REGULATION OF UV DISINFECTION

Transcription

1 REGULATION OF UV DISINFECTION

2 UV DOSE DEFINITION

3 UV DOSE Design Requirement for UV are stated in terms of Dose UV Dose is equivalent to CT for chlorine CT = Residual concentration (mg/l) x Contact Time (minutes) UV Dose = UV Intensity (mw/cm 2 ) x Exposure Time (seconds)

4 UV DOSE DELIVERY Highly complex physical phenomena Dose delivery depends on: Reactor design hydrodynamics Flow rate UV transmittance of water UV intensity field within reactor (lamp output, lamp placement, aging, fouling) Microbe inactivation kinetics

5 NEUSTADT, ONTARIO CANADA TROJANUV SWIFT SC

6 NEW YORK CITY - TROJANUVTORRENT 2.2 USBGD = m³/hr 56 Reactors x 40 MGD each is m³/hr each 6

7 NEW YORK CITY - TROJANUVTORRENT One of the 4 buildings Shows 14 reactors 224 lamps per reactor mm flange 7

8 Low Dose Microbe Path (SC) Medium Dose Microbe Path High Dose Microbe Path 8

9 VALIDATED UV SYSTEMS UV Systems used to obtain credit must have undergone validation testing Validation must involve full-scale testing of a reactor of the same design UVGM presents the EPA s recommended protocol and acknowledges use of existing industry standard protocols Available validated system span a wide range of sizes from less than 10 gpm to more than 60 MGD per system

10 BIOASSAY VALIDATION Equipment design, reactor efficiency and performance varies with each manufacturer s reactor Bioassay validation is a safeguard to ensure the disinfection performance achieved by UV system is equal to, or better than, theoretical predictions of performance

11 BIODOSIMETRY DOSE DETERMINATION

12 12

13 BIODOSIMETRY DOSE DETERMINATION Perfect reactor, constant stirred tank reactor All fluid elements exposed to same amount of UV light All microbes exposed to same amount of UV light, all receive same dose Exposure time (i.e. dose) varied per sample to obtain log reduction vs. dose data points

14 BIODOSIMETRY DOSE DETERMINATION Step 1: Develop UV dose-response data under controlled laboratory conditions UV Lamp Sample Stirrer Viable Microbial Population Challenge Organism Dose Response Dose Collimated Beam Dose Response Curve

15 BIODOSIMETRY DOSE DETERMINATION Step 2: Inject challenge organism into full scale reactor to measure inactivation. Use organism from same culture. Organisms in (N o ) Organisms out (N) UV Reactor

16 BIODOSIMETRY DOSE DETERMINATION Step 3: Determine dose from data in Steps 1 and 2 Viable Microbial Population Challenge Organism Dose Response Level of inactivation of test organism in reactor Dose UV Dose delivered by the reactor, also known as the Reduction Equivalent Dose, or RED

17 BIOASSAY TEST CONDITIONS Vary UV Transmittance Vary flow rate Vary power levels Simulated end of lamp life Bioassay Dose (mj/cm2) UVT 95% UVT 90% UVT 85% UVT 80% UVT 75% Flow (US MGD)

18 UV VALIDATION PROTOCOLS/GUIDELINES German DVGW W294 Austrian ÖNORM USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance Manual ANSI NSF Standard 55 National Water Research Institute (NWRI) Guidelines

19 DVGW

20 DVGW W294 OVERVIEW UV-Disinfection devices for drinking water supply requirements & testing Independent test facilities Standard protocol Bioassay testing protocol, set-up, & requirements for pass Method of on-line control (sensor set point, Intensity Setpoint ) Requires specific type of UV sensors EOLL specified at 0.7

21 DVGW W294 OVERVIEW Hydraulics 90 degree elbow immediately ahead of reactor Organisms B. Subtilus to demonstrate dose of 40 mj/cm 2 Use characteristic points to encompass operating conditions Min & max flow Min & max UVT Min & max lamp power Maintain minimum sensor set point

22 DVGW DESIGN Design using curve at right to obtain a suitable UV system that will be able to maintain sensor set point Objective is to select a unit that will not drop below intensity set-point when installed at the WTP Application Range

23 DVGW BIOASSAY OPERATION System must maintain UV intensity above setpoint Setpoint varies with flow (shown) Measured UV intensity can drop as a result of: Permissible Operating Range UVT changes Lamp output decrease Fouling No UVT monitor required

24 DVGW CERTIFICATION

25 DVGW TEST FACILITY - GERMANY

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27 USEPA

28 USEPA UV VALIDATION PROTOCOL Multiple test facilities No standard protocol guidance only Bioassay testing protocol, set-up, & requirements Allows for multiple methods of on-line control Pros: Much more flexible and adaptive Potential to significantly reduce waterworks costs Cons: More complex to understand and implement

29 USEPA GRANDFATHERING OTHER PROTOCOLS The Austrian Standards ÖNORM M and M (2001 and 2003, respectively) and the German Guideline DVGW W294 (2003) specify UV reactor validation protocols. They both define measured flow rate, UV intensity, and lamp status for a Bacillus subtilis RED of 40 mj/cm2. Based on the approach recommended in this guidance manual, UV reactors certified by ÖNORM and DVGW for a B. subtilis RED of 40 mj/cm 2 can be granted 3-log Cryptosporidium and 3-log Giardia inactivation credit. Validation by NWRI/AwwaRF Guidelines and NSF Standard 55 should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis (NWRI/AwwaRF 2003, NSF 2004). Source: USEPA UV Guidance Manual, Page A3

30 PORTLAND TEST FACILITY UNITED STATES

31 UV VALIDATION AND TEST CENTER UNITED STATES

32 UVDGM REPORTS

33 UV DOSE REQUIREMENTS USEPA has established UV dose requirements to obtain disinfection credits as part of the LT2 Rule Similar to CT requirements in the SWTR Like Chlorine CT, UV dose requirements are dependent upon the: Target organism Log credit required

34 UV APPLICATIONS: DISINFECTION Average UV Dose Required for Inactivation (mj/cm 2 ) Pathogen Average UV Dose mj/cm 2 required to inactivate Pathogen 1-Log 2-Log 3-Log 4-Log Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts Giardia lamblia cysts Vibrio cholerae Shigella dysenteriae Escherichia coli 0 157:H Salmonella typhi Shigella sonnei Salmonella enteritidis Hepatitis A virus Poliovirus Type Coxsackie B5 virus Rotavirus SA

35 LOG INACTIVATION CREDITS AND UV DOSE The dose requirements in this table account for uncertainty in the UV dose response relationships of target pathogens Do not include the validation factor required by the USEPA UV Guidelines

36 LOG INACTIVATION CREDITS AND UV DOSE Add a Validation Factor to account for the following uncertainties: 1. The use of different organisms in test than the target (e.g. MS2 or T1 vs. Cryptosporidium, Giardia, virus) 2. Sensor response, bias 3. Uncertainty in data derived from the validation testing itself Validation Factors are pre-calculated for each reactor and will vary depending on: Every reactor configuration (# lamps) Test organism (MS2 & T1) Target organism (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Virus)

37 SIZING UVDGM CALCULATED DOSE APPROACH This approach uses a dose monitoring equation Resulting equation calculates UV dose based on the following parameters: 1. UV intensity (measured by a sensor) 2. The flow rate of water through the water treatment plant 3. UVT (i.e. the quality of feed water) 4. UV sensitivity of test microorganism

38 UV SYSTEM SIZING UVDGM NOMENCLATURE Required Dose D REQ IT Tables analogous to CT tables for Chlorine Published in LT2ESWTR and in UVDGM (Table 1.4) RED calc Calculated RED using equation developed during validation D val Validated Dose of the systems, includes Validation Factor (VF)

39 UV SYSTEM SIZING D VAL So what do I size for? D Dval D REQ val = RED VF calc RED D VF calc REQ

40 UV SYSTEM SIZING DVAL

41 UV SYSTEM SIZING DVAL

42 UV SYSTEM SIZING VALIDATION FACTOR VF U = BRED BPoly VAL B RED = RED Bias B Poly = Polychromatic Bias (used only if reactor has non-germicidal sensors) U VAL = Uncertainty of Validation

43 UV SYSTEM SIZING RED BIAS RED Bias (B RED ) VF U = BRED BPoly VAL Accounts for the use of surrogate organisms in the validation test that have a different UV sensitivity than the disinfection target Surrogates = MS2, T1, T7, QBeta Targets = Crypto, Giardia, or virus RED Bias values are tabulated in UVDGM (Appendix G) for a generic, worst case reactor and are determined by: 1. Sensitivity of challenge organism (dose per log inactivation) 2. UVT 3. Target organism & credits

44 DEFINITIONS Multi-organism validation: the use of multiple surrogates to define performance of a UV reactor Results in a sizing equation that is a function of organism sensitivity to UV light (D10, or dose per log reduction) Allows sizing with any surrogate (e.g. MS2 or T1) by inserting the sensitivity of that surrogate Bracketing Refers to sizing based on the sensitivity of the target organism E.g. Crypto has a sensitivity of 4 mj/cm 2 /log at 3-log inactivation (12 mj/cm 2 / 3 log inactivation) Allows the RED bias to be set to 1.0

45 UV SYSTEM SIZING RED BIAS RED Bias (B RED ) VF U = BRED BPoly VAL Can be set to 1 if the surrogates bracket the sensitivity of the target According to UVDGM Section 5.9.1: If validation testing is performed using two challenge microorganisms whose UV sensitivities bracket those of the target pathogen (i.e., one challenge microorganism is less resistant than the target pathogen and the other is more resistant than the target pathogen), the RED bias is equal to 1.0 (i.e., it can be corrected for, see Section for details)

46 BRACKETING PATHOGEN RESISTANCE Case 1: T1 and T7 bracket Cryptosporidium between 0.5- and 3.5- log reduction Case 2: T1 and MS2 bracket Cryptosporidium at 4.0- log reduction 1. 2.

47 UV SYSTEM SIZING - POLYCHROMATIC BIAS VF Polychromatic Bias (B Poly ) Accounts for sensor response to UV light outside the germicidal region Only applies to MP systems using polychromatic lamps If sensor is considered germicidal, then Bpoly = 1 Sensor response peaks between 250 and 280 nm, with less than 10% response > 300 nm Sensor must be located < 10 cm from UV lamp For all Trojan MP systems B poly = 1.0 U = BRED BPoly VAL

48 UV SYSTEM SIZING - VALIDATION UNCERTAINTY (U VAL ) VF U = BRED BPoly VAL U VAL = Validation Uncertainty Function of experimental uncertainty Quantitative value calculated based on how well test data adhered to QA/QC criteria

49 UV SYSTEM SIZING - VALIDATION UNCERTAINTY (U VAL ) Is U S > 10%? Is U DR > 15% using standard statistical methods? Yes No Is U DR > 15% using standard statistical methods? Yes No Yes No U Val = (U IN 2 + U S 2 ) 1/2 U Val = U IN U Val = (U IN 2 + U S 2 + U DR 2 ) 1/2 U Val = (U IN 2 + U DR 2 ) 1/2

50 UV SYSTEM SIZING - SENSOR UNCERTAINTY (U S ) Sensor Uncertainty (U S ) Uncertainty in the sensor response Based on reference sensor checks done during validation testing If U S < 10%, then it is omitted from the U VAL calculation S S duty Ref,avg 1 10%

51 UV SYSTEM SIZING - UNCERTAINTY IN DOSE RESPONSE (U DR ) Uncertainty in Dose Response (U DR ) Uncertainty associated with the collimated beam tests performed during the validation If U DR is < 15%, then it is omitted from the U VAL calculation

52 UV SYSTEM SIZING - UNCERTAINTY OF INTERPOLATION (U IN ) Uncertainty in Interpolation (U IN ) Is a measure of how well your RED Equation fits the bioassay data points

53 CALCULATED DOSE APPROACH Example: A water treatment plant requires a 3-log reduction of Crypto D REQ = 12 mj/cm 2 RED CALC = mj/cm 2 VF = 1.43 (from validation report) D VAL = / 1.43 = mj/cm 2 D VAL mj/cm 2 > D REQ 12 mj/cm 2

54 SYSTEM OPERATION IN SPEC/OFF-SPEC? DVGW Pass/fail Minimum intensity at flow rate EPA (Page 3-11, Section 3.5.2): The UV reactors are offspecification when any of the following conditions occur: The flow rate is higher than the validated range The UVT is lower than the validated range

55 SYSTEM SIZING TROJANUVSWIFT SC

56 SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE Flow: 220 m³/hr UVT: 80% DVGW USEPA MS2 = 40 mj/cm² USEPA 3log crypto MS2 USEPA 3log Crypto Bracketed

57 SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE Flow: 220 m³/hr UVT: 80% DVGW: SwiftSC D30 (231 m³/hr) USEPA MS2 = 40 mj/cm²: SwiftSC D12 (224 m³/hr, FF=0,9) USEPA 3log crypto MS2: SwiftSC D12 (255 m³/hr, FF=0,9) USEPA 3log Crypto Bracketed: SwiftSC D06 (220 m³/hr, FF=0,9)

58 NSF 55 A &B

59 NSF 55 A and B North American standards set for point-of use and point-ofentry systems (POU/POE). Rarely applied to municipal systems. Does not require evaluation of a validation factor. Class A Bioassay validated to deliver a dose of 40 mj/cm2. Designed for Cryptosporidium, Giardia and bacteria disinfection. Must also be equipped with a UV sensor. Class B Bioassay validated to deliver a dose of 16 mj/cm2. Designed for supplemental bacterial treatment

60 EUROPE

61 GENERAL DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS EC Council Directive 98/83/EC, November 1998, requires that Member States set standards to water intended for human consumption. Highlights included: 0 / 100 ml Coliform Bacteria 0 / 250 ml E.coli 0 / 250 ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa

62 HISTORY OF UV REGULATIONS IN EUROPE Austria was the first country to establish regulations for using UV to disinfect water ONORM 2001 (1996) Stated that ALL UV reactors must be validated to supply a minimum dose of 40 mj/cm 2 at all times Germany followed with the Deutscher Verein des Gas-und Wasserfaches (DVGW) Protocol in 1994 Like ONORM it stated that all UV rectors must be validated for a minimum 40 mj/cm2 dose. Must be validated using a specific surrogate organism B. subtilus Today, the 40 mj/cm 2 minimum dose established by DVGW and ONORM is the accepted required dose for treatment in many European countries

63 NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN REGULATIONS SUMMARY UVDGM (USEPA) North America Required UV dose determined by both the target contaminant and the level of disinfection required Key Advantages Allows for additional flexibility in disinfection requirements Leads to lower capital and O&M costs Europe Primarily ONORM/DVGW Minimum dose of 40 mj/cm 2 required at all times Key Advantages Conservative - ensures full treatment for wide variety of pathogens including rotavirus Easier to understand and implement

64 CHOOSING THE RIGHT UV SYSTEM FOR DISINFECTION OF MUNICIPAL DRINKING WATER

65 QUESTIONS TO ASK WHEN SELECTING A UV SYSTEM 1. What validation is required? (i.e. what would the regulatory jurisdiction require?) 2. What is your water source? Surface or groundwater? 3. What is your flow rate? 4. What is your target contaminant? 5. What is your priority: low energy or low maintenance? Both? 6. Do you expect to have fouling? 7. What is your UV transmittance?

66 UV LAMPS: HOW DO THEY WORK? 1. Power is applied to the lamp electrodes 2. Ionized gas conducts electricity 3. Mercury in lamp converts to a gaseous state 4. Mercury gas conducts electricity and completes circuit 5. Mercury excitation results in the release of UV photons

67 TYPES OF UV LAMPS Three (3) distinct types of UV lamps used for municipal drinking water applications Low-Pressure (LP) Low-Pressure, High-Output (LPHO) Medium-Pressure, High-Output (MP) Solo Lamp Characterized by the mercury vapor pressure inside the lamp, and the UV energy they produce

68 LOW PRESSURE AND LOW PRESSURE HIGH-OUTPUT LAMPS Low Pressure Lamps : Used in the B-series Low Pressure High Output: Used in the D-series Differentiated from TrojanUV Solo Lamp (more on these lamps later) Monochromatic spectral emission (single wavelength output at 254 nm) Variable output, 60 to 100 % Specifications: Guaranteed Lamp Life: hours EOLL: 0.98 Lamp Length: 58 Power Consumption: 250 W

69 LOW PRESSURE HIGH-OUTPUT LAMPS Absorbance Spectrum of DNA Emission Spectrum of LP and LPHO UV Lamps Wavelength of Light (nm)

70 MEDIUM PRESSURE LAMPS Polychromatic spectral emission Variable output capability 30 to 100 % Electrical efficiency: 12% to 17% Specifications: Lamp Life: 5,000 to 9,000 hours EOLL: Lamps Length: 12, 24, 30 Power Consumption: 2.9 kw, 9.1kW, 12.5 kw

71 MEDIUM PRESSURE LAMPS Absorbance Spectrum of DNA Emission Spectrum of MP UV Lamps Wavelength of Light (nm)

72 UV LAMP SUMMARY LOW PRESSURE LAMPS Low Energy Higher Efficiency More Lamps Required MEDIUM PRESSURE LAMPS High Energy Lower Efficiency Less Lamps Required UV users seek both high efficiency and low lamp count

73 SOLO LAMP DETAILS Lamps utilize Solo Lamp Technology High-efficiency low-pressure lamps The same lamp technology is used in the TrojanUVTorrent, the Trojan UVTelos, the TrojanUVSigna reactors Each lamp has an input of 500 W Nearly 2x more power than the previous LPHO lamp in the TrojanUVSwiftSC Fewer lamps required to meet dosage requirements

74 TROJANUVTELOS LAMP DETAILS Improved UV output per input power More UV energy is produced per watt. Therefore less power is required for disinfection Reduced overall energy costs compared to the previous TrojanUVSwiftSC EOLL = >0.86 Guaranteed Lamp Life = 15,000 hours LPHO lamp was guaranteed only to 12, hours Dimmability: 100% - 60% Power

75 TROJANUV SOLUTIONS FOR DRINKING WATER TrojanUV Solo Lamp High electrical efficiency Small-capacity reactor DVGW LP and LPHO Lamps Automatic mechanical wiping (optional) DVGW and USEPA validation Medium Pressure Lamps Compact (up to 30 flange) USEPA validation TrojanUV Solo Lamp High electrical efficiency Large-capacity reactor (48 flange) USEPA validation

76 ALL UV REACTORS HAVE SIMILAR BASIC COMPONENTS Control / Power Panel Interconnecting Cable UV Reactor

77 UV REACTOR COMPONENTS - CONTINUED 1. Stainless steel reactor chamber with flanges 2. UV lamps 3. Quartz sleeves 4. Cleaning system 5. UV sensors

78 UV LAMPS AND SLEEVES UV lamps produce germicidal UV energy Quartz sleeves house the UV lamps and protect them from water Quartz is used because it has a high UV transmittance

79 UV SENSORS Sensors are installed to monitor several parameters: UV Intensity Temperature Water level Types of intensity sensors: Duty sensors Reference sensors (used in calibration) Two possible sensor locations: Wall mounted (next slide) Internal (next slide)

80 WALL MOUNTED UV INTENSITY SENSOR (APPROVED BY DVGW)

81 INTERNALLY-MOUNTED UV INTENSITY SENSOR Installed in a similar way as a UV lamp Multiple viewing windows on sensors allows monitoring of multiple lamps

82 UV SYSTEM COMPONENTS CONTROL PANEL Function: 1. Power distribution 2. Houses drivers (ballasts) 3. Operator interface 4. Modem connection 5. SCADA connection

83 UV CONTROL PANEL COMPONENTS Drivers (ballasts) Control the amount of power transferred to UV lamps HMI (Human-Machine Interface) Local operator interface at the reactor Facilitates local control Provides operational information (lamp status, dose, etc.) PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) Automatically adjusts system performance based on information provided from sensors and other instruments (e.g. flow meter)

84 UV CONTROL PANEL - FRONT Disconnect Operator Interface

85 UV CONTROL POWER PANEL - OPEN Power Panel Control Panel PLC Communications & Discrete Contacts Electronic Ballasts

86 WHAT AFFECTS SYSTEM CHOICE?

87 WHAT AFFECTS SYSTEM CHOICE? UV VALIDATION Regulatory requirements may influence the choice of UV system Regulatory requirements vary by geography Different countries Different states/provinces/regions UV systems are validated for specific regulatory requirements Need validation according to EPA? Select TrojanUVSwift Select TrojanUVSwift SC Select TrojanUVTorrent Need DVGW? Select UVTelos Select TrojanUVSwift SC

88 WHAT AFFECTS SYSTEM CHOICE? SOURCE WATER Groundwater and Surface water tend to have different water quality Groundwater Tends to be relatively higher UVT Lower potential for fouling due to lower organics content Naturally filtered Regulatory requirements are often different (e.g. Groundwater Rule) Plants tend to be smaller, un-manned Surface Water Tend to be larger, manned facilities Tends to be relatively lower UVT Can have higher concentrations of organic matter that lead to higher fouling potential

89 WHAT AFFECTS SYSTEM CHOICE? TARGET CONTAMINANT Validated Treatment of: DVGW Bacteria Validated Treatment of: DVGW+USEPA Virus Bacteria Cryptosporidium Giardia Validated Treatment of: USEPA Bacteria Cryptosporidium Giardia Validated Treatment of: USEPA Virus Bacteria Cryptosporidium Giardia

90 WHAT AFFECTS SYSTEM CHOICE? FOULING POTENTIAL Each lamp is contained within a protective quartz sleeve: protects lamp from direct water contact Quartz: high UV Transmittance Surface of the quartz tubes can foul Sleeves should be cleaned regularly to ensure optimum disinfection Fouled Quartz Sleeve

91 MAINTAINING QUARTZ SLEEVES - FOULING Fouling can occur from deposition of material on the outside of the sleeve due to elements in the water Water quality parameters influencing fouling: Iron (site specific but concentrations as low as 150 ppb can lead to increased fouling) Calcium, magnesium, aluminum Other inorganics Organics Fouling is difficult to predict based on water quality data

92 MAINTAINING QUARTZ SLEEVES - FOULING Quartz sleeves need to be cleaned periodically in order to prevent fouling and maintain proper UV transmittance and system performance Methods of cleaning quartz sleeves include: 1. Manual (by hand) 2. Mechanical 3. Dual Action (Chemical-Mechanical) Manual sleeve cleaning involves taking the system offline, removing the lamps and sleeves and using chemicals and detergents to clean sleeves

93 MECHANICAL CLEANING Rubber wipers move along sleeves providing physical removal of organic material, algae and other constituents Cleaning occurs while system is online

94 DUAL ACTION CLEANING SYSTEMS - ACTICLEAN Combination of food grade cleaning gel and mechanical action Operates while disinfecting, minimizing the downtime Reduces power consumption Reduces the fouling factor for system validation (UVDGM) Available with TrojanUVSwift and TrojanUVTorrent systems

95 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS WATER QUALITY UV Transmittance (UVT) High UVT Low UVT The ratio of light entering the water to that exiting the water Typically expressed as a % through 1 cm of water

96 TYPICAL UV TRANSMITTANCE Treated Surface Water: 85 95% Untreated Surface Water: 50 95% Groundwater: 90 98% Secondary Wastewater: 50 70% Can be monitored using a bench-top or online UV transmittance monitor (e.g Trojan OptiView UVT monitor option) Reactor adjusts power level automatically according to UVT value

97 SHOULD I WORRY ABOUT ALGAE? Where chlorine is used in small amounts upstream (to prevent algae growth in filters, for example), algae promotion from UV is not expected Where there is no chlorine, visible light (also produced by MP UV lamps) can promote algae Mitigation: Use monochromatic lamp-based systems (reduced visible light generation) Periodic cleaning/chlorination Upstream process modification

98 LAMP AGING End-of-lamp-life (EOLL) value: the fraction of UV light emitted from aged lamps compared to the fraction emitted from new lamps Measured by a radiometer with lamp operated on a test stand Considered in design to ensure UV system performs throughout the lamp s life Typical values Medium pressure: Low pressure, high output:

99 TROJANUVSWIFT SC INSTALLATION AND OPERATION

100 TROJANUVSWIFT SC PLANT INSTALLATION Upstream pipe diameter requirements - USEPA USEPA recommends that all systems are installed with at least five pipe diameters of straight pipe upstream of UV reactor in order to ensure proper flow conditions Upstream pipe diameter requirements - DVGW DVGW does not require straight pipe upstream of installed reactor Regulator will make the decision as to what is required at site All TrojanUVSwift SC systems are validated with 90 elbow immediately upstream of reactor (DVGW and EPA validations) This along with the small reactor sizes potentially allow for a system to be installed in very confined spaces.

101 SYSTEM OPERATION Validation with BOTH the DVGW protocol and the USEPA protocol offers flexibility to meet: Monitoring requirements Dose requirements Demands for reduced energy Validation protocol requirements

102 SYSTEM OPERATION DVGW VALIDATION Operating a TrojanUVSwift SC based on DVGW validation means that the system operates according to an intensity setpoint UV sensors monitor UV intensity from lamps If intensity drops below a threshold an alarm sounds Advantages No UVT monitor required Simple operation Disadvantages Strong possibility of overdesign and overdosing for a particular situation Potential for wasted energy

103 SYSTEM OPERATION USEPA VALIDATION Operating a TrojanUVSwift SC can be done with calculated dose Calculated dose operation takes into account flow rate, UVT and UV intensity to calculate a UV dose Calculated dose is divided by validation factor to obtain validated dose Validated dose must be greater than required dose (e.g. 12 mj/cm 2 ) Advantages Prevents overdosing leading to energy and cost savings Disadvantages Requires active monitoring of several parameters Flow and UVT monitoring (UVT may be online or periodically entered)

104 SYSTEM OPERATION CONFIDENCE IN TREATMENT Regardless of how a system is operated, the operational interface on the front of the control cabinet provides up-to-date information on system performance Operator provided information on UV Intensity Flow Rate UVT RED

105 SYSTEM OPERATION CONFIDENCE IN TREATMENT Additional options to ensure proper system operation Optional dose pacing on D-series models maintains required dose using minimum energy The following Ethernet SCADA and plant connections are now available: - Ethernet I/P (Allen Bradley) - Modbus TCP/IP (Modicon) - ProfiNet (Siemens) Optional Modbus RTU RS485 Profibus DP

106 SCREEN SHOTS

107 Carrick on Shannon Validation? Power level? Dose/Intensity pace?

108 SYSTEM OPERATION - ALARMS Trojan systems warn operators when a reactor is functioning outside of normal parameters Critical alarms notify when dose is not being achieved Examples include: Low UV Intensity High Flow Rate End of Lamp Life Increased Temperature Low UV Dose Ballast Failure Low UVT SCADA Communication Alarms can be tailored to trigger a desired response (from simple notification to system shut down)

109 SYSTEM OPERATION USEPA OFF-SPECIFICATION The UVDGM describes off spec operation (Section 3.5.2) as: UV Intensity below setpoint (intensity setpoint approach) A flow rate higher than validated range A UVT lower than validated range (if calculated dose approach was used) D-series models validated according to USEPA alert operators when the system is operating off spec

110 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE TROJANUVSWIFT SC

111 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE - LAMPS B-Series LPHO lamps guaranteed lifetime of 12,000 hours Decreases frequency of replacement Simple change-outs, <5 min/lamp D-Series LPHO Amalgam lamps guaranteed lifetime of 16,000 hours End-of-Lamp-Life (EOLL) output third-party certified at 0.98 Energy and cost savings throughout lamp life

112 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE SLEEVE CLEANING Mechanical Wiping Manually-operated (optional on B- series) Automatic Mechanical wipers provide continuous sleeve cleaning during system operation Maintains required UV dose while using as little energy as possible Potentially increases design fouling factor leading to smaller system requirements

113 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE - SENSORS Sensors are a vital component of a UV system All sensors used in validation (DVGW and USEPA) and provided with purchased systems conform to the DVGW directive

114 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE - SENSORS Monthly: check duty sensors against a reference sensor Yearly: Send reference sensors to manufacturer to verify calibration