Ammonia bottoming cycle project. Franck David EDF R&D
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1 Ammonia bottoming cycle project Franck David EDF R&D
2 EDF nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants : 58 plants + EPR Flamanville 19 nuclear sites 58 plants 2 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
3 EDF s water needs Water needs and consumption Water needs : 25 g / Kwh River only Needs : 15 g/kwh Evap : 0,45 g/kwh domestic Industry Agriculture electricity Surface water underground water 3 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
4 Binary Cooling System Review of EDF s CYBIAM Project (Cycle Binaire Ammoniac) Binary cycle overview Experiments with the CYBIAM pilot Economical studies Modelling the cycle Discussion *Based on review of documents available at EDF 4 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
5 Motivation for the R&D program Context in France at the end of the 70th An increase in electrity demand was expected Reduction of investment costs larger Units Mwe major Limitation : sizes of the turbines limitation with «direct cooling» capacities Aim : To reduce turbine size by changing steam with a more dense vapor in the lowest pressure stages 5 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
6 The H2O/NH3 cycle 80% PN 20% PN The lowest pressure turbine stages in the vapor cycle and steam condenser are replaced with a NH3 cycle Threespecificcomponents : Condenser/boiler NH3 turbine Dry cooling system (Air cooled condenser)d for 450mbar 6 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
7 Fluid selection NH3 was selected among a lot of potential candidates condensation at a higher pressure than external (ambiant) pressure freezing Temp lower than any expected ambient Tre relatively high critical point «Good» thermal hydraulic parameters high heat capacity (latent heat) High density of vapor at ambient temperature Cost and availability Risk and operation Tre (35 C) H20 R11 R12 NH3 Psat (bar) 0,056 1,49 8,46 13,5 V vap (m 3 /kg) 25,3 0,12 0,021 0,096 L=Hv-Hl (kj/kg) EPRI ACT project used (on cooling technology) selected NH3 7 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
8 Additional advantages No water needs (dry cooling) Meet a general issue if limited cooling capacity on french rivers Larger choice for Plant constructions Extra power supply capability compared to steam cycle Expected gain of efficiency : 0,45% / C in winter (cold Temp.) Binary cycle Steam/water cycle Design point Power enhancement factor / ambient temperature 8 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
9 Historic of the studies at EDF : Preliminary studies : technical issues Assesment of NH3 / no dissociation risks / heat exchange coefficient Construction of a small pilot plant 600 kw and tests and Economical studies Including Cycle modelling Contract with manufacturers / help from EDF Engineering Division Value of electricity produeced during winter : Pilot CYBIAM (CYcle BInaire à AMoniac) Pilot experiment of 22MWe Construction : Operation and testing July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
10 The Cybiam experiment feedback Main features of the experiment 22 Mwe Heat suply : 400 C et 18bars Air cooled condenser Technical aspects Production of relevant and validated results / comparison with modelling Know-how on NH3 risk managment Operation : no particular difficulties for operating the 2 cycles The gain of power during cold days has been (more or less) demonstrated Main difficulties Pump of NH3 (rapid degradations) as vapor can be entrained prenvented by additional cooling system 10 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
11 Economic studies (ref. year 1989) 1/3 Economic studies include 3 main lines Research / Development Investment Costs Exploitation expected returns 1 R & Development Costs (1989!!!) MF M 500 MF (75 M ) for development and for operating Cybiam An intermediate step 250 Mwe is requiered (estimation 40 M ) But : the Cybiam mock up has been dismantled and technical know-how has partially disapeared 11 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
12 Economic studies (ref. year 1989) 2/3 2 Investment Costs (compared with 1300 Mwe) Two major factors of uncerntainties Dry cooling system (air cooled condenser of NH3) (textile + natural draft) Gain due to reduction of buildings for Turbine (reduction factor : 4) More recent informations would requiere to ask manufacturer Estimated costs (MF) 1300MW 1300MW Bin Diff Turbine (-33%) Cond/boiller (+120%) CT/ACC (+130%) Buildings (-70%) -22 (3,3 M ) 12 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
13 Economic studies (ref. year 1989) 3/3 3 Operation Value of extra power was evaluated in a french (80 s) context 0,45% / C Gain of 1000MF (150M ) through the life of 1 Unit 1300 MWe If cold Tre are available Uncertainties Disponibility of the Unit operating with NH3 : 0,8 / 0,85(H20) Evolution of turbine capabilities (?) Conclusion after 15 years of R&D In 1990 : number of expected future plants were very little Potential Interest for a minimun of 3 Units R&D effort was stopped (more than 330 documents in reference) 13 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
14 Current simulations with Thermoptim (1/3) Objectives Better understanding of the system / in addition to the review Capacity to reproduce efficiency of a plant Evaluate the interest of using Thermoptim Thermoptim Tool Capacity to model and design thermodynamic cycles Optimisation capabilities / Library of numerous fluids Helpfull for «pre design» 14 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
15 Simulations (2/3) EPR plant EPR plant combined with Binary bottoming cycle Sensitivity to low steam pressure Sensitivity to exchangers pinch Sensitivity to ambiant temperature Comparison with wet or dry cooling 15 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
16 Simulations (3/3) EPR plant Power delivered / steam turbine backpressure Puissance fournie Débit NH Puissance (MW) % débit (kg/s) Pression de coupure (mbar) pression de coupure (mbar) Power delivered / air temperature Puissance fournie Pression aval turbine BP puissance (MW) Température éxterieure (C) Pression (bar) 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, Température Exterieure (C) 16 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
17 Conclusion As a conclusion Previous studies at EDF show the interest of the binary cycle It is difficult to get more accurate information on costs (how to extrapolate?) Technical know how is partially lost (but experiments are well documented) The context has changed : the system is economicaly interesting and needs no water there is an increase in Plant developments (scaling factor) Next possible steps Assesment of costs with current and actual values Combining the H2O/NH3 cycle with heat transfer improvments tested at Kern Station (25 years ago) opportunity to engaged new pilot?? 17 July 8th and 9 th 2008 EPRI Workshop on Advanced Cooling Technology July 8th and 9 th 2008
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