Fighting the Rising Tide: Diminished Septic System Performance Due to Climate Change
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1 Fighting the Rising Tide: Diminished Septic System Performance Due to Climate Change
2 Acknowledgements and Funding Funding: RI Agricultural Experiment Station USDA Hatch Multi-state Project NE-1045 URI Sea Grant URI Enhancement of Graduate Research Awards URI Undergraduate Research Awards Research Team: Jose Amador NRS Tom Boving GEO George Loomis NRS & NEOWTC Dave Kalen NRS & NEOWTC Ivan Morales Ph.D. student Undergraduate Helpers: Juliana DeLuca Ethan Sneesby Joshua Sargent Ian Rambo Rachel Naylor Faith Anderson
3 How We Treat Human Waste Wastewater Treatment Plants Septic Systems 75% U.S. population Monitored 25% U.S. population Not monitored
4 Distribution of OWTS in the United States U.S. - 25% RI 31% 10-25% 25-40% > 40%
5 The Problems Microorganisms: Bacteria Viruses Protozoan Worms Nutrients-N&P: Eutrophication Fresh P Coastal N Anoxia BOD: Low O 2 /Anoxia O 2 O O 2 2 O O 2 2
6 OWTS Drainfield Treatment Microorganisms: Predation Adsorption/ filtration Nutrients: Phosphorus Fe/Al hydroxides Adsorption/ precipitation Nitrogen Nitrification Denitrification BOD: Microbial degradation
7 Climate Change - Northeast Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013 report): 100 year predictions (Northeast) Sea levels rise 3-5 ft. Increased precipitation Elevated temperature 2-5 C Source : Consortium for Climate Risk in the Urban Northeast
8 Chronic Effects of Climate Change <1 OWTS function under elevated sea level / groundwater conditions Source: URI
9 [O 2 ] (mg/l) Physical Effects of Rising Temperature Climate change: less dissolved oxygen T ( o C)
10 Biological Effects of Rising Temperature Climate change: quicker C consumption Davidson et al. (1998)
11 The Experiment: How Will Climate Change Impact OWTS?
12 System 1. Primary Treatment 2. Drainfield WATER TABLE 4. Controls - timers 3. Shallow Drainfield Advanced System 2. Secondary treatment 1. Primary treatment
13 Intact Soil Mesocosms
14 Present Climate vs. Climate Change Advanced 77 cm 77 cm 46 cm Water Table Water Table Water Table 25 C 20 C
15 RESULTS
16 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Advanced P&S SND GEO BOD 5 (mg/l) BOD 5 (mg/l) BOD 5 (mg/l) Present 1 Climate Climate 2 Change 0.0 Present 1Climate Climate 2 Change 0.0 Present Climate Climate Change 1 2 Increased temperature likely speeds microbial C degradation
17 Fecal Coliform Bacteria Advanced 6 P&S 6 SND 6 GEO FC (CFU/100mL) 4 2 FC (CFU/100mL) 4 2 FC (CFU/100mL) Present Climate Climate Change Present Climate Climate Change Present Climate Climate Change Increased moisture likely diminished microbial attachment
18 MS2 Bacteriophage - Virus Advanced No virus in output water Present climate and climate change conditions For all drainfield types ph more important than wetter/hotter conditions Virus will have (+) charge at drainfield ph (~3.2) Aids in retention to ( ) charged soil particles
19 Total Nitrogen Advanced P&S SND GEO TN removal (%) TN removal (%) TN removal (%) Present Climate Climate Change Present Climate Climate Change Present Climate Climate Change Conv.: Increased moisture, more anoxia, more hetero. denit. Adv.: Temperature increased C degradation, limited hetero. denit.
20 Total Phosphorus Advanced P&S SND GEO TP removal (%) TP removal (%) TP removal (%) Present Climate Climate Change 20 Present 1 Climate Climate 2 Change 20 Present 1 Climate Climate 2 Change Increased moisture likely caused reduction/dissolution of metals allowed P mobilization
21 Technology Performance Mass of contaminants released from one year of operation 2.5e+8 Fecal Coliform Bacteria Present Climate Climate Change BOD CFU/100mL in output water 5.0e Advanced better fecal coliform bacteria Advanced Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus 0.5 Advanced better BOD and total P removal 6 mg TN/L in output water 2.0e+8 1.5e+8 1.0e Advanced kg/yr (FC in CFU/yr) in output water mg BOD/L in output water mg TP/L in output water and total N removal Advanced Advanced
22 Potential Mitigation Measures Organic carbon amendment (e.g. wood chips) Pre-treatment less reliance on soil
23 Summary Effects of Climate Change
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