Effect of agricultural and industrial wastes on the physicochemical properties of a sandy clay loam soil

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1 International Journal of Applied Agriultural Researh ISSN Volume 7, Number 3 (2012) pp Researh India Publiations Effet of agriultural and industrial wastes on the physiohemial properties of a sandy lay loam soil Eneje Roseta C 1, and Ifenkwe Innoent 1 1 Department of Soil Siene And Agro-limatology, Mihael Okpara University of Agriulture Umudike, Nigeria. hizma2001@ yahoo.om ABSTRACT The effets of agriultural and industrial wastes on soil physiohemial properties of a sandy lay loam soil in the Western farm of Mihael Okpara University of Agriulture Umudike (MOUAU) was onduted in the green house. Samples were olleted at a depth of 0-15m of soil and amended with agriultural wastes (poultry manure) and industrial wastes (palm oil mill effluents (POME), assava mill effluents (CME), and sawdust (SD)) at five appliation rates (0,100, 200, 300 and 400 grammes per 10kg soil). Eah treatment was repliated three times. Soil was inubated after waste appliation for six weeks and seleted physial and hemial properties were analyzed. Laboratory results were subjeted to analysis of variane using a 4 x 5 fatorial in ompletely randomized design. Signifiant treatment means were separated using F LSD Results indiate that the agriultural and industrial waste applied influened soil physiohemial properties, the level of effet varied with rate of appliation. Soil organi matter, soil and total nitrogen inreased with appliation of poultry manure, while the industrial wastes did not affet total nitrogen. Statistially, the palm oil mill effluent and saw dust had a signifiant effet on, total nitrogen, exhangeable aidity and bulk density, while assava mill effluent had signifiant effet only on total nitrogen at P<0.05. All the appliation rate of the agriultural waste had statistially signifiant effet on the soil (P<0.05). The highest rate of appliation of the wastes gave the best or highest effet on organi matter and soil. Generally, the agriultural waste gave the overall best performane on physio-hemial properties of the soil. Keywords: POME, industrial waste, saw dust, organi matter, aggregate stability

2 188 Eneje Roseta C and Ifenkwe Innoent INTRODUCTION Agriultural waste is a waste produed at agriultural premises as a result of agriultural ativity. Agriultural premises are defined in the agriultural At 1947 as land used for: hortiulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy growing, livestok breeding and keeping, poultry farm, grazing et. Agriultural wastes suh as poultry manure usually (fresh manure), ontains twie as muh nitrogen as other farm yard manure (Barth, 1985). Gilley and Risse, (2002) reported that organi matter ontrol, aggregation, infiltration, mirobial ativity, struture, water holding apaity and redue soil ompation and erosion. It also has a positive effets on soil struture, tilth, aeration, soil, ation exhange apaity and mirobial ativity (Bauer and Blak 1992). Industrial wastes are wastes produed by industrial ativities, suh as fatories, mills and mines. Some of these industrial wastes inlude; sawdust, assava mill effluent, and palm oil mill effluent, and reports (Olayinka and Adebayo 1985), indiate that sawdust impats good strutural attributes to soil properties due to its low surfae area as well as its low degradability due to high arbon and low nitrogen ontent, and ould ause nitrogen immobilization, depressed plant growth and yield and redue mirobial respiration. Therefore, this study examines the effets of agriultural and industrial wastes (Sawdust, assava mill effluent and palm oil mill effluent) on seleted soil physial and hemial properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY AREA The experiment was onduted at the green house of Mihael Okpara University of Agriulture Umudike, loated at a latitude of N and longitude E in the rainforest area of South east Nigeria. This area is haraterized by mean annual rainfall range of mm, temperature range of 32 0 C and 23 0 C for maximum and minimum temperature respetively and relative humidity of 63-80%. Umudike lies about 122m above sea levels (NRCRI, Umudike 2005). SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION Soil samples were olleted from the Western farm Mihael Okpara University of Agriulture Umudike, at dept of 0-15m using a spade. The samples were a air dried and sieved through a 2mm mesh sieve. Ten kilogram of the soil sample were weighed into plasti buket with a height of 22m and a diameter of 23.5m, a total of 60 plasti bukets were used. A omposite of three repliates was bulked and used for pre treatment analysis of seleted physio-hemial properties. WASTES USED FOR THE STUDY The agriultural wastes used was poultry manure olleted from Mihael Okpara University of Agriulture Umudike (MOUAU) poultry farm, while the industrial waste used were assava mill effluent(cme), palm oil mill effluent (POME) as well as sawdust. Sawdust was olleted from timber shade Umuahia while the effluents were olleted from the proessing entres in the loality.

3 Effet of agriultural and industrial wastes 189 APPLICATION OF THE WASTE The industrial and agriulture wastes were applied to a 10kg soil at five levels namely: 0g, 100g, 200g, 300g and 400g respetively. Eah treatment was repliated three times. The wastes were thoroughly mixed with the 10kg soil in the plasti bukets and moistened to field apaity. LABORATORY ANALYSIS Soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory for the following physio-hemial properties; Mehanial analysis (Partiles Size) was determined using the hydrometer method (Bouyouous, 1951), the texture lass was determined using the texture triangles. Bulk density was determined using the method of Anderson and Ingram (1993), soil aggregate stability was determined using the method as desribed by Kemper and Chepil (1965). The porosity was alulated from the bulk density values using the method of Vomoil (1965). The alulation was based on the assumption of 2.65 glm 3 partile density for mineral soils. The soil was measured eletronially with a glass eletrode meter in KCL using a soil, liquid suspension ratio of 1:2.5 as modified by Jones (2001). The organi arbon was determined using dihromate wet oxidation method (Walkley and Blak, 1934), the value for organi matter was obtained by multiplying the organi arbon values by (Van Bemmelen fator). Total nitrogen was determined using the miro kjeldahl method as modified by Bremmer and Mulvaney (1982), available phosphorus was determined using Bray II method (Bray and Kurtz 1945), an extrating solution (0.03N of NH4F and 0.25NHCL) was used to extrat P in the soil sample and the onentration of P in the soil sample extrat determined. Exhangeable aidity was determined using the method of Mlean (1965). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All the data olleted were subjeted to analysis of variane (ANOVA) using CRD, as outlined by Murray (1992) while the means were separated using the fisher s least signifiant differene (LSD) at 5% probability level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The result of the physio-hemial properties of the soil used before the experiment is presented in Table 1. The result showed that the soil is aidi with low organi arbon, organi matter and nitrogen ontent. The value is 4.92 with a high exhangeable aidity value of 2. 52, the textural lass of the soil is sandy lay loam. The hemial ompositions of the agriultural and industrial wastes used (Table 2) learly show that sawdust has the highest organi arbon or organi matter ontent followed by poultry manure, assava mill effluent and palm oil mill effluent. The poultry manure slightly inreased the and exhangeable aidity of the soil (Table 3), this improvement on soil and exhangeable aidity ould be as result of removal of Al 3+ from the soil exhange sites with addition of the ations as a result of organi matter deomposition. Improvements in soil organi matter were also

4 190 Eneje Roseta C and Ifenkwe Innoent reported by Eneje and Ukwuoma (2005) as a result of organi manure appliation. Other reports (Anikwe, 2000; Mbah and Mbagwu 2006). also indiate that agriultural waste amended soils have high organi matter ontent whih influenes the degree of aggregation and aggregate stability and the aggregate stability of soil orrelates positively with poly saharides (a omponent of organi matter), however, it takes massive appliation of agriultural waste to make substantial improvements in the stability of miro aggregates (Hu et al. 1995; Mbagwu and Ekwealor, 1990 and Oguike and Mbagwu (2001). It has been reported that the inorporation of agriultural waste inrease, soil hydrauli ondutivity in whih its effet and magnitude depends on the appliation rate (Eneje and Mbagwu, 2005.) The inreases in total nitrogen with appliation of the wastes is supported by the observations of Ano and Agwu (2006) that manures influene the level of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH + 4- N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO - 3-N) whih is the forms of nitrogen that is absorbed by plants through their roots, thus the wastes that improve the soil organi matter status exerts positive influene on soil nitrogen (Anikwe and Nwobodo, 2002). Also reports (Piolo and Mbagwu, 1997) explained that some exogenous substane like humi aid (HA) in industrial and muniipal wastes reats with the hydrophili groups of the HA or interat with the polyvalent ations present on the surfae of soil partiles to ause hanges in soil physial properties, thus industrial wastes espeially those of plant origin suh as saw dust have very omplex effets on soil suh as improving the air: water ratio, inreasing the exhange apaity of the soil, detoxifying some heavy metals, releasing hemial ompounds that stimulate root growth and the growth of soil miro and maro organisms and is of great benefit to the soil (Eneje and Ukwuoma, 2005; Mbah and Mbagwu 2006) Also inreases in soil and redution in exhangeable aidity by the effluent (Table 4) ould be as a result of the release of OH - ion more than H + from the effluent (Lallejee, 2000) inrease in soil and derease in exhangeable aidity ould also be as a result of mineralization whih breaks down the amino aid and nulei aid whih are forms of organi N 2. Statistially, the appliation of assava mill effluent on the soil had a signifiant effet (p<0.05) on the perent total nitrogen. Table 4 shows an inrease in soil, organi arbon and organi matter, and derease perent total nitrogen from 0.17 (ontrol) to 0.09 (300 grams of sawdust) and 0.12 (400 grams of SD) this ould be as a result of sawdust high ratio of arbon to nitrogen, this agrees with the report of Eneje and Ukwuoma (2005). Statistially, the soil at all the level of treatment exept ontrol, are not signifiantly different. Sawdust had a signifiant effet (p<0.05) on some physio- hemial properties like total nitrogen, bulk density,, exhangeable aidity et. when applied to the soil. The appliation of POME on soil (Table 6) influened some of soil physio-hemial harateristis suh as in organi matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and porosity, this agrees with the observation of Mantzavinos and Kalogerakis, (2005). POME effet on the with respet to treatment rates exept for ontrol, were not signifiantly different, however POME signifiantly affeted soil, organi matter, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, exhangeable aidity and bulk density (P<0.05) of the soil.

5 Effet of agriultural and industrial wastes 191 CONCLUSION This study indiated that the agriultural wastes performed better than the industrial wastes in improving the physiohemial properties studied, there was a linear relationship between the rate of appliation of the agriultural wastes and the level of improvement in the soil properties, while an inverse relationship was observed between the rate of appliation of the industrial wastes and their effets on soil physiohemial properties. The industrial effluents resulted in inreases in soil and redution in exhangeable aidity of study soil beause these effluents had more OH - ion than H + ions. Generally the agriultural waste gave the highest improvements on the seleted physiohemial properties ompared to the industrial waste. Table 1: Physio-Chemial haraterization of the soils used for the study Properties Values Sand % Silt % Clay % Textural lass Sandy lay loam (SCL) (H 2 0) 4.92 (KCL) 4.71 Organi arbon % Organi matter % Available phosphorus (ppm) Total nitrogen % 0.19 Exhangeable aidity (Cmol+/kg) 2.52 Table 2: Chemial omposition of wastes used for the study. Properties and ompositions P.M S.D CME POME Organi arbon Organi matter Total nitrogen PH (H 2 0)

6 192 Eneje Roseta C and Ifenkwe Innoent Table 3: Effets of Poultry Manure (PM) on physio-hemial properties of the Soil P.M 0 Gra ms 100 Gra ms 200 Gra ms 300 gra ms 400 gra ms Partile size Sand Silt Clay % % % (H 2 0) 5.22 C a 6.07 b (k l) O. M 1.30 L 1.96 g a 2.62 b Ava il P (pp m) Tot al N (% ) E.A (Cmol /kg) A. S b 7. 4 L e 3. 1 f g i 2. 0 a 1 b j 0. 8 b 3 a B.D (g/ m3) Porosit y 1.83 e d b b 24.2 LSD(0.05) Keys: O.M = organi matter, Avail. P = Available phosphorous E.A = Exhangeable Aidity, A.S = Aggregate stability B.D = Bulk density, P = Porosity, Parameter values with the same subsript letter are not signifiantly different.

7 Effet of agriultural and industrial wastes 193 SD (gra ms) Table 4: Effet of Sawdust (SD) on physio -hemial properties of the Soil Partiles size Sand Silt Clay % % % (H 2 0) p H (k l) O. M Avai Tot l.p al (pp N m) lk L m k j E.A (mol /kg) A. S B.D (g/ m3) Poros ity b L e f f g d h h h b I f gh a k f 32.8 d f 50 LSD(0.05) Keys: O.M = organi matter, Avail. P = Available phosphorous E.A = Exhangeable Aidity, A.S = Aggregate stability B.D = Bulk density, P = Porosity, Parameter values with the same subsript letter are not signifiantly different TABLE 5: Effet of Cassava Mill Effluent (CME) on physi-hemial properties of the soil CM E (ml ) Partile of size Sand Silt Clay % % % (H 2 0 ) (k l) O.M Avai l P (ppm ) 32.0 Tota l N E.A (mol/ kg) B.D g/m 3 Porosi ty b 1.83 e L 5 L 0.17 d b 1.80 e m 0 L 0.20 b f j b 1.75 g l 0.16 de k b 1.71 h j 0.15 e I b 1.81 e h 0.09 g f LSD(0.05) Keys: O.M = organi matter, Avail. P = Available phosphorous E.A = Exhangeable Aidity, A.S = Aggregate stability

8 194 Eneje Roseta C and Ifenkwe Innoent B.D = Bulk density. Parameter values with the same subsript letter are not signifiantly different PO ME (ml) TABLE 6: Effet of POME on physio-hemial properties of the soil Partiles size Sand Silt Clay % % % (H 2 0 ) (K l) O.M Ava il P (pp m) Tot al N E.A mol/ kg A. S b 7. 4 L 7 d n b 4. 4 g 0 b e d 4. 4 d 6 de B.D g/ m 3 Poros ity % L 1.83 e ml n e ml f l ml m j ml e k LSD(0.05) Keys: O.M = organi matter, Avail. P = Available phosphorous E.A = Exhangeable Aidity, A.S = Aggregate stability B.D = Bulk density. Parameter values with the same subsript letter are not signifiantly different REFERENCES [1] Anderson, JM, Ingram JSI (1993). Tropial Soil Biology and Fertility. A Handbook of Method. 2 nd Ed. CAB int. UK. Pp 221. [2] Anikwe, MAN (2000). Amelioration of a heavy lay loam soil with rie husk and its effet on soil physial properties and maize yield. Bioresoure Tehnology 74: [3] Anikwe, MA.N, Nwobodo KCA (2002) Long term effet of Muniipal waste disposal on Soil Properties and Produtivity of Sites used for Urban Agriulture in Abakaliki, Nigeria Biores tehnol 83: [4] Ano, AO, Agwu JA (2006) Effet of Animal manures on Seleted Soils, properties (II) Nitrogen Potassium and Phosphorus. Nigeria Journal of Soil Siene. Vol. 16. [5] Barth, CL. (1985) Livestok haraterization A new approah in agriultural waste utilization and management Trans ASAE 4 (2), [6] Bauer, A, Blak AL. (1992) Organi arbon effets on available water apaity of three soils texture groups. Soil Siene Soiety. Amer. J. 56:

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