76 Opportunities for Geological Storage of CO 2 in Sedimentary Basins Depleted Oil Reservoirs Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Depleted Coalbed Methane (CBM) Reservoir Enhanced CBM Depleted Gas Reservoirs Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) Aquifers

77 Monitoring Tools & Application

78

79 Short Circuits

80 Short Circuit Short Circuits

81

82 Source: Heidug, Shell

83 Planning Monitoring Program definition of project conditions prediction of mechanisms that control behavior technical questions to be answered purpose of monitoring parameters to be monitored magnitude of change expected in parameters select instrumentation / monitoring systems instrument / monitoring locations

84 Monitoring Provides: Safety from early warning signals Security & Liability Reservoir management tools Long term activity Carbon management to verify and certify emission trading credits

85 Operational Monitoring Represents the basic level of monitoring required by a company and/or regulatory agency Guide 65 application procedures includes monitoring Also by well classification: Guide 51 Hydraulic isolation Annular pressure Injectivity Formation pressure X X X X XX X XX X

86 Verification Monitoring Builds on the operational monitoring programs with a focus on measurement and verification of geological storage objectives Intensity of verification monitoring (Low, Medium and High) based on risk/performance criteria. For example: LOW HIGH a deep injection horizon (saline aquifer) planned for low volume injection would not require observations wells or a shallow injection horizon planned for high volume injection would require multiple observation wells and detailed sampling

87 Environmental Monitoring Represents critical monitoring stage This stage invoked when verification monitoring indicates high probability of CO 2 seepage into biosphere. Environmental monitoring stage implemented when system response deviates significantly from expected behavior (CO 2 migrating or leaking in unexpected & unexplainable manner)

88 Phases of Monitoring Operational Low Risk Verification High Risk Environmental Seepage Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Leakage Aquitard Aquitard Aquitard Aquitard Horizontal & Lateral Migration Migration: Movement of CO 2 within injected horizon (within geosphere) Leakage: Movement of CO 2 beyond injected horizon through bounding seals (within geosphere) Seepage: Movement of CO 2 into biosphere (through wellbores or into potable water horizons)

89 Geological Storage of CO 2 Baseline & Monitoring Survey CO 2 Storage

90

91 Monitoring Periods Baseline During injection/production ( for 10 years) At beginning of storage period during pressure equilibration (for 100 years) Long term (form 100 to years)

92 Risk of Leakage Monitoring Frequency (MF) Baseline Injection Pressure Equilibration Long Term Storage Time Years MF (years) = 2 x (where x = 0,1,2.)

93 Monitoring Depth Reservoir Subsurface Surface Monitoring Techniques Baseline Aircraft Soil Gas Insitu Tracers 3D-Seismic Tilt Meter Pressure Insitu Tracers Logs Passive Seismic 3D-Seismic Passive Seismic X-Well Seismic Tilt Meter Pressure Insitu Tracers Logs Injection Aircraft Soil Gas Insitu Tracers 3D-Seismic Tilt Meter Pressure Insitu Tracers Logs Passive Seismic 3D-Seismic Passive Seismic X-Well Seismic Tilt Meter Pressure Injected Tracers Insitu Tracers Logs Injection Rates Pressure Equilibration Aircraft Soil Gas Insitu Tracers 3D-Seismic Tilt Meter Pressure Insitu Tracers Logs Passive Seismic 3D-Seismic Passive Seismic X-Well Seiemic Tilt Meter Pressure Injected Tracers Insitu Tracers Logs Time Years Long Term Storage Aircraft Insitu Tracers 3D-Seismic Tilt Meter 3D-Seismic Tilt Meter * Assumes wellbores are abandoned after 100 years

94 Project Risk Level Guidance on the establishment of a risk level for a given project will be provided Likely based on volumes injected versus reservoir pore volume (~ crude measure of region of influence) and depth of injection horizon Will also likely include other components of safety or risk assessment (environmentally sensitive area, near highly populated area, etc.)

95 Framework for Monitoring Plan CO 2 injection into coals, depleted oil/gas reservoirs and saline aquifers Establish low, medium and high risk project classifications Establish operational, verification and environmental monitoring levels Establish a suite of monitoring technologies for each stage of monitoring Establish frequency of monitoring based on temporal risk Effective and economic framework for existing and anticipated regulations

96

97 Source: Bob Mitchell Staging Storage Opportunities

98 Capture & Economic Analysis

99 CCS steps offer Innovation Power Plant Flue Gas (N 2 + CO 2 ) Opportunities Separation Compression Pipelining $ 30-50/t $ 8-10/t $ 0.7 4/t Per 100 km System Integration? Injection of Pure CO 2 $ 2-8/t Security & Added Value? Geological Formations

100 CO 2 Capture Technology Options Post-combustion capture Air Combustion Energy/ Power Flue Gas; 10-14% CO 2 CO 2 Capture Oxy-fuel combustion Coal Oxyfuel Combustion O 2 Energy/ Power Flue Gas; >80% CO 2 CO 2 Capture ASU Pre-combustion capture O 2 Gasification Syngas CO Shift >40% CO 2 CO 2 Capture H 2 Energy /Power Source: CETC, NRCan, 2005

101

102

103

104

105 CO 2 storage needs CO 2 supply - 4 CO 2 supply hubs in Alberta Fort McMurray Oil Sands Hub Fort Saskatchewan Multi-Industry Hub Red Deer/Joffre Petrochemical Hub Wabamun, west of Edmonton Electricity Generation Hub

106 Source: CANiCAP, 2005

107 Developmental Stages of an Oil Sands Emission Hub Source: CANiCAP, 2005

108 Staging a Multi-Industry Emission Hub Source: CANiCAP, 2005

109 Source: CANiCAP, 2005 Developmental Stages of a Petrochemical Emission Hub

110 Source: CANiCAP, 2005 Developmental Stages of a Electricity Emission Hub

111 Alberta/CAN: CO 2 Sources & Needs Total CO 2 Emissions 180,000 tpd (excluding Transportation) whereof 134,000 tpd from Coal Fired Power Plants High-purity CO 2 Sources 10,600 tpd Fertilizer Plants EO Plants Natural Gas Straddle Plants Oil sands 3 major oil pools estimated to need 11,500 tpd of CO 2 for EOR A springboard to a CO 2 pipeline? Source: Enbridge

112 Current CCS Activities

113

114

115 International Activities International Organizations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on CO2 Capture and Storage released in 2005 Framework Convention on Climate Change CDM office: CO 2 -EOR project moving through CDM registration process Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Collaboration on policy and technical issues (e.g. storage potential, capture technologies, measurement, monitoring and verification technologies 21 member nations International Energy Agency / GHG Programme Provide a central source of information on CO 2 Capture and Storage Research, Development and Demonstration (R, D & D); Promote awareness of the extent of R, D & D that is now underway; Facilitate co-operation between projects Carbon Capture Project (CCP) Public/private partnership to develop new breakthrough technologies to reduce the cost of CO 2 separation, capture, transportation and storage from fossil fuel streams by 50% for existing energy facilities and 75% for new energy facilities. Other initiatives led by EU nations, Australia

116 Canada/US Mechanisms US Regional Partnerships Alberta and Saskatchewan engaged in Plains Regional Partnership BC engaged in West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership FutureGen $1 billion industry/government partnership to design, build and operate a 275 megawatt coal gasification-based nearly emission-free, electricity and hydrogen production plant Canada International Test Centre for CO 2 Capture Perform R,D&D in select niche areas where Canada has natural advantages over other nations and develop technologies for use and export CANMET Energy Technology Centre Oxy-fuel combustion, coal gasification, looping combustion Canadian Clean Power Coalition Research, develop and demonstrate commercially viable clean coal technology Build a full-scale coal-fired demonstration plant by 2012 Canada CO 2 Capture and Storage Technology Roadmap

117 By - Stefan Bachu, AGS

118 Moving Innovation Forward Since step changes are required in innovation, government has to establish the environment that attracts innovation in CCS Just spending money on research does not necessarily result in commercialization Technology adoption can be facilitated by availability of incentives / penalties

119 Alberta Positioning Strong market signals for enhanced resource recovery and waste minimization Gasification technologies can allow province to utilize its plentiful coal, coke and bitumen resources Alternative to natural gas for hydrogen and electricity CO 2 -capture ready facilities Geological storage pilots helping prove enhanced recovery integrated with storage, monitoring technologies, economics, risk assessment techniques, ensure public acceptability CO 2 backbone pipeline Link CO 2 sources to EOR/ECBM sites Integrated systems Creation of industrial hubs/plexes for CO 2 source-sink matching

120 What is needed to accelerate the commercialization of CCS Innovation? Innovation in capture systems for CO 2 (see CANiCAP report, and roadmaps on CCS, Oil Sands & Clean Coal) Innovation in geological storage systems (see CANiSTORE report and CCS roadmap) A CO 2 backbone pipeline (see CANiCAP) Market signals that place value on CO 2 storage Reports and Roadmaps are available from the web site: