CENTRAL APPALACHIA PROSPERITY PROJECT

Transcription

1 CENTRAL APPALACHIA PROSPERITY PROJECT Phase I Objective 1: Collect existing research and information instructive for Appalachia Prepared by: Rory McIlmoil, Evan Hansen, Anne Hereford, Fritz Boettner Downstream Strategies 219 Wall Street Morgantown, WV Prepared for: Bill Becker School of Public Affairs University of Colorado Denver P.O. Box Campus Box 142 Denver, CO Photo credits: Vivian Stockman (mountain top removal site) and Evan Hansen (wind turbines and river). July 24, 2009

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION RELEVANT DEMOGRAPHIC/CENSUS DATA PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, AND GEOGRAPHY FACTS FOR WEST VIRGINIA AND ITS MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL COUNTIES UNEMPLOYMENT IN WEST VIRGINIA COUNTIES WAGES IN WEST VIRGINIA COUNTIES COAL EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES, EMPLOYEES, AND WAGES IN WEST VIRGINIA LABOR AND UNEMPLOYMENT ACROSS CAPP STATES POVERTY ACROSS CAPP STATES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION COUNTY ECONOMIC LEVELS IN CAPP STATES INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS AND/OR DATA SHOWING RAIL, HIGHWAY, ELECTRICITY, WATER, AND OTHER CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WIND MAPS, INCLUDING IDENTIFYING GAPS IN RESOURCE MAPS, ISSUES WITH EXISTING MAPS, AND COST ESTIMATES FOR FINER SCALE REGIONAL WIND MODELING AND ENERGY POTENTIAL BACKGROUND GAPS/ISSUES WITH EXISTING WIND RESOURCE MAPS RESEARCH NEEDS CONCLUSION ANEMOMETERS REFERENCES AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND CLIMACTIC CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR METHANE, BIOMASS, AND ENERGY CROPS BIOMASS RESOURCES IN WEST VIRGINIA AND CAPP STATES AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES WOOD RESIDUES DEDICATED ENERGY CROPS PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE IN WEST VIRGINIA REFERENCES EXISTING MANUFACTURING PLANTS THAT CAN MAKE COMPONENTS FOR GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND GENERAL REQUISITES/INCENTIVES FOR ATTRACTING INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPERS TO THE REGION BACKGROUND EXISTING MANUFACTURING WITH POTENTIAL TO MAKE RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPONENTS INCENTIVES AND POLICIES TO DRIVE GROWTH OF GREEN MANUFACTURING REFERENCES EXISTING GREEN INDUSTRIES AND EXISTING GREEN JOBS DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REGION: TRAINING PROGRAMS, ADVOCACY AND POLICY GROUPS BACKGROUND THE PEW STUDY ADVOCACY/NON PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS TRAINING PROGRAMS SUPPORT/NETWORKING DEVELOPMENT/INSTALLATION GREEN INDUSTRY INDUSTRIAL WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN WEST VIRGINIA REFERENCE ii

3 8. THE NEED FOR AND EXISTING MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL/LAND RESTORATION AND REMEDIATION, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR JOB CREATION IN A RESTORATIVE INDUSTRY THE POTENTIAL FOR ADDITIONAL VALUE ADDED OPPORTUNITIES EXISTING RETAIL AND ESSENTIAL SERVICES AND PROXIMITY TO TARGET DEVELOPMENT CENTERS AVAILABLE AND RELEVANT PUBLIC OPINION SURVEYS ON QUALITY OF LIFE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (ESPECIALLY AS RELATED TO COAL), AND MINING PRACTICES STRATEGIES AND MODELS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIAL (SMALL AND LARGE SCALE) ROADBLOCKS TO ECONOMIC TRANSITION INCLUDING POVERTY, LAND OWNERSHIP, EDUCATION CONSOLIDATION, LACK OF OR MISDIRECTED FUNDING, COUNTY LEVEL INEFFICIENCIES, HIGHER HEALTH COSTS POLITICAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EDUCATION REGULATION GEOGRAPHY RELIGION iii

4 TABLE OF TABLES Table 1: People, businesses, and geography: West Virginia... 3 Table 2: People, businesses, and geography: Boone County... 4 Table 3: People, businesses, and geography: Clay County... 5 Table 4: People, businesses, and geography: Fayette County... 6 Table 5: People, businesses, and geography: Kanawha County... 7 Table 6: People, businesses, and geography: Logan County... 8 Table 7: People, businesses, and geography: McDowell County... 9 Table 8: People, businesses, and geography: Mingo County Table 9: People, businesses, and geography: Nicholas County Table 10: People, businesses, and geography: Raleigh County Table 11: People, businesses, and geography: Wayne County Table 12: People, businesses, and geography: Wyoming County Table 13: West Virginia labor force statistics, annual and monthly comparison Table 14: West Virginia average annual wages by county, Table 15: West Virginia coal related direct industrial employment, fourth quarter Table 16: West Virginia coal mining employment figures from various sources Table 17: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for West Virginia counties Table 18: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Kentucky counties Table 19: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Virginia counties Table 20: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Tennessee counties Table 21: Alternative measures of labor underutilization for CAPP states, Table 22: Poverty in West Virginia counties Table 23: Poverty in Kentucky counties Table 24: Poverty in Virginia counties Table 25: Poverty in Tennessee counties Table 26: Educational attainment in West Virginia, age 25 years and over, Table 27: Educational attainment in West Virginia counties, ages years, Table 28: Criteria for county economic levels of the Appalachian Regional Commission, FY Table 29: Number of counties in Appalachian states per economic level in FY06, by state Table 30: County economic status in West Virginia, FY Table 31: County economic status for ARC counties in Kentucky, FY Table 32: County economic status for ARC counties in Virginia, FY Table 33: County economic status for ARC counties in Tennessee, FY Table 34: Wind potential in West Virginia Table 35: Estimated biomass resources in CAPP states (thousand tonnes/year) Table 36: West Virginia s biomass resources (thousand dry tons/year) Table 37: Mill residue uses in West Virginia in Table 38: West Virginia manufacturing potential to support the wind, solar, and biomass industries Table 39: Populations of cities, towns, and census designated places in southern West Virginia located more than 20 miles from large cities Table 40: Existing retail and essential services in the vicinity of Whitesville and Sylvester iv

5 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: June 2009 unemployment in West Virginia counties Figure 2: County economic status in Appalachia, FY Figure 3: West Virginia coal resources Figure 4: West Virginia electrical features Figure 5: West Virginia electrical features with wind classes Figure 6: West Virginia transportation features Figure 7: West Virginia wind speeds at 70 meters height with 200 meter resolution Figure 8: West Virginia wind speeds at 50 meters height with 200 meter resolution Figure 9: Wind resources on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia, with 90 meter resolution, 80 meter hub height.. 66 Figure 10: West Virginia average annual precipitation Figure 11: West Virginia average annual temperature Figure 12: West Virginia average maximum temperature Figure 13: West Virginia average annual minimum temperature Figure 14: Potential renewable sector manufacturing jobs by county population classification Figure 15: Zip codes used for essential services analysis Note: Many portions of this document were cut and pasted directly from government documents, Web pages, and other sources. Due to the length of this report, direct quotations have not been placed within quotation marks. However, sources are clearly noted. v

6 1. INTRODUCTION The Central Appalachia Prosperity Project (CAPP) is a one year privately funded initiative to create a plan for the region s transition to a clean energy economy built on green jobs and industries, healthy communities, protection of natural resources, and restoration of assets that have been depleted or damaged by past activities. Modeled loosely on the Presidential Climate Action Plan, the CAPP plan will contain detailed recommendations for changes in federal, state, regional, and local policies and programs to help the region accomplish this transition. This report contains partial results for Phase I, the gathering of data and information and the identification of additional research needs. Phase I has six objectives: 1. Collect existing research and information instructive for Appalachia; 2. Identify and engage with key stakeholder groups; 3. Identify federal, state, and local funds, programs, and policies that can help Appalachia transition toward a green economy; 4. Identify and characterize local, state and regional agencies with influence over economic development and energy policy; 5. Identify potential investors and project developers; and 6. Identify data gaps and frame research questions. This report includes results for Phase I, Objective 1. Future CAPP phases will perform new research and analysis, draft policy recommendations, generate outreach materials and information, and implement the recommendations. 1

7 2. RELEVANT DEMOGRAPHIC/CENSUS DATA A variety of demographic and census data are presented for West Virginia, and a subset of these data are presented for all four CAPP states, including Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. 2.1 People, businesses, and geography facts for West Virginia and its mountaintop removal counties 2

8 Table 1: People, businesses, and geography: West Virginia Information West Virginia USA People Population, 2008 estimate 1,814, ,059,724 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 8.0% Population estimates base (April 1) ,808, ,424,602 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 6.9% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 24.5% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 12.6% Female persons, percent, % 50.7% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 94.6% 80.0% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 3.5% 12.8% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.2% 1.0% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.7% 4.4% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z 0.2% Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 1.6% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 1.1% 15.1% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 66.0% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 63.3% 54.1% Foreign born persons, percent, % 11.1% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 17.9% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 80.4% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 24.4% Persons with a disability, age 5+, ,781 49,746,248 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,901,934 Homeownership rate, % 66.2% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 26.4% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $72,800 $119,600 Households, , ,480,101 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $37,057 $50,740 Per capita money income, 1999 $16,477 $21,587 Persons below poverty, percent, % 13.0% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 7,601,160 Private nonfarm employment, , ,917,165 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 5.1% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 20,768,555 Total number of firms, ,087 22,974,655 Black-owned firms, percent, % 5.2% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, % 0.9% Asian-owned firms, percent, % 4.8% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, % 0.1% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, % 6.8% Women-owned firms, percent, % 28.2% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 18,911,332 3,916,136,712 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 10,924,279 4,634,755,112 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 16,747,900 3,056,421,997 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $9,277 $10,615 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 1,974, ,498,718 Building permits, ,795 1,398,414 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 17,066,594 2,536,629,405 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) 24, ,537, Persons per square mile, FIPS Code 54 Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 3

9 Table 2: People, businesses, and geography: Boone County Information Boone County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 24,977 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,535 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 98.20% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.80% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.10% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.50% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 66.40% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $63,700 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $35,654 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $14,453 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) NA 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 156,269 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $6,088 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 9,623 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 190,438 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code 5 54 Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Charleston, WV Metro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Boone County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 4

10 Table 3: People, businesses, and geography: Clay County Information Clay County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 10,075 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,330 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 98.00% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.80% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) Z 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) 0.00% Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.40% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 66.00% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $55,600 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $28,630 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $12,021 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 Total number of firms, ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, 2002 S 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) NA 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 36,474 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $3,508 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 1,316 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 72,662 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Charleston, WV Metro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Clay County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 5

11 Table 4: People, businesses, and geography: Fayette County Information Fayette County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 46,341 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,579 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 92.80% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 5.10% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.30% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.60% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.80% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 63.70% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $50,800 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $30,312 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $13,809 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,792 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 207,735 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 352,540 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $7,477 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 32,242 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 411,728 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Oak Hill, WV Micro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Fayette County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 6

12 Table 5: People, businesses, and geography: Kanawha County Information Kanawha County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 191,018 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,076 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 89.30% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 7.80% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.40% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 1.10% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 1.40% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 62.70% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $80,700 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $40,931 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $20,354 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,723 40,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,955 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 S 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, % 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 2,317,389 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 2,883,675 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 2,648,190 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $13,504 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 334,019 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 2,394,475 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Charleston, WV Metro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Kanawha County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 7

13 Table 6: People, businesses, and geography: Logan County Information Logan County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 35,525 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,710 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 96.20% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 2.70% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.10% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.40% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.60% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 69.00% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $62,500 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $32,251 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $14,102 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,272 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 81,263 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 143,786 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 432,841 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $11,695 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 29,221 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 356,864 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area None Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Logan County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 8

14 Table 7: People, businesses, and geography: McDowell County Information McDowell County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 22,707 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,329 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 87.80% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 11.20% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.10% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.60% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 75.70% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $22,600 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $21,903 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $10,174 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 Total number of firms, ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 S 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) NA 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 106,823 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $4,099 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 5,282 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 445,440 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area None Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: McDowell County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 9

15 Table 8: People, businesses, and geography: Mingo County Information Mingo County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 26,352 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,253 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 96.30% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 2.40% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.30% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.50% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 72.10% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $61,100 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $30,139 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $12,445 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) NA 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 46,429 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 124,854 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $4,502 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 10,930 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 261,305 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area None Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Mingo County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 10

16 Table 9: People, businesses, and geography: Nicholas County Information Nicholas County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 26,137 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,562 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 50.90% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 98.70% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.30% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.60% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 68.30% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $60,100 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $38,813 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $15,207 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,307 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 158,706 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 56,121 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 267,385 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $10,136 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 25,984 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 198,687 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area None Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Nicholas County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 11

17 Table 10: People, businesses, and geography: Raleigh County Information Raleigh County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 79,357 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,220 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 89.90% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 8.20% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.90% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 1.10% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 62.40% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $69,800 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $37,261 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $16,233 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,913 40,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,619 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, % 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, % 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 158,601 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 918,983 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $11,596 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 111,314 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 766,301 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Beckley, WV Micro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Raleigh County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 12

18 Table 11: People, businesses, and geography: Wayne County Information Wayne County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 41,082 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,903 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 98.50% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.30% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.20% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.30% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) Z Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.60% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 66.90% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $70,900 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $36,298 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $14,906 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,737 89,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) 304,587 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) 128,372 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 216,673 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $5,106 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 14,915 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 316,777 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area Huntington Ashland, WV KY OH Metro Area Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Wayne County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 13

19 Table 12: People, businesses, and geography: Wyoming County Information Wyoming County West Virginia People Population, 2008 estimate 23,534 1,814,468 Population, percent change, April 1, 2000 to July 1, % 0.30% Population estimates base (April 1) ,708 1,808,345 Persons under 5 years old, percent, % 5.80% Persons under 18 years old, percent, % 21.40% Persons 65 years old and over, percent, % 15.50% Female persons, percent, % 51.00% White persons, percent, 2007 (a) 98.30% 94.60% Black persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.90% 3.50% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.10% 0.20% Asian persons, percent, 2007 (a) 0.10% 0.70% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2007 (a) 0.00% Z Persons reporting two or more races, percent, % 0.90% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2007 (b) 0.60% 1.10% White persons not Hispanic, percent, % 93.60% Living in same house in 1995 and 2000, pct 5 yrs old & over 75.20% 63.30% Foreign born persons, percent, % 1.10% Language other than English spoken at home, pct age 5+, % 2.70% High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, % 75.20% Bachelor's degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, % 14.80% Persons with a disability, age 5+, , ,781 Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, Housing units, , ,685 Homeownership rate, % 75.20% Housing units in multi-unit structures, percent, % 12.00% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2000 $47,400 $72,800 Households, , ,481 Persons per household, Median household income, 2007 $30,762 $37,057 Per capita money income, 1999 $14,220 $16,477 Persons below poverty, percent, % 17.10% Businesses Private nonfarm establishments, ,566 Private nonfarm employment, , ,196 Private nonfarm employment, percent change % 4.50% Nonemployer establishments, ,839 Total number of firms, , ,087 Black-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.30% American Indian and Alaska Native owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.40% Asian-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 1.10% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.00% Hispanic-owned firms, percent, 2002 F 0.60% Women-owned firms, percent, % 27.70% Manufacturers shipments, 2002 ($1000) NA 18,911,332 Wholesale trade sales, 2002 ($1000) D 10,924,279 Retail sales, 2002 ($1000) 127,124 16,747,900 Retail sales per capita, 2002 $5,096 $9,277 Accommodation and foodservices sales, 2002 ($1000) 9,674 1,974,851 Building permits, ,795 Federal spending, 2007 ($1000) 203,858 17,066,594 Geography Land area, 2000 (square miles) , Persons per square mile, FIPS Code Metropolitan or Micropolitan Statistical Area None Source: US Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts: Wyoming County, West Virginia. Notes: (a) Includes persons reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. FN: Footnote on this item for this area in place of data. NA: Not available. D: Suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. X: Not applicable. S: Suppressed; does not meet publication standards. Z: Value greater than zero but less than half unit of measure shown. F: Fewer than 100 firms. 14

20 2.2 Unemployment in West Virginia counties Figure 1: June 2009 unemployment in West Virginia counties Source: Copied from WorkForce West Virginia Labor Market Information by West Virginia County, June Jul

21 Table 13: West Virginia labor force statistics, annual and monthly comparison Civilian labor force Total employment Total unemployment Unemployment rate (%) County MTR? June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 Barbour N 6,580 6,700 6,660 5,880 6,080 6, Berkeley N 45,360 44,570 46,720 40,830 40,460 44,440 4,530 4,110 2, Boone Y 9,670 9,390 9,670 8,620 8,510 9,240 1, Braxton N 5,960 5,780 6,060 5,380 5,320 5, Brooke N 11,070 11,100 11,310 9,690 9,750 10,700 1,390 1, Cabell N 44,590 43,950 45,630 41,010 40,800 43,770 3,580 3,150 1, Calhoun N 2,860 2,800 2,800 2,430 2,410 2, Clay Y 3,570 3,460 3,570 3,120 3,080 3, Doddridge N 2,840 2,770 2,900 2,570 2,560 2, Fayette Y 18,410 17,830 18,560 16,520 16,170 17,720 1,890 1, Gilmer N 3,100 3,070 3,210 2,850 2,840 3, Grant N 5,160 5,110 5,310 4,580 4,670 5, Greenbrier N 15,250 14,920 15,530 13,730 13,440 14,750 1,530 1, Hampshire N 9,230 9,100 9,720 8,440 8,340 9, Hancock N 14,690 14,660 14,960 12,780 12,860 14,120 1,910 1, Hardy N 6,540 6,640 6,990 5,890 6,010 6, Harrison N 30,670 30,100 31,430 28,230 28,080 30,180 2,440 2,020 1, Jackson N 11,970 11,670 12,280 10,250 10,180 11,690 1,710 1, Jefferson N 24,250 24,200 25,320 22,250 22,430 24,320 2,010 1,770 1, Kanawha Y 91,530 89,600 94,130 84,560 83,500 90,680 6,970 6,100 3, Lewis N 7,460 7,320 7,520 6,810 6,740 7, Lincoln N 8,200 8,020 8,190 7,260 7,170 7, Logan Y 13,670 13,410 13,330 12,280 12,260 12,720 1,380 1, McDowell Y 7,800 7,550 7,410 6,660 6,580 6,940 1, Marion N 25,800 25,590 26,530 23,830 24,080 25,500 1,970 1,510 1, Marshall N 14,990 14,700 15,090 13,460 13,350 14,350 1,520 1, Mason N 10,340 10,100 10,280 8,870 8,820 9,570 1,470 1, Mercer N 25,160 24,730 25,610 23,210 23,110 24,550 1,950 1,620 1, Mineral N 13,190 13,180 13,740 12,070 12,250 13,110 1, Mingo Y 8,940 8,780 9,220 7,870 7,870 8,770 1, Monongalia N 46,420 47,400 47,790 43,710 45,200 46,230 2,710 2,200 1, Monroe N 5,920 5,770 6,020 5,430 5,330 5, Morgan N 6,930 6,820 7,180 6,250 6,190 6, Nicholas Y 11,070 10,640 10,940 9,950 9,700 10,420 1, Ohio N 21,220 20,870 21,490 19,310 19,150 20,580 1,900 1, Pendleton N 3,650 3,610 3,820 3,340 3,330 3, Pleasants N 3,220 3,070 3,230 2,800 2,770 3, Pocahontas N 3,520 3,470 3,490 3,010 2,880 3, Preston N 14,810 15,140 14,880 13,530 13,990 14,310 1,280 1, Putnam N 27,470 26,850 28,110 25,310 24,990 27,140 2,160 1, Raleigh Y 32,820 31,990 33,510 29,700 29,430 32,080 3,130 2,560 1, Randolph N 12,490 12,280 13,050 11,170 11,030 12,340 1,320 1, Ritchie N 4,570 4,430 4,670 4,080 4,000 4, Roane N 5,730 5,570 5,680 4,940 4,850 5, Summers N 4,720 4,580 4,890 4,280 4,210 4,

22 Civilian labor force Total employment Total unemployment Unemployment rate (%) County MTR? June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 June 09 May 09 June 08 Taylor N 6,980 6,830 7,090 6,330 6,300 6, Tucker N 2,980 2,890 2,930 2,600 2,530 2, Tyler N 3,660 3,550 3,700 3,180 3,190 3, Upshur N 10,390 10,470 10,710 9,390 9,630 10,240 1, Wayne Y 17,380 17,160 17,790 15,840 15,760 16,910 1,540 1, Webster N 3,420 3,300 3,400 2,990 2,920 3, Wetzel N 6,380 6,390 6,390 5,470 5,660 5, Wirt N 2,610 2,520 2,540 2,200 2,180 2, Wood N 41,220 40,210 41,890 36,870 36,450 39,900 4,340 3,760 2, Wyoming Y 8,240 7,990 8,150 7,110 7,060 7,710 1, Statewide 806, , , , , ,400 75,900 66,200 36, Source: WorkForce West Virginia West Virginia Labor Force Statistics by County. 17

23 2.3 Wages in West Virginia counties Table 14: West Virginia average annual wages by county, County MTR? Barbour N $19,693 $20,344 $20,317 $23,420 $23,096 $23,324 $24,665 $26,728 $28,356 Berkeley N $27,964 $28,744 $29,922 $31,308 $32,175 $33,265 $34,688 $35,771 $37,848 Boone Y $35,634 $36,930 $38,157 $37,978 $40,560 $41,736 $44,333 $46,319 $49,665 Braxton N $20,843 $22,034 $22,627 $22,815 $24,530 $25,215 $26,285 $27,128 $28,756 Brooke N $29,658 $29,277 $29,304 $29,216 $33,092 $34,189 $33,065 $33,805 $35,427 Cabell N $26,472 $27,305 $28,045 $28,606 $29,402 $30,689 $32,087 $33,044 $35,034 Calhoun N $20,945 $22,636 $23,112 $23,988 $25,409 $25,136 $26,942 $28,182 $29,845 Clay Y $28,113 $29,688 $30,779 $28,780 $30,375 $30,918 $32,232 $39,634 $35,924 Doddridge N $20,067 $20,619 $21,624 $22,661 $23,606 $23,711 $24,889 $26,030 $27,609 Fayette Y $23,077 $24,130 $24,921 $25,180 $26,031 $26,610 $28,042 $29,360 $31,892 Gilmer N $21,135 $25,237 $23,423 $26,269 $27,056 $27,915 $28,908 $30,699 $32,590 Grant N $24,722 $30,938 $28,292 $31,247 $28,919 $31,610 $31,828 $36,476 $39,517 Greenbrier N $23,352 $23,856 $24,860 $25,368 $26,211 $26,963 $27,759 $29,307 $30,338 Hampshire N $20,945 $21,465 $22,127 $22,312 $23,419 $24,254 $25,434 $25,870 $26,941 Hancock N $30,978 $29,711 $30,247 $30,539 $30,051 $28,792 $29,673 $29,754 $31,520 Hardy N $21,138 $21,951 $22,967 $23,486 $25,149 $24,722 $25,057 $25,825 $26,448 Harrison N $27,070 $28,230 $29,005 $29,881 $31,635 $31,544 $33,586 $34,986 $37,370 Jackson N $27,434 $27,451 $27,725 $29,335 $30,301 $31,156 $32,390 $33,388 $35,028 Jefferson N $22,062 $23,550 $24,770 $25,618 $27,065 $28,454 $29,582 $29,879 $30,768 Kanawha Y $30,155 $31,579 $32,080 $32,694 $33,926 $35,104 $36,419 $38,036 $39,669 Lewis N $22,214 $23,296 $24,178 $24,996 $25,611 $26,659 $27,364 $29,093 $32,281 Lincoln N $21,305 $21,676 $22,483 $22,496 $23,745 $26,662 $28,738 $29,441 $32,186 Logan Y $25,480 $26,732 $27,804 $28,247 $29,534 $30,520 $32,507 $32,945 $36,085 McDowell Y $23,433 $25,539 $25,564 $25,925 $28,133 $30,181 $30,333 $32,144 $37,018 Marion N $25,617 $27,230 $28,011 $28,660 $29,777 $31,176 $32,846 $34,130 $35,999 Marshall N $32,742 $34,713 $34,879 $36,962 $37,877 $38,573 $39,439 $39,787 $41,966 Mason N $29,855 $32,454 $32,243 $31,517 $31,543 $32,537 $36,121 $36,710 $37,929 Mercer N $24,341 $25,190 $25,784 $26,238 $26,750 $27,244 $28,260 $28,829 $30,103 Mineral N $23,190 $24,483 $26,069 $27,058 $27,610 $28,225 $29,563 $31,157 $32,668 Mingo Y $30,641 $31,935 $31,388 $31,065 $32,158 $35,808 $38,185 $40,611 $44,723 Monongalia N $27,551 $28,746 $29,585 $30,702 $31,271 $32,144 $33,099 $34,675 $37,808 Monroe N $23,546 $24,821 $25,104 $25,481 $27,546 $27,583 $29,168 $29,649 $30,326 Morgan N $22,368 $21,931 $23,217 $23,485 $24,200 $24,168 $25,297 $27,928 $28,377 Nicholas Y $22,899 $24,281 $24,670 $25,040 $25,166 $26,553 $27,468 $29,652 $31,895 Ohio N $24,923 $25,876 $26,455 $27,294 $28,188 $29,421 $30,210 $30,711 $32,064 Pendleton N $23,009 $21,861 $22,429 $23,439 $24,135 $25,179 $26,311 $27,969 $30,193 Pleasants N $34,861 $34,879 $35,214 $35,940 $39,319 $37,728 $38,184 $39,036 $40,831 Pocahontas N $20,580 $20,555 $21,275 $22,270 $23,396 $23,899 $24,842 $25,637 $26,376 Preston N $22,047 $23,613 $24,252 $24,746 $25,433 $27,372 $29,124 $30,070 $32,327 Putnam N $29,850 $31,083 $32,538 $33,315 $35,237 $35,809 $38,056 $40,323 $42,015 Raleigh Y $25,740 $27,100 $27,507 $28,019 $29,368 $30,480 $31,885 $33,130 $35,430 18

24 County MTR? Randolph N $21,310 $22,263 $23,037 $23,893 $24,786 $25,079 $26,534 $27,341 $27,993 Ritchie N $22,763 $23,650 $24,185 $24,684 $26,265 $26,539 $27,830 $29,088 $31,613 Roane N $21,576 $21,982 $22,016 $23,078 $24,103 $24,979 $25,740 $26,668 $29,854 Summers N $18,745 $20,103 $20,951 $21,394 $21,047 $21,833 $22,742 $24,032 $25,542 Taylor N $22,058 $22,492 $23,580 $23,954 $24,091 $23,556 $24,280 $25,594 $26,899 Tucker N $18,475 $19,057 $19,410 $20,146 $20,627 $21,638 $22,391 $22,698 $23,242 Tyler N $31,593 $31,826 $32,673 $32,622 $34,750 $35,673 $35,553 $35,809 $37,941 Upshur N $24,033 $25,112 $25,510 $25,917 $26,855 $27,758 $29,372 $30,626 $31,916 Wayne Y $26,445 $27,861 $29,161 $30,203 $32,336 $33,920 $35,162 $37,652 $40,488 Webster N $23,723 $24,410 $24,731 $24,386 $26,521 $28,169 $30,360 $31,694 $33,129 Wetzel N $20,734 $20,940 $21,438 $21,855 $21,772 $22,648 $23,639 $25,368 $25,386 Wirt N $18,253 $18,387 $19,692 $19,808 $20,929 $21,169 $22,082 $22,746 $23,707 Wood N $27,840 $28,287 $28,931 $29,346 $30,579 $30,757 $32,023 $32,833 $34,362 Wyoming Y $26,170 $27,229 $27,309 $27,608 $28,679 $31,903 $34,172 $35,549 $40,112 Statewide $26,890 $27,981 $28,615 $29,284 $30,383 $31,344 $32,724 $34,001 $35,985 Source:WorkForce West Virginia West Virginia Average Annual Wages by County

25 2.4 Coal employment categories, employees, and wages in West Virginia Table 15: West Virginia coal related direct industrial employment, fourth quarter 2008 Occupation Occupation code Description Number of employees Mean hourly wage Mean annual wage Surveyors Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth's surface for engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes. Median W 60 $21.88 $45,510 Environmental Engineers Design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental health hazards utilizing various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site remediation, or pollution control technology. 20 $36.47 $75,858 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers Determine the location and plan the extraction of coal, metallic ores, nonmetallic minerals, and building materials, such as stone and gravel. Work involves conducting preliminary surveys of deposits or undeveloped mines and planning their development; examining deposits or mines to determine whether they can be worked at a profit; making geological and topographical surveys; evolving methods of mining best suited to character, type, and size of deposits; and supervising mining operations. 100 $33.01 $68,661 Environmental Engineering Technicians Apply theory and principles of environmental engineering to modify, test, and operate equipment and devices used in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental pollution, including waste treatment and site remediation. May assist in the development of environmental pollution remediation devices under direction of engineer. 30 $19.58 $40,726 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other All engineering technicians, except drafters, not listed separately. 40 $21.06 $43,805 Survey and Mapping Technicians Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of a surveyor, cartographer, or photogrammetrist to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other features. May verify accuracy and completeness of topographical maps. 10 $26.30 $54,716 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the earth's internal composition, atmospheres, oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Include mineralogists, crystallographers, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists. 80 $50.89 $105,851 20

26 Occupation Occupation code Description Number of employees Mean hourly wage Mean annual wage Chemical Technicians Conduct chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of solids, liquids, and gaseous materials for purposes, such as research and development of new products or processes, quality control, maintenance of environmental standards, and other work involving experimental, theoretical, or practical application of chemistry and related sciences. 40 $18.05 $37,544 Geological and Petroleum Technicians No description on file. 60 $18.77 $39,042 Security Guards Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to prevent theft, violence, or infractions of rules. 50 $11.64 $24,211 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers. 1,350 $35.52 $73,882 Construction Laborers Perform tasks involving physical labor at building, highway, and heavy construction projects, tunnel and shaft excavations, and demolition sites. May operate hand and power tools of all types: air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical hoists, surveying and measuring equipment, and a variety of other equipment and instruments. May clean and prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, clean up rubble and debris, and remove asbestos, lead, and other hazardous waste materials. 270 $13.48 $28,038 Paving, Surfacing and Tamping equipment operators Operate equipment used for applying concrete, asphalt, or other materials to road beds, parking lots, or airport runways and taxiways, or equipment used for tamping gravel, dirt, or other materials. Include concrete and asphalt paving machine operators, form tampers, tamping machine operators, and stone spreader operators. 20 $22.59 $46,987 Operating Engineers and other construction Operate one or several types of power construction equipment, such as motor graders, bulldozers, scrapers, compressors, pumps, derricks, shovels, tractors, or front-end loaders to excavate, move, and grade earth, erect structures, or pour concrete or other hard surface pavement. May repair and maintain equipment in addition to other duties. 2,240 $19.46 $40,477 Electricians Install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring, equipment, and fixtures. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. May install or service street lights, intercom systems, or electrical control systems. 1,270 $24.49 $50,939 Service Unit Operators: oil, gas and mining Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. May also perform similar services in mining exploration operations. Include fishing-tool technicians. 640 $18.74 $38,979 Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas Operate a variety of drills--such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic--to tap sub-surface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Include horizontal and earth boring machine operators. 310 $22.50 $46,800 21

27 Occupation Occupation code Description Number of employees Mean hourly wage Mean annual wage Explosives Workers, Ordinance Handling Experts, and Blasters Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Include seismograph shooters. 240 $20.81 $43,285 Continuous Mining Machine Operators Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the face and load it onto conveyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous operation. 2,000 $23.09 $48,027 Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators Operate machinery--such as longwall shears, plows, and cutting machines--to cut or channel along the face or seams of coal mines, stone quarries, or other mining surfaces to facilitate blasting, separating, or removing minerals or materials from mines or from the earth's surface. Include shale planers. 2,030 $20.98 $43,638 Mining Machine Operators, All Other All mining machine operators not listed separately. 80 $19.56 $40,685 Roof bolters, mining Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. 1,100 $23.35 $48,568 Helpers -- Extraction Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties of lesser skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. 1,610 $17.96 $37,357 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. 370 $30.85 $64, Repair, maintain, or install electric motors, wiring, or switches. 110 $20.67 $42,994 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul trucks, buses, and all types of diesel engines. Include mechanics working primarily with automobile diesel engines. 60 $15.45 $32,136 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul mobile mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment, such as cranes, bulldozers, graders, and conveyors, used in construction, logging, and surface mining. 540 $19.91 $41,413 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors. 40 $14.63 $30,430 Industrial Machinery Mechanics Repair, install, adjust, or maintain industrial production and processing machinery or refinery and pipeline distribution systems. 660 $21.26 $44,221 22

28 Occupation Occupation code Description Number of employees Mean hourly wage Mean annual wage Maintenance and Repair Workers, General Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of an establishment in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; boiler making; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs. 1,070 $19.15 $39,832 Maintenance Workers, Machinery Lubricate machinery, change parts, or perform other routine machinery maintenance. 230 $21.28 $44,262 Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties, such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers; cleaning work area, machines, and tools; and holding materials or tools for other workers. 70 $11.95 $24,856 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers Supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Exclude team or work leaders. 150 $26.55 $55,224 Welders, Cutters, Solderers and Brazers Use hand-welding, flame-cutting, hand soldering, or brazing equipment to weld or join metal components or to fill holes, indentations, or seams of fabricated metal products. 330 $18.73 $38,958 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers and Material Movers Supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers. 100 $32.30 $67,184 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving and Vehicle Operators Directly supervise and coordinate activities of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers. 240 $29.97 $62,338 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Drive a tractor-trailer combination or a truck with a capacity of at least 26,000 GVW, to transport and deliver goods, livestock, or materials in liquid, loose, or packaged form. May be required to unload truck. May require use of automated routing equipment. Requires commercial drivers' license. 720 $17.46 $36,317 Conveyor Operators and Tenders Control or tend conveyors or conveyor systems that move materials or products to and from stockpiles, processing stations, departments, or vehicles. May control speed and routing of materials or products. 260 $20.56 $42,765 Crane and Tower Operators Operate mechanical boom and cable or tower and cable equipment to lift and move materials, machines, or products in many directions. 10 $18.46 $38,397 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators Operate or tend machinery equipped with scoops, shovels, or buckets, to excavate and load loose materials. 1,090 $21.72 $45,178 23

29 Occupation Occupation code Description Number of employees Mean hourly wage Mean annual wage Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining Operate underground loading machine to load coal, ore, or rock into shuttle or mine car or onto conveyors. Loading equipment may include power shovels, hoisting engines equipped with cable-drawn scraper or scoop, or machines equipped with gathering arms and conveyor. 170 $21.63 $44,990 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators Laborers and Freight, Stock and Material Movers Operate industrial trucks or tractors equipped to move materials around a warehouse, storage yard, factory, construction site, or similar location. 360 $19.25 $40, Manually move freight, stock, or other materials or perform other unskilled general labor. Include all unskilled manual laborers not elsewhere classified. 1,500 $15.53 $32,302 Machine Feeders and Offbearers Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators Feed materials into or remove materials from machines or equipment that is automatic or tended by other workers. 20 $12.14 $25, Operate steam, gas, electric motor, or internal combustion engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas. 110 $17.00 $35,360 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes. 50 $15.93 $33,134 Shuttle Car Operators Operate diesel or electric-powered shuttle car in underground mine to transport materials from working face to mine cars or conveyor. 830 $21.27 $44,242 Tank Car, Truck and Ship Loaders Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks. 30 $22.05 $45,864 Total 22,770 Source: WorkForce West Virginia Comparative Occupational Wages 2008 (4th Quarter). Table 16: West Virginia coal mining employment figures from various sources Publication Direct coal mining employment Surface Underground Year WorkForce West Virginia 22,930 N/A N/A 2008 West Virginia Office of Miners' Health Safety and Training 18,975 5,601 13, West Virginia Coal Association 19,213 6,154 13, Energy Information Administration 20,049 6,608 13, Sources: WorkForce West Virginia Occupational Employment and Wages: West Virginia Statewide. West Virginia Office of Miners Health Safety and Training WV Coal Production & Employment by Month Virginia Coal Association. Coal Facts Energy Information Administration Average Number o f Employees by State and Mine Type. Note: Workforce WV coal employment data may include some contractors. The information was collected more for the purpose of showing what types of jobs are directly related to the mining process. 24

30 2.5 Labor and unemployment across CAPP states Table 17: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for West Virginia counties BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Barbour N WV 6,692 6, $28,826 Berkeley N WV 45,545 43,404 2, $52,566 Boone Y WV 9,398 9, $35,654 Braxton N WV 5,878 5, $31,616 Brooke N WV 11,062 10, $39,601 Cabell N WV 45,023 43,326 1, $33,265 Calhoun N WV 2,767 2, $27,791 Clay Y WV 3,482 3, $28,630 Doddridge N WV 2,828 2, $34,145 Fayette Y WV 17,978 17, $30,312 Gilmer N WV 3,085 2, $34,355 Grant N WV 5,237 4, $36,361 Greenbrier N WV 15,095 14, $33,163 Hampshire N WV 9,443 9, $36,217 Hancock N WV 14,624 13, $39,378 Hardy N WV 6,829 6, $37,336 Harrison N WV 30,725 29,549 1, $38,063 Jackson N WV 11,901 11, $40,978 Jefferson N WV 24,699 23, $61,219 Kanawha Y WV 91,865 88,686 3, $40,931 Lewis N WV 7,346 7, $34,223 Lincoln N WV 7,979 7, $30,694 Logan Y WV 13,103 12, $32,251 McDowell Y WV 7,205 6, $21,903 Marion N WV 26,142 25, $38,000 Marshall N WV 14,831 14, $33,804 Mason N WV 10,005 9, $34,635 Mercer N WV 25,034 24, $31,898 Mineral N WV 13,415 12, $35,929 Mingo Y WV 8,994 8, $30,139 Monongalia N WV 48,189 46,901 1, $40,889 Monroe N WV 5,863 5, $35,034 Morgan N WV 7,005 6, $44,162 Nicholas Y WV 10,620 10, $38,813 Ohio N WV 21,073 20, $38,757 Pendleton N WV 3,692 3, $36,019 Pleasants N WV 3,130 2, $40,539 Pocahontas N WV 3,583 3, $31,832 Preston N WV 15,095 14, $35,567 25

31 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Putnam N WV 27,429 26, $49,713 Raleigh Y WV 32,547 31,281 1, $37,261 Randolph N WV 12,741 12, $33,472 Ritchie N WV 4,503 4, $34,329 Roane N WV 5,503 5, $30,175 Summers N WV 4,644 4, $27,021 Taylor N WV 6,929 6, $34,804 Tucker N WV 2,893 2, $32,755 Tyler N WV 3,594 3, $35,271 Upshur N WV 10,676 10, $34,687 Wayne Y WV 17,541 16, $36,298 Webster N WV 3,274 3, $27,521 Wetzel N WV 6,282 5, $36,397 Wirt N WV 2,461 2, $36,850 Wood N WV 40,700 38,810 1, $39,910 Wyoming Y WV 7,978 7, $30,762 Statewide WV 806, ,805 34, $37,057 Sources: WorkForce West Virginia "West Virginia Labor Force Statistics by County. (2009 June unemployment rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages. (2008 employment data); US Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Estimates for West Virginia Counties, (2007 poverty data). 26

32 Table 18: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Kentucky counties BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Adair N KY 8,999 8, $32,643 Allen N KY 8,483 7, $36,283 Anderson N KY 10,944 10, $54,819 Ballard N KY 4,201 3, $39,118 Barren N KY 19,454 18,249 1, $38,817 Bath N KY 5,068 4, $31,740 Bell Y KY 9,512 8, $23,528 Boone N KY 62,195 58,788 3, $66,690 Bourbon N KY 9,708 9, $41,819 Boyd N KY 22,873 21,513 1, $39,640 Boyle N KY 12,696 11, $41,739 Bracken N KY 4,299 3, $41,581 Breathitt Y KY 5,643 5, $25,577 Breckinridge N KY 9,272 8, $36,621 Bullitt N KY 39,303 36,533 2, $49,861 Butler N KY 5,519 5, $35,676 Caldwell N KY 6,726 6, $38,009 Calloway N KY 17,817 16,772 1, $36,262 Campbell N KY 44,871 42,163 2, $51,383 Carlisle N KY 2,269 2, $36,151 Carroll N KY 5,638 5, $42,058 Carter N KY 13,415 12,302 1, $32,281 Casey N KY 7,194 6, $27,366 Christian N KY 29,403 26,945 2, $37,632 Clark N KY 17,370 16,269 1, $46,190 Clay N KY 6,862 6, $20,999 Clinton N KY 4,729 4, $25,677 Crittenden N KY 4,039 3, $33,804 Cumberland N KY 2,939 2, $26,584 Daviess N KY 47,582 44,849 2, $42,586 Edmonson N KY 5,382 4, $34,449 Elliott N KY 3,167 2, $27,215 Estill N KY 6,157 5, $28,797 Fayette N KY 151, ,068 7, $46,726 Fleming N KY 6,515 6, $33,815 Floyd Y KY 15,234 14,201 1, $26,293 Franklin N KY 24,840 23,390 1, $48,025 Fulton N KY 2,675 2, $28,749 Gallatin N KY 3,950 3, $42,143 Garrard N KY 7,627 7, $40,653 Grant N KY 12,751 11, $42,126 Graves N KY 15,869 14,760 1, $36,345 Grayson N KY 11,228 10,098 1, $32,905 27

33 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Green N KY 5,573 5, $31,546 Greenup N KY 17,533 16,424 1, $40,642 Hancock N KY 4,222 3, $47,558 Hardin N KY 47,757 44,770 2, $47,958 Harlan Y KY 10,046 9, $25,939 Harrison N KY 9,376 8, $41,423 Hart N KY 8,290 7, $30,604 Henderson Y KY 22,804 21,391 1, $41,692 Henry N KY 7,854 7, $44,209 Hickman N KY 2,089 1, $37,001 Hopkins N KY 23,023 21,295 1, $36,611 Jackson N KY 4,128 3, $25,653 Jefferson N KY 358, ,398 22, $43,677 Jessamine N KY 22,907 21,643 1, $47,324 Johnson N KY 9,546 8, $32,706 Kenton N KY 84,276 79,251 5, $50,734 Knott Y KY 6,316 5, $27,999 Knox N KY 12,818 11, $24,881 Larue N KY 7,012 6, $39,435 Laurel Y KY 26,667 24,921 1, $33,244 Lawrence Y KY 5,858 5, $29,399 Lee N KY 2,699 2, $24,617 Leslie Y KY 3,536 3, $26,114 Letcher Y KY 8,783 8, $29,415 Lewis N KY 5,749 5, $26,534 Lincoln N KY 10,631 9, $32,566 Livingston N KY 4,812 4, $38,732 Logan N KY 12,519 11, $38,323 Lyon N KY 3,324 3, $40,082 McCracken N KY 31,462 29,647 1, $40,899 McCreary N KY 5,776 5, $24,293 McLean N KY 4,638 4, $37,866 Madison N KY 42,768 40,402 2, $39,842 Magoffin N KY 4,242 3, $26,150 Marion N KY 10,403 9, $38,048 Marshall N KY 14,728 13, $41,497 Martin Y KY 3,448 3, $25,841 Mason N KY 8,985 8, $38,035 Meade N KY 11,758 10, $45,490 Menifee N KY 2,643 2, $28,928 Mercer N KY 10,616 9, $49,529 Metcalfe N KY 4,435 4, $30,827 Monroe N KY 4,781 4, $28,266 Montgomery N KY 12,307 11, $38,870 Morgan N KY 4,949 4, $28,514 Muhlenberg Y KY 13,567 12,420 1, $34,580 Nelson N KY 21,545 19,954 1, $46,605 28

34 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Nicholas N KY 3,100 2, $36,080 Ohio N KY 12,634 11, $38,710 Oldham N KY 27,659 26,099 1, $73,632 Owen N KY 5,306 4, $41,246 Owsley N KY 1,522 1, $21,189 Pendleton N KY 7,424 6, $43,822 Perry Y KY 11,152 10, $30,089 Pike Y KY 25,741 24,229 1, $32,382 Powell N KY 5,475 5, $31,228 Pulaski N KY 27,419 25,579 1, $32,368 Robertson N KY $34,719 Rockcastle N KY 7,262 6, $29,235 Rowan N KY 12,457 11, $34,278 Russell N KY 8,383 7, $28,342 Scott N KY 22,425 21,194 1, $57,895 Shelby N KY 21,388 20,147 1, $52,871 Simpson N KY 9,466 8, $43,432 Spencer N KY 9,017 8, $59,939 Taylor N KY 13,835 13, $35,012 Todd N KY 5,244 4, $39,375 Trigg N KY 6,255 5, $41,286 Trimble N KY 4,383 4, $43,994 Union N KY 7,660 7, $40,711 Warren N KY 58,058 54,941 3, $42,303 Washington N KY 5,461 5, $40,614 Wayne N KY 8,605 7, $28,154 Webster N KY 6,517 6, $39,923 Whitley N KY 15,316 14,177 1, $27,424 Wolfe N KY 2,309 2, $24,749 Woodford N KY 13,283 12, $56,840 Statewide KY 2,042,915 1,911, , $40,299 Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows. (2009 June unemployment rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages. (2008 employment data); US Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Estimates for Kentucky Counties, (2007 poverty data). 29

35 Table 19: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Virginia counties BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Accomack N VA 19,335 18, $36,616 Albemarle N VA 52,304 50,746 1, $63,619 Alleghany N VA 7,034 6, $41,530 Amelia N VA 6,722 6, $52,421 Amherst N VA 15,928 15, $43,890 Appomattox N VA 7,177 6, $41,089 Arlington N VA 134, ,141 3, $92,345 Augusta N VA 38,580 37,197 1, $50,887 Bath N VA 2,938 2, $42,316 Bedford N VA 36,015 34,730 1, $53,823 Bland N VA 3,532 3, $38,175 Botetourt N VA 17,632 17, $58,744 Brunswick N VA 7,165 6, $35,160 Buchanan Y VA 8,975 8, $28,922 Buckingham N VA 7,328 6, $36,315 Campbell N VA 27,926 26,802 1, $43,641 Caroline N VA 14,143 13, $51,498 Carroll N VA 14,231 13, $35,823 Charles City N VA 3,875 3, $48,113 Charlotte N VA 5,517 5, $34,271 Chesterfield N VA 168, ,098 6, $69,583 Clarke N VA 8,223 7, $64,149 Craig N VA 2,582 2, $48,319 Culpeper N VA 21,162 20,143 1, $60,341 Cumberland N VA 4,695 4, $38,953 Dickenson Y VA 6,043 5, $29,320 Dinwiddie N VA 13,059 12, $47,395 Essex N VA 5,686 5, $43,637 Fairfax N VA 595, ,895 16, $104,984 Fauquier N VA 37,921 36,649 1, $81,404 Floyd N VA 7,257 6, $39,478 Fluvanna N VA 14,095 13, $57,038 Franklin N VA 26,957 25,642 1, $45,238 Frederick N VA 41,015 39,261 1, $64,192 Giles N VA 8,381 7, $41,186 Gloucester N VA 20,856 20, $56,123 Goochland N VA 11,291 10, $74,747 Grayson N VA 7,311 6, $31,155 Greene N VA 10,668 10, $58,476 Greensville N VA 4,477 4, $37,509 Halifax N VA 15,953 14,851 1, $32,490 Hanover N VA 55,566 53,640 1, $75,046 Henrico N VA 164, ,876 6, $58,194 30

36 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Henry N VA 25,966 23,862 2, $35,349 Highland N VA 1,164 1, $36,521 Isle of Wight N VA 18,835 18, $58,840 James City N VA 31,715 30,694 1, $70,487 King and Queen N VA 3,388 3, $43,191 King George N VA 9,692 9, $68,824 King William N VA 8,600 8, $62,052 Lancaster N VA 5,626 5, $42,392 Lee Y VA 10,032 9, $29,365 Loudoun N VA 168, ,400 4, $107,200 Louisa N VA 16,467 15, $52,514 Lunenburg N VA 5,604 5, $33,777 Madison N VA 7,507 7, $50,135 Mathews N VA 4,494 4, $54,431 Mecklenburg N VA 13,701 12, $36,266 Middlesex N VA 5,173 4, $45,583 Montgomery N VA 45,523 43,660 1, $42,029 Nelson N VA 8,074 7, $46,001 New Kent N VA 9,555 9, $68,437 Northampton N VA 6,173 5, $33,950 Northumberland N VA 5,922 5, $45,085 Nottoway N VA 6,670 6, $37,276 Orange N VA 15,730 15, $53,238 Page N VA 11,820 10, $40,295 Patrick N VA 9,302 8, $33,583 Pittsylvania N VA 31,221 29,054 2, $38,519 Powhatan N VA 14,507 14, $71,263 Prince Edward N VA 9,733 9, $36,481 Prince George N VA 14,929 14, $59,780 Prince William N VA 205, ,859 6, $86,294 Pulaski N VA 18,237 17,037 1, $40,427 Rappahannock N VA 4,316 4, $60,540 Richmond N VA 3,893 3, $40,196 Roanoke N VA 49,584 47,992 1, $59,060 Rockbridge N VA 11,617 11, $43,654 Rockingham N VA 41,821 40,404 1, $49,346 Russell Y VA 11,889 11, $33,682 Scott N VA 10,075 9, $31,044 Shenandoah N VA 20,555 19, $48,067 Smyth N VA 15,260 14, $35,970 Southampton N VA 8,059 7, $43,589 Spotsylvania N VA 66,429 64,156 2, $74,374 Stafford N VA 66,222 63,939 2, $86,865 Surry N VA 3,790 3, $45,659 Sussex N VA 4,553 4, $35,835 Tazewell Y VA 20,836 19, $34,702 Warren N VA 20,079 19, $55,262 31

37 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Washington N VA 27,361 25,997 1, $39,148 Westmoreland N VA 8,899 8, $47,823 Wise Y VA 18,254 17, $32,175 Wythe N VA 16,360 15, $38,032 York N VA 31,392 30,354 1, $78,234 Statewide VA 2,893,629 2,785, , $59,575 Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows. (2009 June unemployment rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages. (2008 employment data); US Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Estimates for Virginia Counties, (2007 poverty data). 32

38 Table 20: Labor force, unemployment, poverty, and median household income for Tennessee counties BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Anderson Y TN 35,592 33,581 2, $42,059 Bedford N TN 22,570 21,084 1, $39,792 Benton N TN 7,078 6, $34,077 Bledsoe N TN 4,879 4, $34,655 Blount N TN 62,830 59,045 3, $47,466 Bradley N TN 47,250 44,304 2, $39,362 Campbell Y TN 16,941 15,655 1, $31,535 Cannon N TN 6,493 6, $39,123 Carroll N TN 13,848 12,611 1, $36,886 Carter N TN 29,781 27,864 1, $32,287 Cheatham N TN 20,472 19,398 1, $52,090 Chester N TN 7,851 7, $37,002 Claiborne Y TN 13,244 12, $29,822 Clay N TN 3,483 3, $27,428 Cocke N TN 16,619 15,204 1, $29,637 Coffee N TN 25,737 24,164 1, $40,738 Crockett N TN 6,399 5, $34,315 Cumberland N TN 22,873 21,105 1, $36,424 Davidson N TN 324, ,290 16, $46,430 Decatur N TN 5,674 5, $32,029 DeKalb N TN 10,188 9, $36,905 Dickson N TN 23,589 22,006 1, $45,968 Dyer N TN 17,619 16,320 1, $37,925 Fayette N TN 17,717 16,407 1, $54,271 Fentress N TN 7,987 7, $29,915 Franklin N TN 20,063 18,775 1, $41,528 Gibson N TN 21,085 19,118 1, $34,601 Giles N TN 13,471 12,417 1, $37,767 Grainger N TN 10,213 9, $34,148 Greene N TN 30,370 27,597 2, $35,246 Grundy N TN 5,940 5, $26,844 Hamblen N TN 30,274 28,168 2, $37,147 Hamilton N TN 167, ,307 9, $45,511 Hancock N TN 2,521 2, $24,375 Hardeman N TN 11,579 10, $33,780 Hardin N TN 11,909 11, $32,540 Hawkins N TN 26,759 24,992 1, $37,398 Haywood N TN 9,379 8, $33,007 Henderson N TN 12,178 10,960 1, $38,126 Henry N TN 13,877 12,685 1, $34,936 Hickman N TN 10,220 9, $39,925 Houston N TN 3,856 3, $36,158 Humphreys N TN 9,079 8, $41,662 33

39 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Jackson N TN 4,943 4, $30,343 Jefferson N TN 24,313 22,619 1, $39,580 Johnson N TN 7,304 6, $30,447 Knox N TN 227, ,877 11, $45,157 Lake N TN 2,684 2, $26,521 Lauderdale N TN 10,354 9,086 1, $33,840 Lawrence N TN 16,677 15,074 1, $35,762 Lewis N TN 5,438 4, $34,162 Lincoln N TN 17,210 16, $41,536 Loudon N TN 23,166 21,882 1, $48,355 McMinn N TN 24,101 22,049 2, $36,934 McNairy N TN 11,608 10,585 1, $35,686 Macon N TN 10,625 9, $35,410 Madison N TN 48,642 45,455 3, $41,029 Marion N TN 13,065 12, $39,059 Marshall N TN 12,553 11,421 1, $43,141 Maury N TN 37,397 34,436 2, $46,425 Meigs N TN 4,944 4, $36,876 Monroe N TN 19,007 17,167 1, $37,823 Montgomery N TN 67,334 63,196 4, $48,536 Moore N TN 3,154 2, $47,106 Morgan N TN 8,467 7, $35,026 Obion N TN 15,500 14,429 1, $37,889 Overton N TN 10,088 9, $32,146 Perry N TN 3,056 2, $33,014 Pickett N TN 1,860 1, $27,956 Polk N TN 7,074 6, $34,660 Putnam N TN 35,358 33,111 2, $36,131 Rhea N TN 13,350 12,308 1, $37,682 Roane N TN 27,168 25,607 1, $41,897 Robertson N TN 33,074 31,084 1, $50,528 Rutherford N TN 130, ,522 7, $51,307 Scott N TN 8,515 7, $30,340 Sequatchie N TN 6,211 5, $38,683 Sevier N TN 48,454 45,114 3, $40,312 Shelby N TN 441, ,504 29, $44,373 Smith N TN 9,241 8, $43,701 Stewart N TN 5,824 5, $44,490 Sullivan N TN 74,358 70,517 3, $39,706 Sumner N TN 79,490 74,888 4, $51,247 Tipton N TN 28,237 26,037 2, $49,893 Trousdale N TN 3,717 3, $39,212 Unicoi N TN 8,480 7, $35,042 Union N TN 8,781 8, $31,779 Van Buren N TN 2,498 2, $33,993 Warren N TN 17,670 16,215 1, $38,210 Washington N TN 61,618 58,246 3, $40,267 34

40 BLS 2008 unemployment rate % June 2009 unemployment rate (%) Median household income (2007) County MTR? State Labor force (2008) Employed (2008) Unemployed (2008) Percent poverty all ages (2007) Wayne N TN 6,635 5, $31,281 Weakley N TN 15,615 14,362 1, $34,725 White N TN 10,497 9, $33,654 Williamson N TN 87,319 83,450 3, $83,924 Wilson N TN 57,390 54,173 3, $60,154 Statewide TN 3,041,285 2,846, , $42,389 Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows. (2009 June unemployment rates); Bureau of Labor Statistics Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages. (2008 employment data); US Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Estimates for Tennessee Counties, (2007 poverty data). 35

41 Table 21: Alternative measures of labor underutilization for CAPP states, 2008 State U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 U-5 U-6 West Virginia Kentucky Virginia Tennessee Source: Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization for States: Last modified date: May 14, Note: These measures account for the fact that there are varying degrees of employment and unemployment. U-1: persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force. U-2: job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force. U-3: total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (this is the definition used for the official unemployment rate). U-4: total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers. U-5: total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers. U-6: total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers. 36

42 2.6 Poverty across CAPP states Table 22: Poverty in West Virginia counties Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Barbour N 3, $28,826 Berkeley N 9, , , $52,566 Boone Y 4, , $35,654 Braxton N 3, $31,616 Brooke N 2, $39,601 Cabell N 17, , , $33,265 Calhoun N 1, $27,791 Clay Y 2, $28,630 Doddridge N 1, $34,145 Fayette Y 10, , , $30,312 Gilmer N 1, $34,355 Grant N 1, $36,361 Greenbrier N 6, , , $33,163 Hampshire N 3, , $36,217 Hancock N 3, , $39,378 Hardy N 1, $37,336 Harrison N 12, , , $38,063 Jackson N 4, , $40,978 Jefferson N 4, , $61,219 Kanawha Y 26, , , $40,931 Lewis N 3, $34,223 Lincoln N 5, , $30,694 Logan Y 7, , , $32,251 McDowell Y 7, , , $21,903 Marion N 8, , , $38,000 Marshall N 5, , , $33,804 Mason N 4, , $34,635 Mercer N 13, , , $31,898 Mineral N 4, , $35,929 Mingo Y 6, , , $30,139 Monongalia N 13, , , $40,889 Monroe N 1, $35,034 Morgan N 1, $44,162 Nicholas Y 4, , $38,813 Ohio N 7, , , $38,757 Pendleton N 1, $36,019 Pleasants N $40,539 Pocahontas N 1, $31,832 Preston N 4, , $35,567 37

43 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Putnam N 5, , , $49,713 Raleigh Y 12, , , $37,261 Randolph N 5, , $33,472 Ritchie N 1, $34,329 Roane N 3, $30,175 Summers N 2, $27,021 Taylor N 2, $34,804 Tucker N 1, $32,755 Tyler N 1, $35,271 Upshur N 4, , $34,687 Wayne Y 8, , , $36,298 Webster N 2, $27,521 Wetzel N 2, $36,397 Wirt N 1, $36,850 Wood N 13, , , $39,910 Wyoming Y 5, , , $30,762 Statewide 302, , , $37,057 Source: United States Census Bureau Table 1: 2007 Poverty and Median Income Estimates Counties. Small Area Estimates Branch. Dec. 38

44 Table 23: Poverty in Kentucky counties Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Adair N 3, , $32,643 Allen N 3, , $36,283 Anderson N 1, $54,819 Ballard N 1, $39,118 Barren N 7, , , $38,817 Bath N 2, $31,740 Bell Y 8, , , $23,528 Boone N 6, , , $66,690 Bourbon N 3, $41,819 Boyd N 7, , , $39,640 Boyle N 4, , $41,739 Bracken N 1, $41,581 Breathitt Y 4, , , $25,577 Breckinridge N 3, , $36,621 Bullitt N 7, , , $49,861 Butler N 2, $35,676 Caldwell N 2, $38,009 Calloway N 5, , $36,262 Campbell N 8, , , $51,383 Carlisle N $36,151 Carroll N 1, $42,058 Carter N 5, , , $32,281 Casey N 3, , $27,366 Christian N 14, , , $37,632 Clark N 5, , , $46,190 Clay N 8, , , $20,999 Clinton N 2, $25,677 Crittenden N 1, $33,804 Cumberland N 1, $26,584 Daviess N 14, , , $42,586 Edmonson N 2, $34,449 Elliott N 1, $27,215 Estill N 3, , $28,797 Fayette N 42, , , $46,726 Fleming N 2, $33,815 Floyd Y 13, , , $26,293 Franklin N 6, , , $48,025 Fulton N 1, $28,749 Gallatin N 1, $42,143 Garrard N 2, $40,653 Grant N 3, , $42,126 Graves N 6, , , $36,345 Grayson N 4, , , $32,905 39

45 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Green N 1, $31,546 Greenup N 5, , , $40,642 Hancock N 1, $47,558 Hardin N 10, , , $47,958 Harlan Y 8, , , $25,939 Harrison N 2, $41,423 Hart N 4, , $30,604 Henderson Y 5, , , $41,692 Henry N 2, $44,209 Hickman N $37,001 Hopkins N 8, , , $36,611 Jackson N 4, , $25,653 Jefferson N 101, , , $43,677 Jessamine N 6, , , $47,324 Johnson N 5, , , $32,706 Kenton N 19, , , $50,734 Knott Y 5, , $27,999 Knox N 9, , , $24,881 Larue N 2, $39,435 Laurel Y 12, , , $33,244 Lawrence Y 4, , $29,399 Lee N 2, $24,617 Leslie Y 3, $26,114 Letcher Y 6, , , $29,415 Lewis N 3, , $26,534 Lincoln N 5, , , $32,566 Livingston N 1, $38,732 Logan N 4, , $38,323 Lyon N 1, $40,082 McCracken N 9, , , $40,899 McCreary N 6, , , $24,293 McLean N 1, $37,866 Madison N 14, , , $39,842 Magoffin N 4, , $26,150 Marion N 3, , $38,048 Marshall N 3, , $41,497 Martin Y 4, , $25,841 Mason N 3, , $38,035 Meade N 3, , $45,490 Menifee N 1, $28,928 Mercer N 2, , $49,529 Metcalfe N 2, $30,827 Monroe N 2, $28,266 Montgomery N 4, , $38,870 Morgan N 3, , $28,514 Muhlenberg Y 5, , , $34,580 Nelson N 4, , , $46,605 40

46 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Nicholas N 1, $36,080 Ohio N 4, , , $38,710 Oldham N 3, $73,632 Owen N 1, $41,246 Owsley N 2, $21,189 Pendleton N 2, $43,822 Perry Y 9, , , $30,089 Pike Y 13, , , $32,382 Powell N 3, , $31,228 Pulaski N 12, , , $32,368 Robertson N $34,719 Rockcastle N 4, , $29,235 Rowan N 4, , $34,278 Russell N 3, , $28,342 Scott N 3, , $57,895 Shelby N 5, , $52,871 Simpson N 2, $43,432 Spencer N 1, $59,939 Taylor N 3, , $35,012 Todd N 2, $39,375 Trigg N 2, $41,286 Trimble N 1, $43,994 Union N 3, $40,711 Warren N 17, , , $42,303 Washington N 1, $40,614 Wayne N 5, , , $28,154 Webster N 1, $39,923 Whitley N 10, , , $27,424 Wolfe N 2, $24,749 Woodford N 2, $56,840 Statewide 706, , , $40,299 Source: United States Census Bureau Table 1: 2007 Poverty and Median Income Estimates Counties. Small Area Estimates Branch. Dec. 41

47 Table 24: Poverty in Virginia counties Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Accomack N 6, , , $36,616 Albemarle N 7, , , $63,619 Alleghany N 1, $41,530 Amelia N 1, $52,421 Amherst N 3, , $43,890 Appomattox N 1, $41,089 Arlington N 13, , , $92,345 Augusta N 4, , $50,887 Bath N $42,316 Bedford N 5, , $53,823 Bland N $38,175 Botetourt N 1, $58,744 Brunswick N 3, $35,160 Buchanan Y 4, , $28,922 Buckingham N 2, $36,315 Campbell N 6, , , $43,641 Caroline N 2, $51,498 Carroll N 4, , $35,823 Charles City N $48,113 Charlotte N 2, $34,271 Chesterfield N 17, , , $69,583 Clarke N $64,149 Craig N $48,319 Culpeper N 3, , $60,341 Cumberland N 1, $38,953 Dickenson Y 3, $29,320 Dinwiddie N 2, $47,395 Essex N 1, $43,637 Fairfax N 49, , , $104,984 Fauquier N 3, $81,404 Floyd N 1, $39,478 Fluvanna N 1, $57,038 Franklin N 5, , , $45,238 Frederick N 4, , ,012 8 $64,192 Giles N 1, $41,186 Gloucester N 3, , $56,123 Goochland N 1, $74,747 Grayson N 2, $31,155 Greene N 1, $58,476 Greensville N 1, $37,509 Halifax N 6, , , $32,490 Hanover N 4, , $75,046 Henrico N 24, , , $58,194 42

48 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Henry N 8, , , $35,349 Highland N $36,521 Isle of Wight N 2, $58,840 James City N 3, $70,487 King and Queen N $43,191 King George N 1, $68,824 King William N $62,052 Lancaster N 1, $42,392 Lee Y 5, , , $29,365 Loudoun N 8, , , $107,200 Louisa N 3, $52,514 Lunenburg N 2, $33,777 Madison N 1, $50,135 Mathews N $54,431 Mecklenburg N 4, , , $36,266 Middlesex N 1, $45,583 Montgomery N 15, , , $42,029 Nelson N 1, $46,001 New Kent N $68,437 Northampton N 2, $33,950 Northumberland N 1, $45,085 Nottoway N 2, $37,276 Orange N 2, $53,238 Page N 2, $40,295 Patrick N 2, $33,583 Pittsylvania N 7, , , $38,519 Powhatan N 1, $71,263 Prince Edward N 3, $36,481 Prince George N 2, $59,780 Prince William N 17, , , $86,294 Pulaski N 4, , $40,427 Rappahannock N $60,540 Richmond N 1, $40,196 Roanoke N 5, , $59,060 Rockbridge N 2, $43,654 Rockingham N 5, , , $49,346 Russell Y 5, , $33,682 Scott N 4, $31,044 Shenandoah N 3, , $48,067 Smyth N 5, , $35,970 Southampton N 2, $43,589 Spotsylvania N 7, , ,638 7 $74,374 Stafford N 4, , , $86,865 Surry N $45,659 Sussex N 1, $35,835 Tazewell Y 7, , , $34,702 Warren N 3, , $55,262 43

49 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Washington N 7, , , $39,148 Westmoreland N 2, $47,823 Wise Y 8, , , $32,175 Wythe N 3, , $38,032 York N 2, $78,234 Statewide 739, , , $59,575 Source: United States Census Bureau Table 1: 2007 Poverty and Median Income Estimates Counties. Small Area Estimates Branch. Dec. 44

50 Table 25: Poverty in Tennessee counties Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Anderson Y 11, , , $42,059 Bedford N 7, , , $39,792 Benton N 2, , $34,077 Bledsoe N 2, $34,655 Blount N 14, , , $47,466 Bradley N 14, , , $39,362 Campbell Y 9, , , $31,535 Cannon N 2, $39,123 Carroll N 5, , , $36,886 Carter N 11, , , $32,287 Cheatham N 3, , $52,090 Chester N 2, $37,002 Claiborne Y 6, , , $29,822 Clay N 1, $27,428 Cocke N 9, , , $29,637 Coffee N 7, , , $40,738 Crockett N 2, $34,315 Cumberland N 8, , , $36,424 Davidson N 90, , , $46,430 Decatur N 2, $32,029 DeKalb N 3, $36,905 Dickson N 5, , , $45,968 Dyer N 6, , , $37,925 Fayette N 4, , , $54,271 Fentress N 4, , $29,915 Franklin N 4, , , $41,528 Gibson N 7, , , $34,601 Giles N 4, , $37,767 Grainger N 4, , $34,148 Greene N 12, , , $35,246 Grundy N 3, , $26,844 Hamblen N 10, , , $37,147 Hamilton N 43, , , $45,511 Hancock N 2, $24,375 Hardeman N 5, , , $33,780 Hardin N 5, , , $32,540 Hawkins N 9, , , $37,398 Haywood N 4, , $33,007 Henderson N 4, , $38,126 Henry N 4, , , $34,936 Hickman N 3, , $39,925 Houston N 1, $36,158 Humphreys N 2, $41,662 45

51 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Jackson N 2, $30,343 Jefferson N 8, , , $39,580 Johnson N 3, , $30,447 Knox N 52, , , $45,157 Lake N 1, $26,521 Lauderdale N 6, , , $33,840 Lawrence N 6, , , $35,762 Lewis N 2, $34,162 Lincoln N 4, , $41,536 Loudon N 4, , , $48,355 McMinn N 9, , , $36,934 McNairy N 4, , , $35,686 Macon N 3, , $35,410 Madison N 17, , , $41,029 Marion N 3, , $39,059 Marshall N 3, , $43,141 Maury N 10, , , $46,425 Meigs N 2, $36,876 Monroe N 7, , , $37,823 Montgomery N 18, , , $48,536 Moore N $47,106 Morgan N 3, , $35,026 Obion N 4, , , $37,889 Overton N 4, , $32,146 Perry N 1, $33,014 Pickett N $27,956 Polk N 2, $34,660 Putnam N 14, , , $36,131 Rhea N 5, , , $37,682 Roane N 8, , , $41,897 Robertson N 7, , , $50,528 Rutherford N 27, , , $51,307 Scott N 4, , , $30,340 Sequatchie N 2, $38,683 Sevier N 10, , , $40,312 Shelby N 179, , , $44,373 Smith N 2, $43,701 Stewart N 1, $44,490 Sullivan N 22, , , $39,706 Sumner N 14, , , $51,247 Tipton N 9, , , $49,893 Trousdale N 1, $39,212 Unicoi N 2, $35,042 Union N 4, , $31,779 Van Buren N 1, $33,993 Warren N 6, , , $38,210 Washington N 19, , , $40,267 46

52 Poverty estimate all Ages Poverty estimate under age 18 Poverty estimate ages 5-17 Median household income Poverty percent Poverty percent Poverty percent Name MTR? all ages under Age 18 ages 5-17 Wayne N 2, $31,281 Weakley N 5, , , $34,725 White N 4, , $33,654 Williamson N 8, , , $83,924 Wilson N 7, , , $60,154 Statewide 945, , , $42,389 Source: United States Census Bureau Table 1: 2007 Poverty and Median Income Estimates Counties. Small Area Estimates Branch. Dec. 47

53 2.7 Educational attainment in West Virginia Table 26: Educational attainment in West Virginia, age 25 years and over, Selected social characteristics in the United States Estimate Percent School enrollment Nursery school, preschool 22, % Kindergarten 19, % Elementary school (grades 1-8) 170, % High school (grades 9-12) 91, % College or graduate school 106, % Total population 3 years and over enrolled in school 409,933 Educational attainment Less than 9th grade 90, % 9th to 12th grade, no diploma 148, % High school graduate (includes equivalency) 526, % Some college, no degree 208, % Associate's degree 72, % Bachelor's degree 128, % Graduate or professional degree 83, % Total population 25 years and over 1,257,231 High school graduate or higher 81.0% Bachelor's degree or higher 16.9% Source: United States Census Bureau. Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: Data Set: American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, Survey: American Community Survey, Geographic Area: West Virginia. 48

54 Table 27: Educational attainment in West Virginia counties, ages years, 2000 Percent w/college degree Number w/college degree Total population (ages 25-34) 9th-12th grade, no diploma Some college, no degree High school Associate's Bachelor's Graduate County < 9th grade grad/ged degree degree degree Barbour 16.3% 308 1, Berkeley 19.8% 2,170 10, ,532 4,721 2, , Boone 14.6% 477 3, , Braxton 12.9% 245 1, Brooke 31.1% 892 2, , Cabell 33.2% 4,221 12, ,279 3,861 3, , Calhoun 12.8% Clay 11.5% 151 1, Doddridge 12.6% Fayette 16.6% 982 5, ,443 1, Gilmer 27.5% Grant 14.0% 209 1, Greenbrier 21.0% 810 3, , Hampshire 12.4% 315 2, , Hancock 25.8% 987 3, , Hardy 15.8% 263 1, Harrison 26.7% 2,220 8, ,167 3,124 1, , Jackson 25.1% 874 3, , Jefferson 24.3% 1,339 5, ,253 1, Kanawha 32.0% 7,985 24, ,728 8,590 5,241 1,614 4,765 1,606 Lewis 16.2% 353 2, , Lincoln 12.1% 370 3, , Logan 16.9% 813 4, ,024 1, Marion 29.2% 2,034 6, ,479 1, , Marshall 22.2% 928 4, , Mason 18.6% 584 3, , McDowell 5.3% 161 3, , Mercer 21.4% 1,700 7, ,116 1, , Mineral 24.2% 824 3, , Mingo 11.2% 417 3, , Monongalia 47.6% 5,540 11, ,789 2, ,872 2,068 Monroe 12.4% 252 2, , Morgan 11.2% 195 1, Nicholas 14.3% 454 3, , Ohio 39.2% 1,993 5, ,595 1, , Pendleton 15.7% Pleasants 19.7% Pocahontas 21.3% 228 1, Preston 17.2% 629 3, , Putnam 33.6% 2,317 6, ,253 1, , Raleigh 19.9% 2,123 10, ,611 4,287 2, , Randolph 19.8% 723 3, , Ritchie 16.6% 212 1,

55 Percent w/college degree Number w/college degree Total population (ages 25-34) 9th-12th grade, no diploma Some college, no degree High school Associate's Bachelor's Graduate County < 9th grade grad/ged degree degree degree Roane 12.6% 224 1, Summers 12.8% 166 1, Taylor 20.5% 431 2, Tucker 13.1% Tyler 20.0% 232 1, Upshur 19.0% 520 2, , Wayne 21.6% 1,237 5, ,379 1, Webster 12.3% 141 1, Wetzel 17.8% 362 2, , Wirt 13.4% Wood 25.6% 2,782 10, ,112 3,995 2, , Wyoming 10.5% 321 3, , Statewide 24.0% 54, ,601 5,958 28,369 91,133 47,461 14,551 29,888 10,241 Source: Lumina Foundation West Virginia education attainment by county, ages 25-34, compiled from the 2000 Census. 50

56 2.8 Appalachian Regional Commission county economic levels in CAPP states Figure 2: County economic status in Appalachia, FY06 Source: Copied from Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). 51

57 Table 28: Criteria for county economic levels of the Appalachian Regional Commission, FY06 FY06 economic level Number of counties in Appalachia , threeyear average unemployment rate 2002 per capita "market" income 2000 Census poverty rate Alternate criteria Distressed 77 At-risk % or more (150% of US) 6.9% or more (125% of US) and and $17,701 or less (67% of US) $17,701 or less (67% of US) and and 18.6% or more (150% of US) 15.5% or more (125% of US) or or have at least twice the US poverty rate and meet the criteria for one other distressed indicator. meet the criteria of two of the three distressed level indicators. Transitional 222 All counties that are worse than the national average for one or more indicator but do not meet the criteria of the distressed or at-risk levels. Competitive 22 Attainment 8 5.5% or less (100% of US) 5.5% or less (100% of US) and and $21,136 - $26,419 (80-99% of US) $26,420 or more (100% of US) and and 12.4% or less (100% of US) 12.4% or less (100% of US) Source: Appalachian Regional Commission. Undated. Criteria for County Economic Levels, FY Data Notes: Indicator threshold values may not calculate to the exact US average breaking point due to rounding. The at-risk level was adopted in FY06 for the purpose of monitoring economic change and planning for investments in potentially distressed counties. N/A N/A 52

58 Table 29: Number of counties in Appalachian states per economic level in FY06, by state State Distressed At-risk Transitional Competitive Attainment Total Alabama Georgia Kentucky Maryland Mississippi New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Total Source: Appalachian Regional Commission. Undated. County economic status designations in the Appalachian Region, fiscal year

59 Table 30: County economic status in West Virginia, FY06 Computed data Percent of US average Economic Unemp. Income Poverty Unemp. Income Poverty status level rate % (PCMI) $ rate % rate % (PCMI) $ rate % County MTR? FY Barbour N Distressed , Berkeley N Transitional , Boone Y At-risk , Braxton N Distressed , Brooke N Transitional , Cabell N Transitional , Calhoun N Distressed , Clay Y Distressed 9.3 9, Doddridge N At-risk , Fayette Y At-risk , Gilmer N Distressed , Grant N At-risk , Greenbrier N At-risk , Hampshire N Transitional , Hancock N Transitional , Hardy N Transitional , Harrison N Transitional , Jackson N Transitional , Jefferson N Competitive , Kanawha Y Transitional , Lewis N At-risk , Lincoln N Distressed , Logan Y At-risk , McDowell Y Distressed 9.9 8, Marion N Transitional , Marshall N Transitional , Mason N Distressed , Mercer N At-risk , Mineral N Transitional , Mingo Y Distressed , Monongalia N Transitional , Monroe N Transitional , Morgan N Transitional , Nicholas Y At-risk , Ohio N Transitional , Pendleton N Transitional , Pleasants N At-risk , Pocahontas N At-risk , Preston N Transitional , Putnam N Competitive , Raleigh Y Transitional , Randolph N Transitional , Ritchie N Distressed , Roane N Distressed , Summers N At-risk , Taylor N At-risk , Tucker N At-risk , Tyler N Transitional , Upshur N At-risk , Wayne Y At-risk , Webster N Distressed 7.4 9, Wetzel N Distressed , Wirt N Distressed , Wood N Transitional , Wyoming Y Distressed , Appalachia , United States , Source: Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). County Economic Status in the Appalachian Region, FY

60 Table 31: County economic status for ARC counties in Kentucky, FY06 Computed data Percent of US average Economic Unemp. Income Poverty Unemp. Income Poverty status level rate % (PCMI) $ rate % rate % (PCMI) $ rate % County MTR? FY United States , Appalachia , Adair N At-risk , Bath N At-risk , Bell Y Distressed , Boyd N Transitional , Breathitt Y Distressed , Carter N Distressed , Casey N Distressed , Clark N Transitional , Clay N Distressed 8.3 8, Clinton N Distressed , Cumberland N At-risk , Edmonson N At-risk , Elliott N Distressed 9.6 9, Estill N Distressed , Fleming N At-risk , Floyd Y Distressed , Garrard N Transitional , Green N Transitional , Greenup N Transitional , Harlan Y Distressed , Hart N At-risk , Jackson N Distressed 5.9 9, Johnson N Distressed , Knott Y Distressed , Knox N Distressed , Laurel Y At-risk , Lawrence Y Distressed , Lee N Distressed 7.7 9, Leslie Y Distressed , Letcher Y Distressed , Lewis N Distressed , Lincoln N At-risk , McCreary N Distressed , Madison N Transitional , Magoffin N Distressed , Martin Y Distressed , Menifee N Distressed , Monroe N Distressed , Montgomery N Transitional , Morgan N Distressed , Owsley N Distressed 5.9 9, Perry Y Distressed , Pike Y At-risk , Powell N Distressed , Pulaski N At-risk , Rockcastle N At-risk , Rowan N At-risk , Russell N Distressed , Wayne N Distressed , Whitley N Distressed , Wolfe N Distressed 8.3 8, Source: Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). County Economic Status in the Appalachian Region, FY

61 Table 32: County economic status for ARC counties in Virginia, FY06 Computed data Percent of US Average Economic Unemp. Income Poverty Unemp. Income Poverty status level rate % (PCMI) $ rate % rate % (PCMI) $ rate % County MTR? FY United States , Appalachia , Alleghany N Transitional , Bath N Competitive , Bland N Transitional , Botetourt N Attainment , Buchanan Y At-risk , Carroll N At-risk , Craig N Transitional , Dickenson Y Distressed , Floyd N Transitional , Giles N Transitional , Grayson N At-risk , Highland N Transitional , Lee Y At-risk , Montgomery N At-risk , Pulaski N Transitional , Rockbridge N Transitional , Russell Y Transitional , Scott N Transitional , Smyth N At-risk , Tazewell Y Transitional , Washington N Transitional , Wise Y At-risk , Wythe N Transitional , Source: Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). County Economic Status in the Appalachian Region, FY

62 Table 33: County economic status for ARC counties in Tennessee, FY06 Computed data Percent of US average Economic Unemp. Income Poverty Unemp. Income Poverty status level rate % (PCMI) $ rate % rate % (PCMI) $ rate % County MTR? FY United States , Appalachia , Anderson Y Transitional , Bledsoe N At-risk , Blount N Transitional , Bradley N Competitive , Campbell Y At-risk , Cannon N Transitional , Carter N Transitional , Claiborne Y At-risk , Clay N Distressed , Cocke N At-risk , Coffee N Transitional , Cumberland N Transitional , De Kalb N Transitional , Fentress N Distressed , Franklin N Transitional , Grainger N At-risk , Greene N Transitional , Grundy N Distressed , Hamblen N Transitional , Hamilton N Competitive , Hancock N Distressed 7.5 8, Hawkins N Transitional , Jackson N At-risk , Jefferson N Transitional , Johnson N Distressed , Knox N Transitional , Loudon N Transitional , McMinn N Transitional , Macon N Transitional , Marion N Transitional , Meigs N At-risk , Monroe N Transitional , Morgan N At-risk , Overton N Transitional , Pickett N At-risk , Polk N Transitional , Putnam N Transitional , Rhea N Transitional , Roane N Transitional , Scott N Distressed , Sequatchie N Transitional , Sevier N Transitional , Smith N Transitional , Sullivan N Transitional , Unicoi N Transitional , Union N At-risk , Van Buren N Transitional , Warren N Transitional , Washington N Transitional , White N Transitional , Source: Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). County Economic Status in the Appalachian Region, FY

63 3. INFRASTRUCTURE MAPS AND/OR DATA SHOWING RAIL, HIGHWAY, ELECTRICITY, WATER, AND OTHER CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 58

64 Figure 3: West Virginia coal resources 59

65 Figure 4: West Virginia electrical features 60

66 Figure 5: West Virginia electrical features with wind classes 61

67 Figure 6: West Virginia transportation features 62

68 4. WIND MAPS, INCLUDING IDENTIFYING GAPS IN RESOURCE MAPS, ISSUES WITH EXISTING MAPS, AND COST ESTIMATES FOR FINER-SCALE REGIONAL WIND MODELING AND ENERGY POTENTIAL 4.1 Background In order to obtain a finer scale state level wind map than was available from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the West Virginia Division of Energy (WVDOE) commissioned AWS TrueWind Solutions in 2002 to conduct a 200 meter resolution wind resource and energy potential assessment for West Virginia. The resulting TrueWind map and energy estimates are provided in Figure 7 and Table 34. In sum, using wind measurements at a hub height of 70 meters, and based on a 1.5 megawatt (MW) turbine rating and a minimum Class 4 average annual wind designation (7.0 m/s), AWS TrueWind found that there is a total wind energy resource development potential of 3,830 MW on private lands in West Virginia (AWS TrueWind, 2002). As explained in the following section, due to technology advancements in both the mapping of the wind resource and the design and operation of wind turbines, these estimates are outdated; an updated and finer scale modeling of West Virginia s wind resource and calculation of potential energy generation is needed. Table 34: Wind potential in West Virginia Class Development potential (MW) Area With forests and Percent of state (square miles) Total parks excluded , , ,000 8, ,400 2, , , Total, Class 3 and above 25,780 12,330 Total, Class 4 and above 10,780 3,830 Source: AWS TrueWind Solutions (2002). 63

69 Figure 7: West Virginia wind speeds at 70 meters height with 200 meter resolution Source: AWS TrueWind (2002). Note: Wind speeds are at 200 meter resolution and 70 meter hub height. Newer wind resource assessments have been completed for West Virginia. As shown in Figure 8, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory produced a wind resource map at a 50 meter height with 200 meter resolution. 64

70 Figure 8: West Virginia wind speeds at 50 meters height with 200 meter resolution Source: 2008 wind data from National Renewable Energy Laboratory at 200 meter resolution and 50 meter hub height. 4.2 Gaps/issues with existing wind resource maps Since AWS TrueWind Solutions conducted their study for West Virginia, mapping technology has advanced significantly, a fact which requires new modeling to be performed. In addition to mapping advancements, the original TrueWind study was conducted at a 200 meter resolution. Such maps are now available for free, and more useful maps provide wind data for resolutions of 100 meters or better. An example of the need for a finer scale wind modeling is exemplified by a WindLogics model created for Coal River Mountain in southern West Virginia (WindLogics, 2006). WindLogics is another national wind consulting firm similar to AWS TrueWind. Requiring a finer resolution wind map of Coal River Mountain in order to ascertain the true wind energy potential for the site beyond what was evident in either the NREL or AWS TrueWind maps, WindLogics was commissioned by Appalachian Voices of Boone, North Carolina to conduct a 90 meter resolution map of the mountain. The finerresolution map enabled the modeling of a potential wind farm and calculating the potential energy and economic benefits of a wind farm for the Coal River Mountain site. 65

71 Figure 9: Wind resources on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia, with 90 meter resolution, 80 meter hub height Source: Map copied from Hansen et al. (2008), and based on wind speed data created by WindLogics (2006). Another issue with existing wind maps for West Virginia is that they are modeled using turbine ratings that fail to generate energy potentials consistent with current technological capabilities. For instance, the AWS TrueWind calculations for West Virginia energy potential were based on a turbine rating of 1.5 MW. Most developers, in the eastern United States, however, are installing 2 MW turbines or higher. Depending on the relative power curves, it can be expected that this fact alone would result in a greater potential energy production from existing wind resources. Finally, available energy production estimates were calculated for wind resources designated as Class 4 or higher. This also results in an underestimate of existing energy potential from wind development, as many wind developers based on the fact that taller and more powerful wind turbines are now available are beginning to develop wind speeds designated at mid Class 3 levels (6.5 meters/second and higher). This is significant for the Central Appalachian coalfield region as little of the wind resource in the region is currently designated as Class 4 or higher, yet there is a substantial amount of wind potential designated as falling in the Class 3 to 4 wind speed range. The TrueWind estimates in Table 34support this conclusion. When Class 3 sites are included, West Virginia s 66

72 wind potential on private lands more than triples, jumping from 3,830 to 12,330 MW. For these reasons, wind developers pay little attention to the south central and southwestern portion of the state. This could possibly be remedied if higher resolution wind maps were available. One final gap in the available wind data is that there is not a single existing wind model for West Virginia, or any Central Appalachian state for that matter, that provides an estimate of wind energy potential for small scale (less than 100 kilowatt) wind energy technologies. Small scale wind technologies can take advantage of a range of wind speeds, yet are designed most specifically to harness lower wind speeds (Class 3 and lower). However, there is a vast amount of small scale wind energy that can be tapped, resulting in a substantial amount of clean energy being generated and potentially driving the creation of a strong small wind based economy. 4.3 Research needs Two main research needs have been identified: 1. A mapping and analysis of the true existing resource in Central Appalachia at 100 meter resolution or less, and at an meter hub height, with a focus on the coalfields. 2. A comprehensive, fine scale study showing the total small wind energy resource. In order to address these research needs, a request has been submitted to a wind resource assessment company for a fine scale modeling of the following regions: Central Appalachia, West Virginia, and the southern West Virginia surface mining counties. The request included estimates for both small and utility scale wind resources, for the cost of mapping the wind resource, as well as the cost for generating estimates of the potential energy production for both types of wind development. The request was made for a mapping at a 100 meter resolution or better, at an 80 to 90 meter hub height (for the purpose of estimating utility scale wind potential), and at a 30 to 50 meter hub height (for the purpose of estimating the small wind energy potential). The request was also made to use existing turbine capabilities. Finally, the southern West Virginia modeling request was made for the following surface coal mining counties: Boone, Clay, Fayette, Kanawha, Logan, McDowell, Mingo, Nicholas, Raleigh, Wayne, and Wyoming). 4.4 Conclusion As interest and investments in wind energy expand and the federal government moves toward regulating carbon emissions related to electricity generation, there is likely to be a rapid increase in the number of wind energy proposals in Central Appalachia. One driving factor that is already proving to increase interest in the region s wind resources is the availability of both a production tax credit and an investment tax credit at the federal level. These incentives make wind energy more competitive on the electricity market, thus rendering more projects profitable, at least to a greater degree of certainty. However, the majority of those projects are not being proposed in the coalfields of Central Appalachia, for a number of reasons. The greatest inhibitor of wind development in Central Appalachian coal producing counties is the ownership of the land and minerals by absentee landholding companies and coal companies that make a greater profit off of extracting coal than they would from leasing the surface for wind development. The second reason, however, is that existing wind maps fail to present the true wind resource; therefore, developers often pay little attention to the possibility of developing this renewable resource. For this reason, a more detailed mapping of the region s wind resource at varying heights and based on a range of existing technologies can help spur greater interest in developing the wind resources of the most impoverished and coal impacted counties of Central Appalachia. 67

73 4.5 Anemometers An anemometer is used to measure wind speeds in the field. This is often necessary before a wind developer will move forward with a project. Developers will often finance the verification process themselves. However, private landowners may need to install an anemometer on their own property if they are pursuing a wind project that is not of interest to a utility scale developer. The cost for an anemometer has been estimated at $13,000 $15,000 per 50 meter tower, $2,000 $4,000 per tower for labor, $100 per month for data analysis, and $10,000 $20,000 annually for administrative costs (Foley, 2009). 4.6 References AWS TrueWind Solutions Wind Mapping of West Virginia. Foley, Erik Director, Renewable Energy Center, St. Francis University. E mail with author McIlmoil. Mar 13. Hansen, E., A. Collins, M. Hendryx, F. Boettner, and A. Hereford The Long Term Economic Benefits of Wind Versus Mountaintop Removal Coal on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia. Morgantown, WV: Downstream Strategies. Dec. WindLogics Coal River Mountain Area, West Virginia regional prospecting analysis. Confidential report produced for the BKA Group, LLC. 68

74 5. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND CLIMACTIC CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR METHANE, BIOMASS, AND ENERGY CROPS West Virginia and other CAPP states have the potential to generate agriculture based renewable energy from methane, biomass, and energy crops. With 12 million acres of forestland and 3.6 million acres of farmland (Wang and McNeel, 2007), West Virginia can produce resources to be used: as fuel for direct combustion, in gasified form, in combined heat and power technologies, or in biochemical conversions (Milbrandt, 2005). 5.1 Biomass resources in West Virginia and CAPP states According to a National Renewable Energy Laboratory assessment of biomass resources across the country, West Virginia has by far the lowest estimated resources among the four CAPP states: 2,445 tonnes/year (Milbrandt, 2005) (See Table 35). (The Milbrandt study uses metric tons tonnes; other studies cited in this section use US short tons tons. One tonne is equivalent to tons.) Of West Virginia s biomass resources, virtually all are wood residues from forests and mills. Table 35: Estimated biomass resources in CAPP states (thousand tonnes/year) Resource West Virginia Kentucky Tennessee Virginia Agricultural residues Crop residues 32 1,722 1, Methane Emissions from Manure Management Wood residues Forest residues 1,347 2,055 1,319 2,403 Primary mill residues: Total 807 1,433 1,557 2,147 Primary mill residues: Unused Secondary mill residues Urban mill residues Dedicated energy crops case studies Conservation Reserve Program Lands: Switchgrass 9 1,822 1, Conservation Reserve Program Lands: Willow or hybrid poplar 7 1,433 1, Municipal discards Methane emissions from landfills Methane Emissions from Domestic Wastewater Treatment Total 2,445 7,830 6,745 6,535 Source: Milbrandt (2005). Note: Totals may not match due to rounding. Total includes all categories except unused primary mill residues and willow or hybrid poplar. Unused primary mill residues are not included because total primary mill residues are included. Willow or hybrid poplar are not included because switchgrass on the same land is included. A more recent report presents a more detailed picture of West Virginia s biomass resources, as shown in Table

75 Table 36: West Virginia s biomass resources (thousand dry tons/year) Resource Amount Agricultural residues Animal manure 663 Corn silage 131 Grass seed residue 101 Solid wood material from the construction and demolition waste 26 Corn stover 11 Switchgrass 4 Wheat straw 4 Short rotation woody crop 3 Soybean residue 2 Subtotal 904 Wood residues Logging residue 1,340 Mill residues 942 Urban tree residues 118 Pallet residues 13 Subtotal 2,410 Source: Wang and McNeel (2007). Note: The total agricultural residues shown in the original source (904) does not match the sum of the individual agricultural residues (944). 5.2 Agricultural residues The agricultural residue estimates provided above in TABLES X AND Y are very different. Milbrandt estimates that West Virginia has about 32,000 dry tonnes/year of crop residues, compared with 131,000 dry tons/year of corn silage estimated by Wang and McNeel. Considering other crop residues such as corn stover, wheat straw, and soybean residue, would increase the Wang and McNeel estimate even further. West Virginia Department of the Environment s (WVDOE) estimate of the state s crop residue 41,000 tons/year lies in between these studies (WVDOE, 2007). The manure figures are not comparable; while Milbrandt reports methane emissions from manure management, Wang and McNeel report tons of manure. According to WVDOE (2006), West Virginia s poultry industry generates 190,000 tons of chicken litter per year, which can be considered an energy resource. WVDOE recommends using litter as an alternative to the use of propane in broiler houses in the winter. The agency also recommends that larger poultry farmers install gasification units or methane generation (WVDOE, 2006). While litter is a potential energy resource, it is primarily used as fertilizer and can also be used as a feed supplement (Wang and McNeel, 2007). The West Virginia Environmental Council, in its Citizens Energy Plan, recommends that chicken litter be composted aerobically in production greenhouses. This would generate heat and carbon dioxide, both of which would provide for more optimal growing conditions. Compost created through this process would then be available as a soil amendment (WVEC, 2009). 70

76 5.3 Wood residues West Virginia is predominantly forested, with 78% of its land area covered by forests. Most of this forestland 88% is privately owned (Grushecky, 2007). Although numbers are not provided for every category in the tables above, wood residues can be divided into the following categories: 1. Primary a. Logging residues b. Fuel treatment c. Tree trimming 2. Secondary a. Primary wood processing mill residues b. Secondary wood processing mill residues c. Pulping liquors (black liquor) 3. Tertiary a. Urban wood residues (Wang, Undated) The wood residues estimates presented by Wang and McNeel roughly match those presented by Milbrandt: 2,410,000 tons/year versus 2,353,000 tonnes/year. WVDOE provides a higher estimate: 4,780,000 tons/year of underutilized wood residues (WVDOE, 2007). The West Virginia forest products industry includes approximately 140 sawmills, about 300 secondary producers, three large engineered wood producers, and wood products facilities in every county (Grushecky, 2007). The economic impact of wood products in West Virginia is significant. Including direct, indirect, and induced impacts, the industry is responsible for $4 billion in sales, 29,800 jobs, $703 million in employee compensation, and $45 million in assorted state taxes (Grushecky, 2007). According to Wang and McNeel (2007), most mill residues are used for fuel; the remaining residues are used for mulch and composite materials (Table 37). The percentage used for boiler fuel has decreased sharply from 65.7% in 1999 (Wang and McNeel, 2007). Table 37: Mill residue uses in West Virginia in 2005 Use Percentage of mill residues Fuel uses Pellet fuel 66.7% Boiler fuel 17.5% Subtotal 84.2% Non-fuel uses Mulch 8.6% Composite materials 7.2% Subtotal 15.8% Source: Wang and McNeel (2007). 5.4 Dedicated energy crops While agricultural and wood residues can be used to produce renewable energy in multiple forms, dedicated energy crops such as switchgrass or fast growing trees can be used as feedstocks for cellulosic biofuels (Capehart, 2008). A side benefit to farmers is that dedicated energy crops can sometimes be grown on land unsuitable for conventional crops. These crops can also help protect farmland against erosion (Milbrandt, 2005). 71

77 According to the Center for Business and Economic Research (2006), switchgrass shows particular potential in southern Appalachia because it is native to the region, highly productive, extremely resistant to disease, and able to grow well on marginal soils. A switchgrass analysis has been completed in the CAPP state of Tennessee (Garland, Undated). As summarized in Table 35 above, Milbrandt (2005) considers case studies in which Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land is planted to dedicated energy crops. In the first scenario, switchgrass is grown; in the second scenario, willow or hybrid poplar is grown. In both scenarios, however, the potential for growing energy crops on CRP land in West Virginia is quite small compared with other CAPP states. The fundamental reason is that West Virginia farmers do not make significant use of CRP. In fact, only 4,264 acres of West Virginia farmland were under CRP as of September 30, 2007 (Farm Service Agency, 2009). Therefore, evaluating the full potential for dedicated energy crops in West Virginia will require an assessment of non CRP lands. One idea under consideration in West Virginia is to grow switchgrass on abandoned mine lands (AMLs). In 2008, West Virginia University received a $550,000 Brownfields award to turn AMLs into fields capable of growing switchgrass and other biofuels. The goal of this project is to develop sustainable energy parks on mine scarred lands. Specific tasks include producing an inventory of AMLs suitable for redevelopment into sustainable energy parks, identifying large tracts of mine scarred land that can be used for renewable energy production, conducting surveys of potential sites, and engaging affected communities. One comprehensive pilot program will then be selected (Wafle, 2008). The Wang and McNeel (2007) figures summarized above in Table 36 show the potential for about 4,000 dry tons/year of switchgrass in West Virginia. This is listed as an agricultural residue; it is not clear whether this figure truly represents the potential for switchgrass residue, as opposed to the full potential for switchgrass. The value of 4,000 dry tons/year is less than half of the 9,000 dry tons/year estimated for switchgrass in Milbrandt s CRP scenario. 5.5 Precipitation and temperature in West Virginia 72

78 Figure 10: West Virginia average annual precipitation 73

79 Figure 11: West Virginia average annual temperature 74

80 Figure 12: West Virginia average maximum temperature 75

81 Figure 13: West Virginia average annual minimum temperature 76

82 5.6 References Capehart, T Cellulosic Biofuels: Analysis of Policy Issues for Congress. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Nov 7. Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Appalachia: Policy and Potential. Marshall University. Prepared for: Appalachian Regional Commission. Aug 28. Farm Service Agency Cumulative CRP Enrollment by County, FY 1986 through FY Garland, C. D. Undated. Growing and Harvesting Switchgrass for Ethanol Production in Tennessee. Tennessee Biofuels Initiative, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, UT. Extension SP 701a. Grushecky, S., J. Wiedenbeck, and B. Spong A Summary of WV Roundwood Markets and Utilization Rates. West Virginia University, Appalachian Hardwood Center and USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. Milbrandt, A A Geographic Perspective on the Current Biomass Resource Availability in the United States. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Technical Report NREL/TP Dec. Wafle, T WVU Receives $550,000 EPA Award for Sustainable Energy Parks Project. Press release from West Virginia University National Research Center for Coal and Energy. Sep 10. Wang, J. Undated. Woody Biomass Resources, Utilization, and Opportunities in West Virginia. West Virginia University, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, Biomaterials and Wood Utilization Research Center. Wang, J. and J. McNeel Biomass and Bioenergy Research Development at West Virginia University. Presented at the 2007 SURA Bioenergy Summit, February 27 28, 2007, Washington, DC. WVU_BioEnergySURA.doc West Virginia Division of Energy (WVDOE) West Virginia Energy Opportunities: A Blueprint for the Future, Resources for Economic Growth and Energy Security. West Virginia Environmental Council (WVEC) West Virginia Citizens Energy Plan for Economic Opportunities and a Sustainable Future. Third Edition. June 77

83 6. EXISTING MANUFACTURING PLANTS THAT CAN MAKE COMPONENTS FOR GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND GENERAL REQUISITES AND INCENTIVES FOR ATTRACTING INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPERS TO THE REGION 6.1 Background Experienced in equipment and components manufacturing, and with substantial infrastructure on the ground, Appalachia may be in a position to engage this growing energy sector and provide local growth in jobs and investment. (Appalachian Regional Commission, 2007) Across most of Central Appalachia, there seems to be a substantial shortage of existing manufacturing of components for green energy technologies. At the same time, there is significant potential for taking advantage of and expanding the manufacturing capabilities of existing manufacturers in order both to meet the growing demand in the region for renewable energy equipment, and to create new, green jobs in the renewable energy sector. However, even while sitting on vast green energy resources such as wind, solar, and biomass, the region lags far behind in capitalizing on those resources for driving new economic development. For this reason, it seems appropriate to discuss existing and potential renewable energy component manufacturing capability alongside a discussion of the requisites and incentives for attracting investment and developers to the Central Appalachian region. This analysis will focus primarily on West Virginia, and to a secondary extent Kentucky, while reporting on the green manufacturing potential and related economic benefits for each of the four Central Appalachian states as reported by the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) in their 2007 report, Energizing Appalachia: Global Challenges and the Prospect of a Renewable Future." To understand what opportunities exist for Appalachia and to engage the renewable energy sector, the report analyzed the region s potential capacity to manufacture components for the wind, solar, and biomass industries. In order to calculate the existing number of firms and jobs tied to manufacturing industries with potential to enter the renewable energy sector, the report relied upon a review of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes and 2002 US Census Bureau county business pattern data. ARC only selected data for NAICS codes that represented industries that manufacture components having a certain degree of similarity to those used by the wind, solar, and biomass industries, and their analysis revealed not only the degree of potential (manufacturing) capacity, but also how it is distributed across the region (Appalachian Regional Commission, 2007). This chapter will begin by providing a survey of known existing companies that have begun manufacturing component parts for use in renewable energy development, and will then discuss relevant results from the ARC s survey of existing manufacturing capacity with the potential to enter the renewables sector. In order to address how the Central Appalachian states can take advantage of the growth in green technology development, this chapter will then address the opportunities, requisites, and incentives for enabling such growth to occur in the region. Existing manufacturing involved in making renewable energy components In identifying existing manufacturing in the green technologies sectors related to wind, solar, and biomass production, our survey focused solely on West Virginia. While the other three Central Appalachian states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee appear to have a greater number of manufacturing companies making component parts for renewable technologies, to varying degrees, West Virginia has very few. While information is available for the two Central Appalachian states with the least coal mining activity (Virginia and Tennessee), there 78

84 is not a readily accessible listing of existing green manufacturing companies for either West Virginia or Kentucky (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009). For those identified in West Virginia, however, we provide an overview of each company and the parts or equipment they manufacture for use in the construction of renewable energy systems. Steel of West Virginia, Huntington Steel manufacturing, solar support systems (304) Steel of West Virginia is a specialty steel manufacturing plant that has been manufacturing equipment for various industrial purposes in West Virginia for decades. They consider themselves a green company primarily because they have retrofitted their plant in order to be able to recycle waste materials such as old mine rails and parts and scrap metal. They also recycle as much of their waste heat as possible using natural gas reheat furnaces, and they recycle the water they consume for cooling purposes. According to the company, their only hazardous byproduct is steel dust, but they recapture that and sell it for making road based materials. Their Huntington plant is now manufacturing parts for solar energy systems being constructed in the western region of the United States. The component they manufacture is the lightweight part of the frame assembly to which the solar panels are attached. Being a custom steel company, Steel of West Virginia is also capable of potentially manufacturing component parts for wind turbines, such as the tower and turbine blades. According to their president, the company has been approached by a few wind developers, but has yet to be contracted for making turbine parts. West Virginia Alloys, Alloy Silicon manufacturing, solar photovoltaics West Virginia Alloys is a subsidiary of Globe Metallurgical, Inc., which is among the world s largest producers of silicon metal and silicon based allows. The company s customers include manufacturers of solar photovoltaic cells. West Virginia Alloys uses electric arc furnaces to produce nearly pure silicon. This project allows the company to capture energy from the silicon furnaces and gain an advantage over competitors that typically vent this energy. The company will install waste heat recovery boilers that convert exhaust heat into steam, which in turn will drive a power generator. The resulting energy will offset nearly one third of the purchased electricity used in the furnaces, eliminating costs and associated emissions of purchased power. The company takes advantage of, and was likely sited due to, its proximity to West Virginia s silicon quarry mines. This provides West Virginia Alloys with a competitive advantage for taking advantage of future growth in the solar energy sector. Tower Logistics, Huntington Wind component manufacturing, turbine installation logistics.com/index.php Tower Logistics is based in Huntington, West Virginia, and according to their Web site has for 130 years provided manufacturing, servicing, and installation of wind turbines, as well as the design and fabrication of major wind turbine components. Given the rapid growth of wind energy development in West Virginia, Tower Logistics is well positioned for expanding their manufacturing base, and their location in southern West Virginia offers the potential for creating new economic opportunity for residents of the coalfield counties of Mingo, Logan, Kanawha, and Wayne. It would also appear that their proximity to Steel of West Virginia should provide the potential for developing a wind energy business cluster, thereby creating a competitive advantage on the wind market due to lower costs of production stemming from two companies on the wind supply chain being in such close proximity to each other. 79

85 6.2 Existing manufacturing with potential to make renewable energy components As a whole, Appalachian counties possess almost 200,000 jobs in manufacturing parts and components that could, with modification, be suited for production of renewable energy components. This also includes almost 3,000 existing manufacturers within the region that possess similar potential to engage the renewable energy industry. (Appalachian Regional Commission, 2007) According to the ARC (2007), 51,973 jobs spread across 637 manufacturing firms in the four states of the Central Appalachian region could potentially be employed in the manufacturing of component parts for biomass, solar, and wind facilities. The ARC report breaks these numbers down by state and energy sector. Unfortunately, while providing a well researched count of the number of firms and jobs, the study does not provide company names. For that reason, this section will only provide the summary results. As part of our research gap analysis, however, we noted that the Environmental Defense Fund had generated a listing of existing and potential green manufacturing companies operating in both Tennessee and Virginia, but had not yet done so for the other states. For that reason, it must be reiterated that a comprehensive survey and listing is needed of existing manufacturing companies that either already manufacture component parts for developing green energy technologies, or have the capacity to do so. The advantage that the region has is that there is a significant amount of renewable energy potential in Central Appalachia related to the three primary industries. For instance, AWS TrueWind Solutions (2002) identified 3,830 megawatts (MW) of wind potential on private lands in West Virginia alone. The Institute for Local Self Reliance estimates a rooftop solar photovoltaic energy capacity of 6 million megawatt hours (MWh) of generation per year (Farrell and Morris, 2008), and the US Department of Energy estimates an annual cellulosic biomass feedstock production for conversion to ethanol of 2.4 million dry tons per year (US Department of Energy, 2009) Overall, these three renewable energy sectors offer significant growth potential that the state could take advantage of, especially in combination with national momentum, incentives, and policy support for growth. For this reason, knowledge of the location, manufacturing capabilities, and capacity of existing companies within the region that could potentially expand their industries to include the manufacture of renewable energy component parts would prove useful in identifying the connections and partnerships that can be created for maximizing the growth in the state s and the region s green manufacturing base, in order to take advantage of the full economic potential offered by existing resources. For the purposes of this chapter, however, based on the lack of available information, we only provide the data included in the ARC (2007) report. ARC found: Each of the 13 Appalachian member states have counties with concentrated manufacturing potential of over 100 jobs or over 5 components in each of the three industries considered (wind, solar, biomass). Several areas of concentrated employment potential exist for each of the three sectors in excess of 1,000 jobs in a single county, including Wood County, West Virginia, which has 2,710 jobs and three establishments producing component parts similar to those needed by the solar photovoltaic industry. Regionally (across all 13 ARC member states), over 28,000 potential manufacturing jobs exist within economically distressed or at risk Appalachian counties (as designated by the ARC). The following is a breakdown of total potential renewable energy manufacturing employment for ARC member states that lie within the Central Appalachian region: West Virginia: 9,833 total jobs, 148 total manufacturing establishments (primary sectors: solar, wind) Kentucky: 7,206 total jobs, 66 total manufacturing establishments (primary sectors: wind) Virginia: 8,690 total jobs, 68 total manufacturing establishments (primary sectors: biomass) Tennessee: 26,244 total jobs, 355 total manufacturing establishments (primary sectors: wind) 80

86 Table 38 provides a breakdown of the survey results by sector for West Virginia (note: some overlap exists due to some components being available to more than one energy sector): Table 38: West Virginia manufacturing potential to support the wind, solar, and biomass industries West Virginia Wind Solar Biomass Total Employment 3,688 4,414 2,055 10,157 Establishments County with greatest employment concentration Ritchie 1,177 jobs 3 facilities 1 component Wood 2,710 jobs 3 facilities 2 components Hancock 588 jobs 2 facilities 2 components Employment in ARC "at-risk" counties Source: ARC (2007). 649 (plastics products) 123 (plastics material and resin) 283 (instruments and related products) 1,055 CAPP aims to help develop new economic opportunities in a clean energy economy in the rural areas of Central Appalachia where surface mining occurs. However, none of the counties listed in Table 38 are situated in the southern West Virginia mountaintop removal coal mining region. Instead, these counties are in northern West Virginia where very little surface mining occurs. Also, as shown in Figure 14, very few of the potential green manufacturing jobs estimated to be available in the Appalachian region exist in rural areas. They are predominantly situated in metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Figure 14: Potential renewable sector manufacturing jobs by county population classification Source: Copied from ARC (2007). To conclude, the Appalachian region, and in particular the Central Appalachian region, holds great potential for providing jobs and investment in the renewable energy sector. A total of 51,973 manufacturing jobs could exist in the wind, solar, and biomass renewable energy sectors in the four Central Appalachian states of West Virginia, 81