Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-based Products

Transcription

1 Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-based Products Version 1.0 for public release

2 2016 LafargeHolcim 2

3 Content Executive Summary 5 1 Introduction 7 2 Scope of the Protocol Purpose of the Protocol Structure of the Protocol Intended Users of the Protocol Targeted Use of the Protocol and Limitations Development of the Protocol 11 3 Relationship to Prevailing Standards and Guidelines 11 4 Terms & Definitions 12 5 Principles and Fundamentals of Avoided GHG Emissions Accounting Guiding Principles Fundamental Aspects Applying the Life Cycle Approach Tackling Environmental Trade-Offs Managing Double-Counting Attributing avoided GHG emissions to individual value chain stakeholders Methodological Framework GHG emission saving mechanisms 25 6 Guidelines on Avoided Emissions Accounting Procedure for definition of savings categories Methodological provisions and procedure for the development of Savings Category Rules (SCRs) 27 7 Reporting Reporting content of individual product case studies Reporting avoided emissions from a corporate perspective 38 Annex 1. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Energy Efficiency Category 40 Annex 2. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair Category 50 Annex 3. GHG Savings Category Rules for the High Performance Category 59 Annex 4. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Recycling and Reuse Category 66 Annex 5. Fact Sheet on the Ecoterm Product Solution 71 Annex 6. Fact Sheet on the ICF Product Solution 78 Annex 7. Fact Sheet on the ICS Product Solution 84 Annex 8. Fact Sheet on the Speedcrete Product Solution 90 Annex 9. Fact Sheet on the High Performance Concrete Product Solution 95 Annex 10. Fact Sheet on the Recycling & Reuse Product Solution LafargeHolcim 3

4 Annex 11. Overview of Existing SCR Documents and Product Solutions Fact Sheets 107 Annex 12. References 108 Figures Figure 1: Structure of the protocol and its broader application... 9 Figure 2: Value chain / life cycle approach Figure 3: Generic illustration of avoided GHG emissions along the value chain Figure 4: Four phases of life cycle assessment as basis for avoided GHG emissions accounting Figure 5: Schematic visualization of reporting avoided GHG emissions along the value chain from a customer s perspective Tables Table 1: The significance of the contribution of innovative products to value chain avoided GHG emissions based on the functionality approach (adopted from WBCSD/ICCA guidelines [6]) Table 2: Non-exclusive overview of various saving mechanisms and GHG savings categories for cement-based product solutions LafargeHolcim 4

5 Executive Summary LafargeHolcim established the 2030 Plan, setting goals to provide innovative and sustainable solutions that reduce the impact on climate, including the global warming impact along the value chain of its products. With a local presence in 90 countries, LafargeHolcim plans to increase cement production significantly in the next decades and at the same time aspires to grow its portfolio of 2030 Solutions up to a significant share of the overall revenues. While LafargeHolcim intends to gradually decouple economic growth from increases in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions, the organization set out to further contribute to avoiding GHG emissions along the products value chains by providing more climate-friendly product solutions to their customers. This ambitious goal requires substantial innovation, bringing to the construction market more sustainable solutions that create value for society and evidently contribute to achieving savings in GHG emissions along the entire value chains and specifically in their use and application. Driven by this ambitious goal, LH initiated the development of a protocol for quantifying avoided GHG emissions along the value chains of cement and concrete products. Due to the extraordinary high relevance of climate-change impacts for the cement industry, this protocol focuses exclusively on GHG releases. It provides the framework, requirements and guidance for calculating GHG emissions avoided through innovative, climate-efficient cement and concrete products across their life cycles, i.e. along the entire value chain. The main objective is to foster consistent, methodologically robust and transparent accounting of avoided GHG emissions related to a cement-based product s value chain. The protocol has been developed with reference to relevant established standards as well as emerging guidelines. The ISO and ISO standards on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) represent the normative foundation for the requirements and guidance provided. Accordingly, the methodological framework and principles of LCA were adopted. The document was further aligned with internationally accepted standards for carbon accounting of products (e.g. the GHG Protocol s Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard). Avoided GHG emissions are the cumulative GHG emission savings that occur as a result of the use of a product, compared to a baseline solution, along the value chain. Avoided emissions are thus quantified along the value chain as aggregated GHG savings considering all life cycle stages and also including indirectly caused GHG emission decreases outside the organization s own operations (e.g. in the use and end-of-life stages). These avoided emissions may occur both directly in the product life cycle and as secondary effects beyond the immediate product life cycle (e.g. reduction of traffic emissions by faster road repair). Having a focus on products from the cement industry, assessments under the scope of this protocol are conducted on the level of an end-user application (such as for a building), as product comparisons on an intermediate product level (such as for a concrete wall) do not show the full life cycle and may therefore provide skewed and biased results for GHG emission avoidance. The baseline solution is chosen in relation to the selected end-use level (e.g. a single-family low-income building). To support consistent and representative accounting of GHG emission reductions, one or more product-specific market segment(s) are determined, where the innovative product (e.g. an insulating light-weight concrete wall) is used as a substitution for a conventional product. Based on the market segment selected (e.g. a single-family low-income building), the product solution that is used or implemented as predominant standard solution (next best alternative; e.g. regular concrete walls for a single-family lowincome building), also delivering the same user benefit within these segments, are considered to serve as baseline solution. The protocol includes the core methodological guidance, specific guidelines for the products attributed to different GHG emissions savings categories and fact sheets documenting the accounting results for 2016 LafargeHolcim 5

6 individual product solutions (product case studies). The GHG savings categories describe a broader group of possible GHG saving mechanisms which an innovative product may induce. The supplementary category guidelines are termed GHG emissions Savings Category Rules (SCRs) providing further advice on specific modelling of single product case studies. GHG emissions avoided along the value chain are generally in the first instance owned by all partners of the value chain. Therefore, this protocol does not strive to establish a representative attribution scheme to quantitatively assign the value-chain associated GHG savings to individual value chain stakeholders. The assessment of a value chains partner s contribution to the GHG reduction potential is subject to a consultative process involving stakeholders relevant to a product s life cycle which could eventually generate reasonable attribution ratios that need to be built on consensus. Avoided emissions pinpoint the GHG saving potential a product solution can generate along its life cycle, thereby demonstrating the global warming reduction benefit it can have for its users. As quantification of avoided emissions adheres to a comparative product-level assessment contrasting an innovative product solution with a baseline (implemented in the market and having an equal user benefit), such GHG savings can only be communicated in the product-related context. The reporting company may, therefore, state the total avoided GHG emissions induced along the complete value chain, acknowledging the involvement of other value chain partners. This shall be done without a claim for the GHG emissions avoided, unless consensus-based attribution keys have been agreed upon. While companies from the building and construction sector aspire to innovate their products and offer their customers new solutions with enhanced climate change performance characteristics, reporting of avoided GHG emissions from a corporate angle should focus on demonstrating this particular GHG customer benefit. Building on the product-level case study results, avoided GHG emissions could thus be aggregated over the portfolio of innovative products brought to market, using the respective product sales volumes. This allows to communicate the environmental benefits during the customer-use phase as well as the positive side of a company s climate change improvement efforts down the value chain. The guidelines are intended to enable companies to take informed decisions to decrease GHG emissions of their products by their own activities (e.g., design) and in collaboration with value chain partners (e.g. efficient use by their customers). This protocol has been developed particularly for the internal use at LafargeHolcim. Yet, the overall framework, requirements and provisions formulated herein are applicable to cement-based products in general. The guidelines could consequently be used by all companies from the cement industry and construction sector as well as by interested related parties LafargeHolcim 6

7 1 Introduction LafargeHolcim established the 2030 Plan, setting goals to provide innovative and sustainable solutions that reduce the impact on climate, including the global warming impact along the value chain of its products. As the new world s leader in the building materials industry for cement, concrete and aggregates, LafargeHolcim s goal is to anchor sustainability in all its operations and along its value chains, thus going clearly beyond its own plants boundaries. LafargeHolcim plans to increase cement production significantly in the next decades and aspires to grow its portfolio of sustainable product solutions up to a significant share of the overall revenues. This development shall be supported by a leadership program helping to reduce LafargeHolcim s overall carbon footprint. While LafargeHolcim intends to decouple economic growth from increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the organization set out to extend avoiding GHG emissions further down the value chain. This ambitious goal requires substantial innovation, bringing to the construction market sustainable solutions that create value for society and evidently contribute to achieving savings in GHG emissions along the entire value chains and specifically in their use and application. This is the rationale for developing the protocol for calculation of avoided GHG emissions, along the value chain, which is outlined in this document. This protocol has been developed as a standard methodology for calculating avoided GHG emissions occurring along the value chain of cement-based products, with special attention to LafargeHolcim s product solutions. It intentionally does not consider other environmental emissions (i.e. non-ghg emissions), such as emissions contributing to eutrophication or acidification. The protocol defines the framework, requirements and provisions to estimate avoided GHG emissions across entire life cycles of end-user solutions using cement-based products. Such avoided GHG emissions will be assessed by comparing the climate impacts of LafargeHolcim s product solutions to the impacts of currently implemented technologies that LafargeHolcim seeks to replace on the market. Thereby, both the upstream impacts of a cement-based product are considered as well as the capability to reduce GHG emissions in downstream application are taken into account. Hence, the protocol exceeds the scope of existing standards for GHG accounting LafargeHolcim 7

8 2 Scope of the Protocol 2.1 Purpose of the Protocol This protocol has been developed with the purpose to enable the understanding, calculation and reporting of avoided GHG emissions for innovative cement-based product solutions. The protocol provides the framework, requirements, provisions and guidance to quantify GHG emissions avoided through innovative, climate-efficient cement-based products across their life cycle and along the entire value chain. It has been fitted to the challenges and business realities of the cement and construction sector. The main objective is to foster consistent, methodologically-robust and transparent accounting of avoided GHG emissions related to a cement product s value chain. The guidance and methodological foundation established in this protocol is designed to be a practical help for concrete-, cement- and construction companies to rapidly assess innovative product solutions, and calculate the avoided GHG emissions in a pragmatic, yet robust and credible, way. Specifically, cement manufacturers are enabled to make informed decisions to decrease GHG emissions of their products by their own activities (e.g., design and manufacture) and in collaboration with value chain partners (e.g., efficient use by their customers). While there are available standards and guidance on product-focused GHG accounting (e.g., the GHG Protocol s Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard [1]), this protocol has been specifically-designed to address avoided GHG emissions generated along a cement-based product s value chain. It thus incorporates GHG emissions and removals generated in a cement-based product s life cycle, independently whether these emissions and savings can directly be associated to the original product manufacturer s operations or to other actors along the product s value chain. Construction sector companies must be capable of understanding and further amplifying the emission avoidance potential of their product solutions. This protocol is therefore of essential help in identifying potential GHG emissions mitigation while coping with the challenge of growing production-related carbon emissions caused by an increasing demand for cement-based products. For this, specific provisions and guidance are provided in order to establish an operational application of the protocol in cement manufacturers operations. It will support cement producing and cement employing companies in understanding the GHG saving opportunities to focus company efforts in an efficient manner. The protocol includes considerations for the cement industry and can be applicable to similar products (e.g. insulation material) in the building and construction sector. In a wider perspective the guidelines provided herein should be aligned with and contribute to other industry efforts to create net positive value by reductions and savings in GHG emissions due to innovative product solutions throughout the value chain LafargeHolcim 8

9 2.2 Structure of the Protocol This protocol is structured into different levels taking into account a hierarchy of essential elements including (see Figure 1): the core methodological guidance (i.e., core method encompassing the principles and fundamentals of avoided GHG emissions accounting), specific guidelines for the products attributed to different GHG emissions savings categories, and fact sheets documenting the accounting results for individual product solutions (product case studies). The GHG savings categories describe a broader group of possible GHG saving mechanisms which an innovative product may induce (e.g. Energy Efficiency and Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair). The category guidelines are termed GHG emissions Savings Category Rules (SCRs). Relevant SCR documents are included in the annexes of this document. The SCRs describe the requirements, quantification approach and explicit specifications for accounting avoided emissions for different types of GHG saving mechanisms. For all savings categories, these guidelines shall provide detailed guidance on how to apply the methodological provisions given here to the particular savings category. By doing so, the category level guidance should ensure that the actual calculations for a specific product solution (product case study) can be executed in a straightforward and transparent manner. The product-specific fact sheets concisely depict the findings and choices taken at product solution level. Building on these central elements, operationalized tools facilitating the quantification of avoided GHG emissions along the product s value chain can be developed. Such supplementary tools generally include calculation models for individual product solutions attributed to different GHG savings categories. REFERENCE STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES (e.g. ISO 14040) CORE METHOD PRODUCT CASE STUDIES AND SECTOR CONTEXT GHG EMISSION SAVINGS CATEGORY GUIDELINES/RULES FACT SHEETS FOR INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT CASE STUDIES Thermal / energy efficienc Energy Efficiency y Efficiency in Road Construction & Repair High Performance Concrete Durability & Resilience Recycling & Reusing Figure 1: Structure of the protocol and its broader application 2016 LafargeHolcim 9

10 2.3 Intended Users of the Protocol This protocol has been developed particularly for the internal use at LafargeHolcim. Yet, the overall framework, requirements and provisions formulated herein are applicable to cement-based products in general. The guidelines could consequently be used by all companies from the cement industry and construction sector as well as by interested related parties. Extensive application of this protocol could stimulate a consistent quantification of avoided GHG emissions and support a reliable communication on GHG emission reduction benefits. Comparable results based on this methodological foundation can help to increase credibility of avoided GHG emissions results exchanged with the various stakeholders along the value chains of cement-based products. Users within LafargeHolcim and construction-related companies could comprise employees in the respective functions that handle, among others, climate change and sustainability issues, product research and development, procurement, marketing, and communication. At LafargeHolcim, in specific, the results of the avoided GHG emission calculations will be used internally to inform decision making and drive product innovation. Further, this protocol will support in communicating the value-chain associated benefits of GHG savings of cement-based products to value chain partners and other interested stakeholders, thus driving actions towards better choices that improve carbon efficiency over the life cycle of the products. 2.4 Targeted Use of the Protocol and Limitations The protocol has been designed to facilitate a scientifically sound, transparent and credible quantification of avoided GHG emissions generated by product solutions from the cement sector. All provisions and detailed guidance established focus solely on the assessment of GHGs and their respective savings. Restricting the assessment to GHGs helps to streamline the calculations and provides targeted results in regards to climate-impact mitigation opportunities. The limitation is justified, as GHG releases cause global warming, which is generally seen as one of the most urgent environmental impacts that endanger society and ecosystems. Further, climate change mitigation is regarded highly important for the cement industry. However, certain limitations are involved when assessing GHG emission savings. Particularly trade-offs between environmental impacts can possibly be failed to be noticed, thereby causing a biased evaluation of the innovative product solution. Generally, the overall environmental performance and possibly superiority should not be expressed based on the results from avoided GHG accounting alone. Moreover, while certain methodological limitations may exist in the application of this protocol (e.g. simplified reflection of the complexity of cement product value chains), this protocol does not strive to establish a representative attribution scheme to quantitatively assign the value-chain associated GHG savings to individual value chain stakeholders. The assessment of a value chain partner s contribution to the GHG reduction potential is subject to a consultative process involving stakeholders relevant to a product s life cycle. This process could eventually generate reasonable attribution ratios that are required to be built on consensus (see Section 5.2.4). Similarly, guidance on internal (first party) and external (third party) assurance, the process involved and the procedural requirements are considered to be outside of the scope of this protocol and are therefore not elaborated in detail. Yet, detailed advice on the assurance of avoided GHG emissions studies can be retrieved from the GHG Protocol s Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard [1] which outlines the requirements for assurance and provides a description of the process and respective guidance LafargeHolcim 10

11 2.5 Development of the Protocol In 2013, LafargeHolcim conducted a number of pilot studies for selected innovative cement product solutions to quantify the potential of avoiding GHG emissions along their value chains. The study results pinpointed a promising potential to contribute to significantly reduced GHG emissions over the entire value chain. The pilot studies were performed in the absence of an applicable, internationally-accepted standard on assessing the effect of avoiding GHG emissions through products. Hence, LafargeHolcim was seeking for a scientifically sound, transparent and credible foundation to assess their product solutions ability to achieve a net positive GHG balance in comparison to traditional construction solutions implemented in the market. The first draft of the protocol was developed in 2014 and submitted to a six-member review committee of experts representing diverse organizations, including industry, academia and non-profit organizations. The reviewers recommendations were incorporated and informed the final version of this protocol. The protocol was established considering internationally recognized standards on life cycle assessment and GHG accounting (see Chapter 3) and therefore needs to be applied under the umbrella of these standards, rather than as a stand-alone guidance. The provisions given in this document are expressed using the internationally-acknowledged terminology of ISO employing the terms shall, should and may [2]. Shall refers to a mandatory provision, should denotes a recommendation and may refers to an option given within the application of the protocol. 3 Relationship to Prevailing Standards and Guidelines The protocol has been developed with reference to relevant established standards as well as emerging guidelines. The ISO and ISO standards [3, 4] on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) represent the normative foundation for the requirements and guidance provided in this document. The fundamental approach of LCA is considered an indispensable prerequisite for quantifying the GHG saving potential of products along the value chain. Moreover, this protocol was aligned with internally-accepted standards for carbon accounting of products taking specific consideration of the GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard [1] and the ISO/TR 14067:2013 Greenhouse gases -- Carbon footprint of products -- Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication [5]. Conceptual aspects of this framework were further stimulated by the recently published WBCSD ICCA guidelines for accounting avoided GHG emissions of chemical products [6]. Detailed specifications for the step-wise procedure for defining savings category rules (see Chapter 6) build on guidance provided in the EN standard [7] stipulating core rules for environmental product declarations (EPDs) of construction products LafargeHolcim 11

12 4 Terms & Definitions Avoided emissions Avoided GHG emissions are the cumulative GHG emission savings that occur as a result of the use of a product, compared to a baseline solution, along the value chain. Avoided emissions are thus quantified along the value chain as aggregated GHG savings considering all life cycle stages (including possible additional emissions in upstream sections of the life cycle, e.g. production) and also including indirectly caused GHG emission decreases outside the organization s own operations (e.g. in the use and endof-life stages). These avoided emissions may occur both directly in the product s life cycle and as secondary effects beyond the immediate product s life cycle. Baseline product See baseline solution. Baseline solution The reference solution (product) that is compared against the innovative cement-based solution (or product). The baseline solution is commonly used to provide the same function as the specific cementbased product. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A naturally occurring gas, and also a product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as of land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal greenhouse gas emitted due to anthropogenic activity that affects the earth's radiative balance. Climate change Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among others, that occur over several decades or longer. CO2 equivalent (CO2e) A metric used to express the results of a carbon footprint. It indicates the mass of carbon dioxide that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a given mass of another greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the mass of the gas emitted by its global warming potential (GWP). Consistency check A consistency check determines if the assumptions, methods, data collection, calculations, etc. are consistently applied in the modelling of the product life cycle. Conversion factors Conversion factors are used to calculate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by energy use. Normally they are measured in units of kg carbon dioxide equivalents. Core method Core methodological guidance for the assessment of avoided greenhouse gas emissions including the principles, fundamentals and methodological framework, applicable for all saving mechanisms induced by innovative cement-based product solutions LafargeHolcim 12

13 Cut-off Specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit processes or the product system to be excluded from a study. Emissions The release of a substance (usually a gas when referring to the subject of climate change) into the atmosphere. Energy use Refers to energy used in a specific process or by a specific user. This excludes conversion and distribution losses, but includes end use inefficiency losses (for example, energy lost as heat by electrical appliance). Environmental impacts Possible effects caused by a development, industrial process, or infrastructural project or by the direct release of a substance in the environment. Fact sheet Document presenting the results of individual product case studies depicting the data, calculations and findings in a format which emphasizes key points in a concise format. Functional unit The functional unit describes the function of the customer s application of a product solution and is the unit to which all environmental impacts relate. GHG emission savings potential The amount of GHG emissions that can potentially be avoided through the use of an innovative product solution. GHG Protocol The GHG Protocol Initiative is a partnership between the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The GHG Protocol provides the most widely used international accounting standards and tools for the quantification of GHG emissions. Global warming An increase in the near surface temperature of the earth. The term is today most often used to refer to the warming scientists predict to occur as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Global Warming Potential (GWP) A factor describing the radiative forcing impact (degree of harm to the atmosphere) of (GWP) one unit of a given GHG relative to one unit of CO2. Expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). GWP characterization factors are defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in their periodical assessment reports LafargeHolcim 13

14 Green claims Green claims denote the communication of the environmental attributes of a product, specifically addressing the positive environmental performance. Greenhouse gas (GHG) The gases that are transparent to solar (short-wave) radiation but opaque to long-wave (infrared) radiation, thus preventing long-wave radiant energy from leaving earth's atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of absorbed radiation and a tendency to warm the planet's surface. The GHG specified by the UNFCCC / the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint The total amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere and associated with a specific entity or one product. Impact assessment Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product. Input Product, material or energy flow that enters a unit process. Inventory analysis Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle. Inventory boundary See system boundary. ISO ISO standard specifying the principles and framework for life cycle assessments. ISO ISO standard specifying the requirements and guidelines for life cycle assessments. Kyoto Protocol International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the UNFCCC. Life cycle Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal and recycling. Life cycle assessment (LCA) Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Output Product, material or energy flow that leaves a unit process LafargeHolcim 14

15 Product category rules (PCR) Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations for one or more product categories. Product system Collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions and modelling the life cycle of a product. Reference flow Measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit. Saving mechanism The GHG saving mechanism addresses the actual phenomena of how GHG emissions are avoided when applying a specific product solution compared to a baseline solution. The specific saving mechanisms depend on the product category, specific product solution and the application of the product solution. Scope 1 Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources, as defined by the GHG Protocol. Scope 2 Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy, as defined by the GHG Protocol. Scope 3 Scope 3 emissions are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions, as defined by the GHG Protocol. Screening LCA A screening LCA study may serve for an initial high-level overview of the environmental impacts of a product. This type of study yields an estimate of the environmental performance, which can be helpful e.g. in the early stages of product development. Sensitivity check Systematic procedures for estimating the effects of the choices and assumptions made regarding methods and data on the outcome of an assessment. System boundary Set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system. Energy Efficiency The ratio of the output of a heating or cooling system to the input expressed in the same units of energy LafargeHolcim 15

16 Trade-offs Trade-offs occur if a desirable positive (environmental) impact is achieved to the detriment of another area of environmental impact, i.e. performance goes down in this area. Unit process Smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified. Value chain Value chain refers to all of the upstream and downstream activities associated with the operations of the organization, including the use of sold products by consumers and the end-of-life treatment of sold products after consumer use LafargeHolcim 16

17 5 Principles and Fundamentals of Avoided GHG Emissions Accounting 5.1 Guiding Principles The accounting of avoided GHG emissions shall be guided by the five accounting principles of the GHG Protocol standards: relevance, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and transparency. In accordance with the WBCSD/ICCA guidelines on accounting avoided GHG emissions [6], this protocol adopts feasibility as a sixth principle. These six principles will give users orientation in implementing this protocol and particularly when taking accounting decisions where no specific guidance is offered in this document. The principles adjusted to the scope of this protocol are outlined below: Relevance: o Accuracy: o Ensure the avoided emissions calculations appropriately reflect the GHG emissions of the product solution and are tailored to the decision-making context and goals of the intended users. Attain sufficient accuracy in the quantification of GHG emissions to enable users to make decisions with reasonable confidence as to the integrity of the reported information. Disclose and justify all simplifications. Completeness: o Consistency o Transparency o Feasibility: Account for and report on all relevant GHG emission sources, CO2 removals and related activities within the chosen inventory boundary. Disclose and justify any specific exclusions of GHG releases. Use a consistent methodology to allow for meaningful comparisons of GHG emissions and CO2 removals between the innovative cement-based product solution and the currently implemented solutions on the market. Transparently document any changes to data, inventory boundary, methods, or any other relevant factors. Describe all relevant issues in a factual and clear manner. Disclose relevant assumptions and make appropriate references to the accounting and calculation methodologies and data sources used. o Ensure that the chosen calculation approach can be performed within an adequate timeframe and at appropriate cost LafargeHolcim 17

18 5.2 Fundamental Aspects Applying the Life Cycle Approach This protocol is based on the methodological framework and principles of life cycle assessment as described in the ISO LCA standards [3] and [4]. The LCA framework allows to compare the GHG emissions (including CO2 removals) along the life cycle of two alternative products. Thus, it assists in understanding the potential of a product solution to avoid GHG emissions relative to a baseline solution. The accounting of avoided GHG emissions shall follow the life cycle approach and thereby consider the entire life cycle of the product solution. All life cycle phases encompassing production, application of the product (e.g. in construction), use and end-of-life handling shall be included. Benefits and loads beyond the system boundaries, such as indirectly avoided GHG emissions of activities that are expected to change as a consequence of using the particular product, should be regarded as well and lie in the particular focus of this protocol. Such benefits can be generated, for instance, when applying a fasthardening concrete in road repair and thereby reducing traffic-related CO2 emissions due to diminished traffic congestion. The methodological concept and the requirements outlined in this protocol are directed by the life cycle approach as demonstrated in Figure 2. Generation of CO 2 emissions CO Manufacturing 2 Use Phase Disposal Raw materials and auxiliary products Manufacturing Application / Installation Use End of Life Raw material suppliers Cement producer Cement customers Users of the product / solution created with the cement product Waste management companies Avoidance of CO 2 emissions CO 2 Calculation of the emissions avoided along the value chain through the use of innovative cement based product solutions. Avoidance of GHG emissions occurs in relation to a baseline solution. Figure 2: Value chain / life cycle approach Tackling Environmental Trade-Offs LCA as multi-criteria assessment takes into account a multitude of environmental impacts (e.g. resource depletion, ecosystem degradation) and thus helps to detect potential trade-offs between environmental consequences. While building on the LCA framework, this protocol focuses exclusively on the environmental impacts on climate change, expressed as Global Warming Potential (GWP) and generally referred to as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions LafargeHolcim 18

19 Most standards related to LCA methods, product footprinting and product category rules (PCR) approaches, clearly state that even if it is allowed to focus on only one environmental impact category, it is solely allowed as long as there are no trade-offs. This means that the improvement in GHG emissions may not induce a significant negative impact on any other environmental impact category. When accounting avoided GHG emissions, a check for potential environmental trade-offs needs to be performed and possible trade-offs should be identified. At minimum, a qualitative expert judgement should be conducted, alternatively a screening LCA study may be performed. When performing a screening LCA only the life cycle elements of the two products that actually differ in environmental impacts, need to be covered. If environmental trade-offs are detected, the reporting company shall communicate on these environmental impacts to the same extent as it reports on GHG emissions. Further, the company is recommended to generally refrain from reporting avoided GHG emissions solely and from making any statements on the overall environmental performance of the product. This rule is in line with guidance given in the GHG Protocol Product Standard [1] Managing Double-Counting The protocol concentrates on accounting avoided GHG emissions along the value chain of a product solution and therefore clearly takes a product assessment perspective. This level of product GHG accounting has to be kept strictly separate from GHG accounting on a corporate level, in particular Scope 1 and Scope 3 GHG accounting. Accounting avoided emissions on product level may consider, for instance, GHG emission increase or reductions in the product s manufacturing phase as component of the calculations because the product s full life cycle is being assessed. Thus, double counting with Scope 1 reporting can arise. Double counting can further occur when establishing a Scope 3 GHG inventory on a corporate level according to the Corporate Value Chain Accounting and Reporting Standard [8]. As both accounting schemes look at product value chains including the supply chains and the downstream activities, overlaps between product-related avoided emissions assessments and the Scope 3 GHG inventories can exist. When calculating avoided GHG emissions it is important to explain any double counting with Scope 1 and Scope 3 GHG inventories. Corporate-level GHG accounting and product-level avoided GHG calculations should be clearly separated and potential overlaps should be made explicit in the reporting results (e.g. if GHG reductions in the product s manufacturing are incorporated both in Scope 1 and GHG avoided emissions reporting). Moreover, there is a high risk of double-counting of avoided GHG emissions by different partners along the value chain as several actors along the value chain may claim for such benefits. How to deal with this challenge is elaborated in Section Explicit rules of attributing avoided GHG emissions to value chain actors could help to prevent from double counting, but are not covered by the scope of this protocol. Further double-counting may occur if one product solution is assessed within more than one GHG savings category (e.g. High-Performance Concrete and Durability) (see Section 5.4). Respective guidance is given in Section 6.2. Relevant provisions ensure that one product solution may only be assessed within one savings category LafargeHolcim 19

20 5.2.4 Attributing avoided GHG emissions to individual value chain stakeholders Avoided GHG emissions are also linked to parts of the life cycle or value chain that are not within direct control of the product s manufacturer and their operations. For most of the innovative product solutions the ability to avoid GHG emissions is connected to the actual use phase of the end-user solution. For the concrete sector, for example, this means after the concrete construction has been built, e.g. a house or a road. The benefits in the use phase of a building, for instance, and a potential reduction in energy demand normally are not owned by the product s manufacturer. Therefore, the manufacturer cannot claim to be the sole contributor to the benefit of having an energetically effective house. The architect, the construction company, the real estate agent, and obviously also the actual end user, the person or organization that occupy the house, could potentially claim the avoided emissions. Generally, no globally accepted attribution technique actually mirrors the contribution of each value chain stakeholder to the generated avoided emissions. Neither the market price nor physical-chemical properties (e.g. mass) of the product solution are solely linked to the emission avoiding capability of the product. It is rather the combination of several factors which drives the application of the product and the GHG reduction benefits. As such, for instance, the combination of specific physical characteristics of concrete, the design of the concrete application and the decision of a stakeholder to actually use the concrete product may influence the avoided GHG emissions savings. Considering this complex situation, this protocol abstains from giving tangible specifications on how to attribute avoided GHG emissions to individual actors of the value chain. This document aims to provide the framework and methodological guidance helping to demonstrate the emission avoiding potential of innovative cementbased products and their contribution to GHG reductions throughout the value chain. Avoided GHG emissions calculated following the requirements and provisions of this protocol shall therefore not be attributed to any single partner along the value chain, without any consensus-based approach available. Avoided emissions quantified at the end-use level always shall generally be credited to the whole value chain. Nevertheless, there are situations where different actors of the value chain may wish to communicate their contribution to the GHG emission avoidance of a particular implemented solution. If public disclosure is intended, it is indispensable to set clear rules related to claims that are legitimate or such that are less acceptable. Such rules can only be created by a group of stakeholders with an interest in the specific cement-based product solutions. Seeking to build consensus on the attribution regime, distinct guidance would have to be elaborated in a consensus-based multi-stakeholder process. This process should ideally be supported by the entire industry sector. Such attribution rules could follow the concept of the WBCSD/ICCA guidelines [6]. Accordingly, the significance of the contribution of a value chain actor to the avoided GHG emission volume is identified and used as the criterion for legitimately claiming avoided emissions by one or several partners along the value chain. Table 1 summarizes the set of criteria to determine the significance of contributing to the avoided emissions benefits as adopted from the WBCSD/ICCA document. These criteria follow the functionality approach, pinpointing the product s potential contribution to avoiding GHG emissions according to the function it delivers for the end-use solution LafargeHolcim 20

21 Table 1: The significance of the contribution of innovative products to value chain avoided GHG emissions based on the functionality approach (adopted from WBCSD/ICCA guidelines [6]). Significance of contribution Fundamental Extensive Substantial Minor Too small to communicate Relationship between the innovative product and end use solution The innovative product is the key component that enables the GHG emission avoiding effect of the solution. The innovative product is part of the key component and its properties and functions are essential for enabling the GHG emission avoiding effect of the solution. The innovative product does not contribute directly to the avoided GHG emissions, but it cannot be substituted easily without changing the GHG emission avoiding effect of the solution. The innovative product does not contribute directly to the avoided GHG emissions, but it is used in the manufacturing process of a fundamentally or extensively contributing product. The innovative product can be substituted without changing the GHG emission avoiding effect of the solution. 5.3 Methodological Framework Definition of avoided GHG emissions Quantifying avoided GHG emissions builds on the general concept of a product comparison with the goal of identifying GHG savings along the life cycle of an innovative product in relation to a reference product (the so-called baseline solution, see below). Leaning on both the GHG Protocol Product Standard [1] and the WBCSD ICCA guidelines [6], avoided GHG emissions within this protocol are defined as follows: Avoided GHG emissions are the cumulative GHG emission savings that occur as a result of the use of a product, compared to a baseline solution, along the value chain. Avoided emissions are thus quantified along the value chain as aggregated GHG savings considering all life cycle stages (including possible additional emissions in upstream sections of the life cycle, e.g. production) and also including indirectly caused GHG emission decreases outside the organization s own operations (e.g. in the use and end-of-life stages). These avoided emissions may occur both directly in the product s life cycle and as secondary effects beyond the immediate product s life cycle. The above definition follows the rationale that GHG savings which occur in the use and end-of-life stages cannot be displayed alone and credited as avoided emissions without considering the respective GHG emissions from the manufacturing phase. Often, innovative products causing GHG reductions during use and end-of-life, not seldom quite substantial GHG savings, at the same time induce significant GHG emission increases in their production, and vice versa. To account for GHG avoidance in a credible and consistent way all life cycle stages and the secondary effects beyond the product s life cycle need to be 2016 LafargeHolcim 21

22 taken into account. These secondary effects can be considered as benefits and loads beyond the actual product life cycle which are to be included. The following illustration of a generic product solution example compared to its baseline over the entire value chain indicates how the GHG emission avoidance can be accounted for (Figure 3). Balance GHG Emissions Production Product A Product B Delta Explanations: Product A Product B Avoided Em. Delta (red) Delta (green) Application/ Installation Product A Product B Use of solution End of Life Secondary effects Avoided beyond the product s life cycle Delta Product A Product B Innovative product solution Reference product (baseline) in target market segment Overall change in GHG emissions Increased GHG emissions during the manufacturing Decreased GHG emissions (savings) through (direct and/or indirect) activity outside of the manufacturer s own operational boundaries, yet during the product s application, use, and/or end of life, including secondary effects beyond the actual product life cycle Product A Product B Delta emissions over the life cycle/ along the value chain Delta Delta Avoided emissions Life Cycle Stages Figure 3: Generic illustration of avoided GHG emissions along the value chain. Note that Figure 3 is an example. In the manufacturing phase also a decrease of GHG emissions is possible. Similarly, GHG emissions can increase outside the manufacturer s operational boundaries. Secondary effects outside the product s life cycle can likewise represent GHG benefits as well as GHG loads. Example: The LafargeHolcim product solution Ecoterm, a light-weight concrete type used as a construction material for buildings and walls, can serve as an examples to illustrate the approach. Ecoterm has a significantly better insulation performance than conventional materials in the particular market segments where it is sold. This improves thermal insulation of houses built with Ecoterm and leads to a lower operational energy demand to heat and cool the houses. Hence, a reduction in GHG emissions over the service life of the houses can be achieved. The protocol permits the quantification of potential additional GHG loads during production of the Ecoterm product, compared to a conventionally used concrete, and of avoided emissions based on reduced operational energy demand during use of the building. Conducting the four phases of Life Cycle Assessment The four phases of an LCA study as defined in ISO / shall be conducted in any study quantifying avoided GHG emissions, including the goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation (see Figure 4). The communication and reporting, respectively, are proposed as an additional step herein LafargeHolcim 22

23 Such as LCA is an iterative procedure, the steps in quantifying avoided GHG emissions should be conducted in an iterative manner using the results of previous and subsequent phases. This iterative approach helps to ensure consistency of accounting choices taken in each phase and to contribute to comprehensiveness of the accounting procedures employed. Figure 4: Four phases of life cycle assessment as basis for avoided GHG emissions accounting Applying the attributional approach Further, when quantifying avoided GHG emissions, the attributional approach to life cycle assessment shall be applied. All requirements and guidance set forward in this protocol adhere to attributional modelling. Quantifying avoided emissions seeks to identify the GHG reduction potential of an innovative product solution in comparison to a reference product assuming that the product under study will not change the background system. This means that the macroeconomic system will not be affected and large-scale consequences outside the analysed system boundaries due to market mechanism changes will not occur. Specifically, in the course of the assessment of one product solution, no reactions of the market such as shift of competitors to other technologies or similar, are considered in the assessment. It is therefore important to establish the GHG inventory in the way that the GHG emissions are directly associated with the processes of the different life cycle phases at a specific point in time. Assessing product solutions according to selected GHG saving mechanisms Innovative products provide value-chain related benefits by adhering to a particular mechanism which induces a reduction of GHG emissions somewhere in the product s life cycle. These mechanisms can also involve the active removal of carbon dioxide. Accounting avoided GHG emissions is therefore done along the lines of defined GHG saving mechanisms which the assessed products are attributed to according to product functions and the respective mechanisms involved. In order to harmonize the requirements and guidance given in this protocol and to best meet the principle of comparability, specific guidelines are provided for selected GHG savings categories. In accordance to the approach proposed in ISO [9], these guidelines are termed savings category rules (SCR). SCRs cover major elements of the prerequisites of ISO and for conducting LCA studies. Individual product solution assessments (referred to as single product case studies) are generally conducted under the provisions of one SCR document. As a general rule, these single product case studies assess one specific product 2016 LafargeHolcim 23

24 solution against a market reference (baseline solution). The results for a single product are then scaled up to effects for the entire market segment considered. Four of such savings categories are defined by their savings category rules in the Annex to this document: Energy Efficiency, addressing improved thermal performance of buildings to reduce operational energy demand. Efficiency in Road Construction & Repair, addressing highly time-efficient solutions for the repair of roads with limited road closure periods and consequently reduced road congestion. High Performance, addressing improved performance of buildings using high performance concrete considering limited space availability Recycling and Reuse, addressing the use of recycled concrete in e.g. road Comparing product solutions against a reference This protocol follows the basis prerequisite that avoided GHG emissions can only be accounted for in comparison to a reference product system (see definition of avoided GHG emissions above in this section), obeying to the relative approach of an LCA. As per definition of the LCA standards (ISO [3] and [4]), both the innovative product solution and the reference product system, i.e. the baseline solution, shall afford the same benefit for the user, i.e. perform the same function(s). Such product comparisons performed to calculate avoided emissions require a sound definition of the reference product. This so-called baseline solution shall be chosen in relation to the defined level of analysis, e.g. end-use level (see below). To support consistent and representative accounting of GHG emission reductions one or more product-specific market segment(s), where the innovative product is used as a substitution for a conventional product, shall be determined. Based on the market segment selected, the product that is used or implemented as predominant standard solution delivering the same user benefit within these segments shall be considered the baseline solution. Assessing a product solution in comparison to different alternative technologies requires the definition of clearly defined market segments, each represented by one baseline solution to be compared against. Assessing GHG avoided emissions on end-use level When calculating avoided GHG emissions the contribution of the innovative product to GHG emissions avoided by the use of a particular low-carbon technology that employs the innovative product should generally be assessed. As such, the avoided GHG emissions accounting should be quantified on the end-use level. Cement(-based) products are often (intermediate) products used in construction applications downstream in the value chain. As a result, the cement products may influence the performance of the construction application in such a way that GHG releases are prevented in comparison to a defined reference situation. The function of the cement-based product in the end-use application is taken into considering and accordingly the functional unit of the study is determined based on this end-use application. Having a focus on products from the cement industry, assessments under the scope of this protocol shall be conducted on the level of end-user application, as product comparisons on an intermediate product level do not show the full life cycle and may therefore provide skewed and biased results for GHG emission avoidance. This is especially the case as any comparison has to be done on the basis of a uniform set of major functions, which cannot comprehensively be provided by intermediate products LafargeHolcim 24

25 Further, the secondary effects assessed always refer to the end-user application and not to mechanisms induced solely by the intermediate product. For instance, by using high-performance concrete in bridges less maintenance is necessary, thereby reducing GHG emissions through less material use and less maintenance activities. These GHG reductions can be considered a primary saving mechanism which is related to the high-performance bridge elements. Secondary effects in this examples include the avoidance of traffic congestions and the related reduction of CO2 emissions from the congestion. Such secondary effects have to be assessed considering the bridge operation as end-user application. While any assessment under the scope of this protocol should be comprehensive in terms of LCA methodology, some simplifications may be acceptable to enable assessments if information is not fully available. Such simplifications may include, among others, the inclusion/omission of life cycle stages, the impact assessment model employed, definitions and estimations concerning the definition of the market segment and of upscaling factors. Section 6.2 provides specific guidance on simplified approaches. If avoided emissions are intended to be cumulatively reported (see Section 7.2), a consistent level of both comprehensiveness and simplification shall be assured for all individual product case studies. Accounting avoided GHG emissions demands supplementary specifications to guarantee an appropriate and consistent use of this protocol. Following the above given definition of avoided GHG emissions, these specifications have to be provided in relation to a saving mechanism (see Section 5.4). 5.4 GHG emission saving mechanisms The GHG saving mechanisms address the aspects of how GHG emissions are avoided when applying a specific innovative cement-based product solution. There may be many different aspects involved, depending on the type of product solution and its application. In the cement industry, the core business is centred on buildings and infrastructure. Thus, the specific saving mechanisms depend on the cement product category, the specific solution and its actual application. There is a range of different saving mechanisms available, such as insulation in a building (Energy Efficiency Category) or a faster drying time for a highway repair stretch (Efficiency in Road Construction & Repair Category). A non-exclusive overview of various saving mechanisms and GHG savings categories is provided in Table 2. These saving mechanisms are classified as primary to denote mechanisms that are situated in the immediate product life cycle or as secondary to denote mechanisms that are beyond the immediate product life cycle. For most savings categories, these secondary mechanisms are expected to yield the major contribution to avoided GHG emissions. Calculations of avoided GHG emissions require additional specifications and have to follows distinct rules to be in conformance with this protocol. Requirements, guidelines and sets of specific rules are formulated in Chapter LafargeHolcim 25

26 Table 2: Non-exclusive overview of various saving mechanisms and GHG savings categories for cement-based product solutions LEGEND: X = positive impact; X 1 = adverse impact GHG Savings Category Energy Efficiency Construction & Repair High Performance Recycling & Reusing Durability & Resilience level of the mechanism Savings Mechanism decriptions secondary saving operational thermal energy through insulation reduction of energy consumption through thermal insulation primary GHG efficient production production of material with optimized GHG impacts saving energy consumption within buildings through better products X (insulating function of product in building walls/roofs) X / X 1 (potentially reduced or increased GWP footprint in production) primary material credits through recycling reducing the demand for primary feedstock by improving recycling of X 1 (potentially reducing recyclability of the secondary material & allocating compound product) credits primary CO 2 uptake re carbonatization of cement based products over extended periods secondary avoiding traffic jams through fast repair fast repair of street segments/bridges... reduces road closure and avoids traffic congestions primary reduced material demand reducing the original material demand for a solution X (potentially reduced material demand) primary extending functions extending technical functions X through one product to avoid (replacing alternatively used insulation additional materal use to provide all material layer by insulating function of functions the product) secondary reduced maintenance increasing resilience against exposure conditions reduces need for maintenance and repair activities secondary extended service life increasing resilience against exposure conditions increases the service life of the construction & avoids recurring new construction secondary secondary secondary avoiding non recycling of precious substances avoiding traffic jams through reduced need for repair increasing usable area through reduced footprint replacing materials with high recycling value in situations with limited tech. recycling potential OR improving the tech. recycling potential of materials with high recycling value through material composition or similar reduced need for repair (longer intervals between repair operations) reduces road closure and avoids traffic congestions reducing the construction footprint to retrieve more usable area (or volume, e.g. increased area to rent in buildings) avoiding adverse impacts through fast repair solutions X / X 1 (potentially reduced or increased GWP footprint in production) X X / X 1 (potentially reduced or increased material demand for the solution) X (potentially higher durability of the material compared to other solution) Saving GHG emissions through technically superior solutions X 1 (product with increased strength increases GHG intense use of cement) X 1 (potentially reducing recyclability of the compound product) X (increased strength of product reduces material demand for a construction) X (steel fiber reinforcement avoids additional steel bar reinforcement; low porosity reduces need for additional water proofing) X (avoiding steel bar reinforcement avoids need for maintenance routines) X (avoiding steel bar reinforcement reduces the risk of system failure and hence extends the service life) X (steel bar reinforcement in tunnes is not available for recycling, avoiding steel bar use avoids non recycling) X (reduced maintenance / repair intervals due to avoiding steel bar reinforcement reduces tunnel closure) X (increased strength reduces column footprint and increases span width of slabs & hence reduces no. of columns) Saving GHG emissions through better recycling solutions X (potentially improved material recycling increasing credits for avoidance of primary material use) X Saving GHG emissions through more resilient and hence more durable solutions X 1 (product with increased strength increases GHG intense use of cement) X 1 (potentially reducing recyclability of the compound product) X (increased strength of product reduces material demand for a construction) X (low porosity reduces need for additional water proofing) X (avoiding steel bar reinforcement avoids need for maintenance routines) X (avoiding steel bar reinforcement reduces the risk of system failure and hence extends the service life) X (reduced maintenance / repair intervals due to avoiding steel bar reinforcement reduces bridge closure) 2016 LafargeHolcim 26

27 6 Guidelines on Avoided Emissions Accounting In addition to the methodological framework as laid out in Section 0, more specific provisions and guidance are given in this section concerning the definition of Savings Category Rules (SCRs) and the specific modelling of single product case studies. 6.1 Procedure for definition of savings categories Different end-user solutions and respective products are pooled in one savings category (product category) if they share common mechanisms of avoiding greenhouse gas emissions and serve similar functions. Hence, with reference to the GHG emissions saving mechanisms described in Section 5.4, savings categories shall be defined using one uniform set of saving mechanisms. Additionally, for all product solutions defined in one savings category, a common functional unit shall be defined. This functional unit and all relevant methodological specifications shall be described in respective savings category rules. 6.2 Methodological provisions and procedure for the development of Savings Category Rules (SCRs) Utilizing the methodological framework as outlined in Section 0, more specific provisions are given here to specifically address individual items of an avoided GHG emissions assessment under the scope of this protocol. As major specifications for assessments need to be defined in Savings Category Rules (SCR), provisions are given under the respective items of the following generic SCR document structure. They provide the basis for single product case studies. A documentation structure for such single product case studies is given in Section 7.1. The SCR document shall specify all definitions, assumptions and conventions that are necessary to consistently conduct an avoided GHG emissions assessment for a product solution in comparison with a reference, i.e. baseline solution. It shall be developed in conjunction with a specific product case study which should be documented in a fact sheet. Generally, the SCR document should be developed employing a stakeholder consultation process, if possible, which should include different actors of the product s value chain. Further, both methodological aspects as well as technical specifications of the savings category should be covered. With the scope of this protocol, all SCR documents should be established aiming at best possible consistency among the SCRs. The savings category rules shall document the scope and rationale of the savings category, the relevant saving mechanisms, the product solution and its end-use application which are all needed to conduct an assessment. The SCR document shall include the following items: 1. Introduction Briefly specifying the rationale and objective of the document. As a general paragraph, the following section may be used: This Savings Category Rules (SCR) document for the savings category XYZ refers to the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products. It specifies provisions and guidance that are of particular relevance to product assessments that fall under this savings category. The establishment of this document is defined in the named protocol and serves as obligatory reference for all specific product assessments within this category. The objective of assessments conducted under the protocol and this SCR document is to quantify avoided GHG emissions along the entire value chain of the assessed product, including (potentially additional) impacts from the production and supply chain of the product to all primary (direct) GHG emissions savings within the immediate product life cycle and GHG emissions savings from secondary effects outside the immediate product life cycle LafargeHolcim 27

28 2. General Information a. Authors b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Date of Publication and Validity Specifying any consultation within the development of the SCR document, if appropriate and listing involved or potentially relevant stakeholders. Specifying the date of publication of the SCR document and its validity. Any SCR document shall be revised after five years and updated to the most recent revisions of this protocol, relevant standards and further reference documents. d. Revision Status Specifying the status of the document. e. Compliance Statement f. Optional: Regional and Sector Representation g. Optional: Review Status and Comments Confirming compliance with this protocol, whereas the protocol version/revision shall be specified. Specifying any regional or sector boundaries that are relevant for the application of the protocol within the savings category. This item may be left blank, if the regional and sectoral representation is defined per assessed product solution. Stating, if any external or extended internal review of this document has taken place, including review comments / report. 3. Savings Category Definition a. Savings Category Description b. Relevant Saving mechanisms c. Product Categorization d. Savings Category Case Study Describing the savings category and the general rationale behind, including a general estimation of the potential to avoid GHG emissions. Listing comprehensively and explaining the saving mechanisms as specified in Section 5.4 that are relevant for the savings category. This shall include specifications whether the given saving mechanisms are on a primary or secondary level. Potential adverse impacts / adverse mechanisms shall be listed as well. The savings category shall be defined by the uniform set of saving mechanisms utilized (and other criteria, see Section 7.1), which are listed under this item. Specifying any further limitations of considering products within the savings category, such as limitations in terms of end-user solutions (e.g. if only bridges, but no tunnel are to be taken into account). Note: the term product in this context generally refers to a specific end-user solution in which a marketed product is applied. This may be e.g. a bridge produced with a dedicated type of concrete. One product / end-user solution shall only be categorized in one single savings category. The categorization shall be based on the product s functions, functional unit and saving mechanisms employed. If, on this basis, a product may be categorized into more than one savings category, the categorization shall be made into the savings category where the product yields the highest quantity of avoided emissions. Specifying the case study that has been utilized in the course of defining the savings category, including a brief description of the rationale of the case study and the dominant saving mechanisms. This item is supplemented with the full case study fact sheet that shall be attached to the SCR document LafargeHolcim 28

29 4. Normative Reference Specifying all standards that are relevant specifically for this savings category. 5. Target Market Segments Specifying all conditions and definitions that are required to identify the target market segment addressed with one product within the savings category. The target market segment defines the scope of a specific product assessment, including comparison to the baseline and upscaling of the avoided emissions. For the definition of target market segments, the following general specifications shall apply: A clearly defined target market segment shall be defined for the application of this protocol. A target market segment shall have a clear regional reference / clear regional boundaries. A target market segment may e.g. refer to one country. A target market segment shall have consistent upscaling parameters to quantify potential avoided emissions that bear reference to the specified functional unit. In general, the upscaling parameter should be a product quantity that is marketed or envisaged for future marketing in a defined timeframe. The functions of the assessed product and the products functional unit shall be uniform within a target market segment. Within a target market segment, only one baseline may be applied. A target market segment shall be specified in a manner so that it is unequivocal to the application of one or a combination of identified saving mechanisms. Hence, the target market segment shall enable the valid calculation of saving mechanisms. Example: for the assessment of products increasing energy efficiency of buildings, the target market segment is limited to a specific building type with a specific type of construction for the baseline, as different wall types might yield different baselines to compare against. This classification has to be defined under this item. 6. Scope a. Considered Functions Specifying the solution s functions that are used as a reference to compare a solution against a baseline. These functions are uniform for all solutions assessed under this category. Example: for a product that yields an improved thermal energy performance for buildings such as the LafargeHolcim product Ecoterm, the end-user solution is the building, the considered function may be living in a specified building over a defined period of time, including all services required therefore. b. Functional Unit Specifying the functional unit for the savings category. The functional unit quantifies the above listed solution s functions. It is uniform for all product case studies within this category and serves as the basis for comparing the assessed solution against its specific baseline. Example: following the example on considered functions above, the functional unit might be defined as e.g. 1 m² (living area) * 1 year use to cover the relevant function of living in the building. c. System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages Specifying the life cycle stages that are considered within the scope of the savings category, following the definition of life cycle stages of EN 15804, as depicted below LafargeHolcim 29

30 PRODUCTION PHASE CONSTRUCTION PHASE USE PHASE END OF LIFE PHASE BENEFITS AND LOADS BEYOND THE SYSTEM BOUNDARIES Raw material supply Transport Manufacturing Transport Construction Installation process Use Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Operational energy use Operational water use De construction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Reuse Recycling Recoverypotential A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D Module D of EN Benefits and loads beyond the product life cycle is understood to incorporate all secondary effects and is explicitly included in the overall assessment s system boundaries. For the purpose of this study, it may be part of the cumulative calculation of avoided emissions. The mentioned secondary effects described by the saving mechanisms may represent the main sources of avoiding emissions for a product solution and are therefore integral part of the scope of an assessment under this protocol. The actual source of major avoided emissions depends on the specifications within each savings category and is specific for a category. While generally all life cycle stages are required to be included in the assessment to avoid unwanted omission of positive or adverse impacts (avoided or additional emissions), within one savings category, not all life cycle stages or modules are necessarily relevant for the assessment. In this case, single modules may be omitted. This may be the case if individual elements yield the same impact assessment results for the innovative product solution and the baseline solution. Such omitted elements shall be documented. d. Service Life Estimation Specifying the assumed service life of the solutions within the savings category, including the reasoning to estimate the service life. If no single service life estimation can be made for the entire scope of the savings category, the rules to estimate the service life shall be stated. The Reference Service Life (RSL, EN 15804) serves as basis for comparison and shall be specified, if required. Service life estimations should be based on ISO 15686, if possible. A sensitivity analysis, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the service life estimation. When making comparisons, the ratio of service life between the two materials compared should be rounded up to the nearest integer. This ratio is to be used when calculating the number of replacements etc. necessary during the preset service life, as defined in EN e. Upscaling Specifying upscaling factors to quantify overall avoided emissions within the defined target market segment for two types of assessments: Project assessment for a particular application and customer where upscaling is performed considering the actual project size. Solution assessment which reflects the evaluation of the market size. Within the project assessment the upscaling factor reflects the actual quantity of product solution applied in the particular project to be assessed. Within the solution assessment, the upscaling factor can be based on the actual product solution sales volume within a target market segment and particular region/country. Alternatively, upscaling can 2016 LafargeHolcim 30

31 be performed based on the potential market size giving opportunity to sell the product solution. Such upscaling factors are used to be multiplied with the specific avoided emissions within one target market segment to calculate the maximum possible or actual avoided emissions. This calculation is done on the basis of the functional unit: avoided emissions per functional unit are multiplied with the adequate upscaling factors to cover the target market segment and project size, respectively. To avoid double-counting or false attribution of avoided emissions, the upscaling factors shall be specific for the specific end-user application of the product within the target market segment and may not necessarily be covered e.g. by the overall production quantity of one product without consideration of different end-user applications. Example: if the avoided emissions in the category Energy Efficiency are calculated as the difference of the assessed solution against the baseline per building, the upscaling factor of volume of concrete used in buildings might be retrieved from the number of houses within the specific target market segment. For this, it needs to be assured that the upscaling is not solely based on the sold quantity of the assessed solution, but on the application to the particular type of houses within the target market segment. f. Estimations and Assumptions Any estimations and assumptions made in the course of defining the savings category or any parts thereof shall be transparently stated under this item. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the estimations taken and assumptions made. g. Cut-off criteria Specifying any cut-off criteria, independent of their influence on quantifying avoided emissions or additional emissions. Saving mechanisms that yield avoided emissions in a quantity of no more than one order of magnitude below the avoided emissions of the second least relevant mechanism, may be omitted. Saving mechanisms or processes that yield additional emissions may be omitted, if the net amount of additional emissions is at least two orders of magnitude smaller (1%) than the least considered amount of avoided emissions. In total, no more than 5 % of the overall GWP impacts over the entire life cycle of the assessed system should be omitted. Within the LCA modelling of the assessed system, general cut-off rules as stated in ISO / shall apply. h. Background Data Specifying background data used and their origin, particularly the originating database. Data that quantifies environmental impacts, in particular the Global Warming Potential of the entire supply chain of any product, material or energy used or of any process employed, is denoted as background data and may typically be retrieved from dedicated databases. Background data used shall be consistent with general LCA specifications and shall be used consistently within one assessment. If avoided emissions are intended to be aggregated across different case studies, all case studies shall consistently apply the same background date, resp. data from a consistent data source such as one consistent database. Consistency in this context particularly refers to general modelling principles of the datasets within one database. It is recommended to utilize data from the GaBi database 2016 LafargeHolcim 31

32 i. Data Quality Specifying particular or minimum requirements on the data used, if specific provisions are required. Data quality specifications of ISO should be adopted to the greatest possible extent. For documentation of avoided emissions based on actual business, reference to adequate documentation of the relevant business activity should be given. For all assessments, the quality of the data used shall be homogeneous to the largest possible extend for the assessed solution and the baseline. For LCA datasets used, the general data quality provisions of EN shall be applied: Time-related coverage: Data shall be as current as possible. The last update of generic data shall not exceed 10 years. For producer specific data the last update shall be maximum 5 years ago. Geographical coverage: A good geographical coverage is essential to receive adequate results. Especially for data sets with a significant impact (product composition, energy data) country-specific data shall be used. Technology coverage Precision Completeness Representativeness Consistency Reproducibility Sources of data Uncertainty of information j. Allocation Specifying allocation rules, if any are required in particular for the savings category. All allocation rules shall follow ISO / A sensitivity analysis should be conducted to identify the impact of any allocation done. 7. Baseline Specifying the general baseline to be utilized for assessments within the savings category. As for the definition of savings categories, a uniform baseline definition is required within one savings category and needs to cover all saving mechanisms of the category. For a specific assessment within a savings category, the baseline is defined in detail for the respective target market segment addressed. For the target market segment, the baseline shall reflect the generally used and well established technical solution. It should be noted that the definition for the target market segment and for the baseline directly depend on each other and the target market segment should be sufficiently specific to solely address one generally used technical solution that may serve as a baseline. Example: for the savings category Energy Efficiency (in building construction), the baseline is defined as the most commonly used building construction without respective energy efficiency measures within each target market segment. For the market segment low income single family houses in Mexico, construction with concrete building elements, the baseline is defined as a concrete building (single family) with the same dimensions as the assessed solution and without any thermal insulation in place. 8. Modelling This item entails more specifically the calculation rules and procedures used to assess an innovative solution within the scope of the savings category. In particular, calculation algorithms used shall either be described in detail or referred to, if they are defined elsewhere. a. Saving mechanisms Specifying for each of the above identified saving mechanism all calculations and algorithms, if appropriate LafargeHolcim 32

33 With the specifications given here, the user shall be enabled to conduct a full assessment of the impacts of the mechanism, given that all relevant information is at the user s hands. b. Data Collection Specifying which data has to be collected to enable the calculation of impacts for the mechanism(s) utilized. This may include data sources of relevance. c. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations d. Use Stage Scenarios Specifying the management of data gaps and the procedure to extrapolate to or estimate missing information. Recommendations concerning specific extrapolation algorithms may be provided. Specifying all scenarios that are required to assess the use stage of the solution. Use stage scenarios shall be uniform / consistent within one savings category. All use stage scenarios shall reflect current technical solutions / situations to the greatest possible extend. No anticipations of possible future technological developments shall be considered. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. Example: if, within the savings category Energy Efficiency, a product compares to a standard product with a distinct level of insulation (specific U-value), the use stage scenario on future refurbishment of the building (element) does not predict insulation performance shifts (improvements) of the replacement product. e. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios Specifying all scenarios that are required to assess the end-of-life stage of the solution. End-of-life stage scenarios shall be uniform / consistent within one savings category. All end-of-life stage scenarios shall reflect current technical solutions / situations to the greatest possible extend. No anticipations of possible future technological developments shall be considered. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. Example: if a product is generally landfilled within the (typically regional) scope of the target market segment, no possible future material recycling technology is anticipated. f. System Model Specifying the system model used for assessment, including the relevant saving mechanisms and all interdependencies and exchanges. This may be done using a graphic system diagram. Based on the defined target market segment and the previously provided upscaling factors, this item shall contain all calculation rules / equations to actually conduct the upscaling calculations. 9. Impact Assessment and Interpretation Specifying the impact assessment model to be employed and its specifications. Within the scope of this protocol, any assessment generally is done on Global Warming Potential (GWP100), as defined by IPCC (and copied by CML), generally in the most recent revision. The results are documented in kg Carbon Dioxide equivalents (kg CO2e). While continuous updates of this impact assessment model may be reflected in product assessment results over time, for direct aggregation of impacts (e.g. results across target market sectors within one time period), one uniform impact assessment model should be employed. In situations where and appropriate amount of information cannot be supplied, a simplified impact assessment model that contains the six Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions may be applied. In this case, an estimation concerning the effects of omitting emission substances shall be added LafargeHolcim 33

34 For case studies, the findings, in particular concerning major contributing mechanisms and major sources for additional impacts should be detailed and discussed. 10. Reporting, Disclosure and Communication Specifying any provisions concerning documentation of case studies within this savings category. Documentation of assessment case studies shall follow the provisions of Section 7 of this protocol. If results of one or several case studies are intended to be used for external communication, the underlying Savings Category Rules (SCR) document shall be released to the public. If a case study fact sheet is required to be reviewed prior to dissemination, this shall be specified under this item. 11. References Specifying any literature referred to within the SCR document LafargeHolcim 34

35 7 Reporting This chapter summarizes reporting requirements and specifications that apply while working with this protocol. The specifications include reporting guidelines for single product case studies and for reporting avoided GHG emissions from a corporate perspective of a cement producer or similar value chain actor. Reporting of single product case studies (see specifications in Section 7.1) includes the documentation of avoided GHG emissions across the innovative product s life cycle. Further, information should be given on how to upscale the GHG avoidance potential for the entire target market segment. These results are a prerequisite to derive cumulative avoided GHG emissions results across a manufacturer s business activities (see guidance in Section 7.2). 7.1 Reporting content of individual product case studies Primary reporting under the scope of this protocol addresses the level of individual product case studies. This type of reporting represents the communication of avoided emissions on product level. A product case study reflects the application of one specific product as a solution within a dedicated target market segment. As specified in Section 6.2, a target market segment is regionally specific and characterized through one consistent baseline. Following the proposed structure for Savings Category Rules documents (see Section 6.2), the overview below specifies the reporting structure and content that is required for disclosure and documentation of product case studies and their avoided GHG emissions results. For all figures of avoided emissions that are intended to be cumulatively reported on corporate level, such a case study reporting shall be conducted and documented in a fact sheet. 1. Introduction Briefly specifying the objective as a product case study fact sheet under the scope of this protocol. 2. General Information a. Authors b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Compliance Statement and underlying SCR Specifying any consultation process and the stakeholders engaged during the assessment of the case study. Confirming compliance with this protocol and denoting the Savings Category, including the Savings Category Rules (SCR) document that this case study refers to, including version/revision statement. This item shall include the reasoning/justification of categorizing the product to the Savings Category, by utilizing the categorization criteria specified in the SCR document. d. Reference Period Specifying the time period that the case study relates to, typically one dedicated period in which the product is sold. e. Regional Representation f. Optional: Review Status and Comments Specifying the region of the case study application (e.g. one specific country). Stating, if any external or extended internal review of the case study fact sheet has taken place, including review comments / report. 3. Product and Scope of Assessment 2016 LafargeHolcim 35

36 a. Product description and technical specification Specifying the assessed product including relevant technical specifications / properties. b. Application and placing on the market / technical application rules Specifying the intended application of the product including rules that apply on marketing and using of the product, including relevant standards. c. Relevant Savings Mechanisms d. Function(s) and Functional Unit Listing the savings mechanisms that apply to the case study according to the SCR document and specifically explaining the mechanisms in place. Savings mechanisms that are omitted under application of the SCR s cut-off criteria shall be specified under this item. Specifying the relevant product functions and the functional unit, both as defined in the SCR document. e. Optional: System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages Specifying the life cycle stages assessed, if any deviation from the SCR document or any further specification applies. f. Optional: Service Life Estimation g. Estimations and Assumptions, Cutoffs Specifying the assumed service life of the solution, including the reasoning to estimate the service life, if the service life estimation is not defined in the SCR document. In this situation, compliance with the specifications of the SCR document shall be stated. Any estimations and assumptions made in the course of the assessment. If sensitivity analyses on these estimations and assumptions, e.g. through parameter variation are intended to be conducted, this should be stated under this item. Cut-offs (i.e. omitted individual processes, etc.) that have been omitted under application of the SCR s cut-off rules shall be specified under this item. h. Background Data Specifying background data used (secondary data) and their origin, particularly the originating database. 4. Target Market Segment and Upscaling Parameters Specifying the specific target market segment in detail and the parameters reflecting the upscaling to allow for the solution and/or project assessment. These parameters may include sold product quantities, number of applications, etc. and are required to retrieve the concrete volume used and enable upscaling based on results per functional unit. 5. Baseline Specifying the baseline in detail that is utilized for the assessment. This specification shall transparently include all information that is relevant to understand the default technical solution that is replaced by the assessed product within the specific target market segment. 6. Modelling a. Data Collection Specifying which data is collected to conduct the calculation of impacts for the mechanism(s) utilized, including data sources. b. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations Specifying in detail the handling of data gaps and the procedure to extrapolate to or estimate missing information LafargeHolcim 36

37 c. Use Stage Scenarios d. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios Specifying all scenarios in detail, resp. the implementation of the scenarios specified in the SCR document that are employed to assess the use stage of the solution. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. Specifying all scenarios in detail, resp. the implementation of the scenarios specified in the SCR document that are employed to assess the end-of-life stage of the solution. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation should be conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. 7. Results and Interpretation Documenting the results of the assessment. This shall include results for the specific application, at least per product quantity that permits reference to sold product quantities and scaled-up to the entire target market segment. The results documentation should denote uncertainties of the results and any specific interpretation that is necessary to understand the outcome of the case study. If in the course of the assessment, specific trade-off situations, in particular where avoided GHG emissions are counterbalanced by additional (not assessed) environmental impacts in other impact categories, are identified, this shall be specified and elaborated under this item. 8. Optional: Review Specifying any review that has been conducted on the case study, including review statement / comments. 9. References Specifying any literature referred to within the fact sheet LafargeHolcim 37

38 7.2 Reporting avoided emissions from a corporate perspective Avoided emissions pinpoint the GHG saving potential a product solution can generate along its life cycle, thereby demonstrating the global warming reduction benefit it can have for its users. GHG savings can only be communicated in the product-related context as the quantification of avoided GHG emissions adheres to a comparative product-level assessment contrasting an innovative product solution with a baseline (implemented in the market and having an equal user benefit). The reporting company shall, therefore, state the total avoided emissions induced along the complete value chain, acknowledging the involvement of other value chain partners and without a claim for the GHG emissions avoided. While companies from the building and construction sector aspire to innovate their products and offer their customers new solutions with enhanced climate change performance characteristics, reporting of avoided GHG emissions from a corporate angle should focus on demonstrating this particular GHG customer benefit. Building on the product-level case study results (see Section 7.1), avoided emissions could thus be aggregated over the portfolio of innovative products brought to market, using the respective product sales volumes. Within single product case studies, the avoided emissions along the entire value chain are scaled up to the previously defined individual target market segment of each case study, thus delivering avoided GHG emissions for the entire product use within this specified segment. To enable cumulative reporting of avoided GHG emissions for all innovative product solutions, a number of single case studies with their market segments needs to be assessed. The sum of all target market segments should reflect the entire market coverage of the organization. As a result, the sum of avoided emissions from all individual product case studies may be reported as cumulative avoided GHG emissions on the corporate level (see Figure 5). This allows to communicate the environmental benefits during the customer-use phase as well as the positive contribution of a company s climate change reduction efforts down the value chain. Accordingly, reporting of avoided GHG emissions shall always be kept strictly separate from conventional external corporate-level GHG reporting according to e.g. the GHG Protocol (including scope 1, 2, and 3 [8, 10]). Clearly, traditional Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG reporting takes an enterpriserelated approach which looks at GHG emissions evidently owned by the reporting company. Avoided GHG emissions, in contrast, are generally attributed to the entire value chain and should thus be reported in this context. Consequently, this protocol does not allow avoided emissions to be subtracted from the corporate level GHG inventories. There are situations, however, where the reporting company wishes to indicate their overall impact on climate change. This is when they wish to contrast their corporate-level GHG releases (including scope 2 and scope 3) with the GHG savings contribution they create along the value chain. This type of communication can be envisaged for cases where a clear and unambiguous attribution scheme has been established and agreed upon by all relevant partners of the value chain (see Section 5.2.4). Based on consensus, the reporting company could be in the position to actually attribute themselves a defined share of the value chain GHG savings. Yet, an offsetting of corporate GHG emissions shall nonetheless not be permitted. Following the rules of the GHG Protocol s Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard, all emissions avoided along the value chain should be reported in year 1 as an aggregated, timeindifferent figure. This choice is primarily driven by the fact that the decision on the product solution is taken in year 1, i.e. the effect of the decision taken is relevant, not the potential physical occurrence of the GHG impact over time LafargeHolcim 38

39 GHG Emissions Producer Perspective Actual emissions growth in year X (real) Corporate Emissions (Scope 1, 2, 3) Road Construction and Repair Durability and Resilience Customer Perspective Over life cycle avoided emissions (potential) Energy Efficiency High Performance Concrete Recycling and Reuse Figure 5: Schematic visualization of reporting avoided GHG emissions along the value chain from a customer s perspective 2016 LafargeHolcim 39

40 Annex 1. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Energy Efficiency Category 1. Introduction This Savings Category Rules (SCR) document for the savings category Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair refers to the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products. It specifies provisions and guidance that are of particular relevance to product assessments that fall under this savings category. The establishment of this document is defined in the named protocol and serves as obligatory reference for all specific product assessments within this category. The objective of assessments conducted under the protocol and this SCR document is to quantify avoided GHG emissions along the entire value chain of the innovative product, including (potentially additional) impacts from the production and supply chain of the product to all primary (direct) GHG emissions savings within the immediate product life cycle and GHG emissions savings from secondary effects outside the immediate product life cycle. This SCR document was developed during the development of the underlying protocol and supported this. It was set up in conjunction with a specific case study: Insulating concrete (Ecoterm). This specific case study is documented within the attached fact sheet. 2. General Information a. Authors Authors of the present SCR are thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Date of Publication and Validity This savings category was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying protocol. Publication date of this SCR document: March 4 th, 2015 This SCR document is valid for 5 years. Any SCR document shall be revised after five years and updated to the most recent revisions of the protocol, relevant standards and further reference documents. d. Revision Status The present SCR Document is the first edition. Future revisions shall be listed here. e. Compliance Statement f. Optional: Regional and Sector Representation g. Optional: Review Status and Comments The current version of this SCR is in full compliance with the Protocol version 1.0 No specific regional limitations apply. Not applicable 3. Savings Category Definition a. Savings Category Description b. Relevant Saving mechanisms This savings category describes the carbon reduction potential of replacing a conventional solution used in a certain building type and country with a GHG-efficient solution providing a better performance in the context of the use of the building. The category of Energy Efficiency is estimated to have a high potential to avoid GHG emissions. The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Energy Efficiency (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): Saving operational thermal energy through insulation: The most relevant savings mechanism of this category is the saving of operational thermal energy through insulation, a saving 2016 LafargeHolcim 40

41 mechanism on a secondary level. The improved energy efficiency of the building compared to a state of the art solution (baseline scenario) can save greenhouse gas emissions. The improved performance of the building envelope or technical appliances leads to a lower energy demand for heating, cooling and/ or ventilation. GHG efficient production: A GHG efficient production of the material is also an effect on primary level and can be achieved by using different pre-products (e.g. secondary materials) or improving the production on site. In most cases this effect does not influence the life cycle predominantly. Material credits through recycling: This effect shows a reduction of the demand for primary feedstock by improving recycling of secondary material and allocating credits. In this case this can potentially lead to an adverse effect by reducing the recyclability of the compound product. Reduced material demand: A positive effect is a possible reduction of the original material demand for a product solution. Extending functions: Extending technical functions through one product to avoid additional material use to provide all functions. Replacing alternatively used insulation material by incorporating a basic level of insulation into the concrete product. This specific functional extension directly leads to the first mechanism of saving operational energy and is not assessed separately. These savings mechanisms may in fact have adverse effects, i.e. result in additional GHG emissions rather than savings. Certainly, if there are any differences between the alternative solution and the baseline above the cut-off criteria, these shall be quantified and reported. c. Product Categorization d. Savings Category Case Study A specific product can be attributed to this savings category if its primary mechanism is to save greenhouse gas emissions with an improved thermal energy efficiency of a building. Due to the reduced energy demand of a heating/cooling system during the operation of a building, the impact on the environment is a reduction of GHG emissions directly (e.g. combustion) or indirectly (e.g. use of electricity) caused by the heating/cooling system. There is no limitation within this savings category in terms of end-user solutions within this scope. The first case study considered in this savings category is Ecoterm, a trade name in Mexico for insulating concrete by LafargeHolcim, which is one possible solution in the category of insulating concrete/mortar. Ecoterm is a light-weight concrete with a better thermal conductivity compared to standard concrete. This reduces the energy demand required to maintain comfort in a building. The replacement of standard concrete by Ecoterm is a perfect solution in countries where currently no insulation is being applied. At a later stage, two additional case studies were developed for Insulated Concrete Formworks (ICF) and Indoor Climate Solution (ICS). ICF is a building technique where concrete is poured into insulated formwork. This formwork exists of hollow expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks fixed with polypropylene (PP) ties and leads to low U values. The function of the EPS is not only to provide the formwork but also insulation. ICF is a particularly good solution also in countries where some insulation is already applied LafargeHolcim 41

42 4. Normative Reference ICS is a heating and cooling system for high performance buildings, usually applied in the underfloor. It combines indoor comfort with an efficient use of energy in a buildings operation. The underfloor cooling system utilizes the concrete floor s thermal mass storage and discharge of thermal load. This allows conserving energy by reducing the load on traditional HVAC system during operational hours. ICS is especially targeted for high performance commercial or public buildings. The calculation of the energy demand during the use phase of the building has to be applied according to ISO [2]. 5. Target Market Segments For the assessment of products increasing energy efficiency of buildings, the target market segment is limited to a specific building type with a specific type of construction and a comparable energy performance for the baseline, as different wall types might yield different baselines to compare against. The target market has to be limited to a certain region. This can be a country or in case of differing climates within a country also to different regions within this country. The target market segment has to be selected of the group of (concrete) buildings that can possibly be replaced by innovative concrete solutions. 6. Scope a. Considered Functions The function of the building is to provide living area. During the use phase of the building the energy demand can be reduced. The calculation covers the application of a solution in a defined newly constructed product solution within a building in a certain country/climate and a certain behavior of the residents, operation of the building for the reference service life. b. Functional Unit The functional unit is living on 1 m² of floor area for 1 year: 1 m²a. c. System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The following table shows the declared modules according to EN [1] within this savings category. A summary of life cycle stages that shall be part of the resulting factsheets. Required stages are marked with an X. Modules that are not considered relevant shall not be declared (MND Module not declared). The modules for B1-B5 and B7 have been omitted because no significant effects are expected on the overall life cycle of the solution or they do not yield different results for the baseline and the innovative product solution. For the assessments, modules C and D are aggregated into one number. The modules A/C/D only represent the differing building elements. For the comparison they have to fulfill the same function and the national requirements. For example if usually an insulation material is applied, this has to be taken into account for both solutions to have comparable systems. All building element that stay identical are not covered in the calculation. In the fact sheet it shall be specified which building elements are taken into account LafargeHolcim 42

43 PRODUCT STAGE CONSTRUC- TION PROCESS STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE BENEFITS AND LOADS BEYOND SYSTEM BOUNDARY Raw material supply Transport to gate Manufacturing Transport to site Installation process Use Maintenance Repair Replacement 1) Refurbishment 1) Operational energy use Operational water use De-construction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Reuse- Recovery- Recyclingpotential A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D X X X MND MND MND MND MND X MND X X X X X d. Service Life Estimation The service life of the building is estimated to be 50 years for residential buildings and offices. For each solution (the innovative product solution and the baseline solution) the reference service life has to be defined individually. e. Upscaling Generally, the target market needs to be taken into account to define the upscaling factor. For the category Energy Efficiency, the defined segment of buildings has to be taken into account. See section 5 Target Market Segments for details. The upscaling of the results may be done by defining the amount of the solution used in m³ of product. This value may either represent the amount used within one project, the total volume sold within a target market or the total volume that may possibly sold within a target market. If an upscaling to the total volume possibly sold within one target market is intended to be used for the category of energy efficiency, the total amount of buildings built in this market may individually be defined (research) and multiplied with the average area for this building type and with the concrete volume used per building. Additionally, a factor may be added to represent the probability of replacing the buildings with the new solution. f. Estimations and Assumptions The reference building was estimated according to literature research on the respective countries concerning the materials used, U-values, etc. For both options, estimations for average energy mixes are applied. Regarding the climate average data on a monthly basis was used (source: Meteonorm 7 [4]). Available data for single countries is used as an extrapolation for the required information within each of the country clusters defined in section 7 Baseline, the countries within each cluster are estimated to be approximated by the same values. g. Cut-off criteria The life cycle modules and building elements as defined in Section c have to be included in the assessment following the cut-off criteria as defined in the protocol. A sensitivity analysis shall be calculated for estimations and assumptions to have information about the impact on the overall result. h. Background Data Background data used shall be consistent with general LCA specifications and shall be used consistently within one assessment. For all background data, it is recommended to use data from the GaBi database [3] LafargeHolcim 43

44 i. Data Quality Data quality requirements according to the definition in chapter 6.2 of the protocol shall be taken into account. j. Allocation No specific allocation rules apply to this savings category. 7. Baseline Per country or country cluster, the baseline solution represents a state of the art building of a specific use class with a typical composition of walls, insulation, technical equipment etc., typically build instead of a building using the described product solution. The following use classes for buildings are currently defined: single family house, multifamily house and commercial building. Within these building use classes different living standards can be distinguished: Depending on the product solution, not all building types may be relevant. For example Ecoterm is today mainly targeted for low income residential housing (low standard single family house). The calculations for this saving category represent the climatic conditions specific to one country. For reasons of efficiency, buildings can be clustered for several countries with similar building types. According to these assumptions, there are currently four clusters covering the following countries: Whenever possible country clusters for specific building types shall be defined. For each country/country cluster a typical building shall be defined by a typical composition as well as the key parameters of the energy modelling. 8. Modelling This item entails more specifically the calculation rules and procedures used to assess an innovative product solution within the scope of the savings category. In particular, calculation algorithms used shall either be described in detail or referred to, if they are defined elsewhere. a. Saving Mechanisms GHG-efficient production: The production of both the innovative product solution and the baseline, reported in module A1-A3, are compared. The manufacturing considers all materials and their quantities used to build the respective buildings using the innovative product solution and the baseline solution. All technical specifications for the buildings designs shall be considered 2016 LafargeHolcim 44

45 Saving operational thermal energy through insulation: A reduced energy demand through better thermal insulation of the building results in a reduction of the operational thermal energy for heating and cooling. This effect is assumed to have the highest impact on the overall results. Results are declared in module B6. For the calculations a simplified static tool is used to specify the energy demand during the use phase of a building. Material credits through recycling: Savings shall be calculated by comparing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with recycling of the innovative versus the conventional solution. The difference in the impacts are savings or additional impacts. The results of these calculations shall be counted towards the life stage C3/D. Extending functions: If the innovative product solution delivers extended functions to the functional unit beyond the reduction of operational energy demand the baseline shall be modeled including conventional supply of these functions. b. Data Collection For the category of Energy Efficiency the following data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution (background data for regular update) Secondary data collection for use stage of building Extending the geographical scope by additional countries requires data collection for all three levels. In some cases it might be possible to partly use existing data by extending a country cluster. Primary data collection: Parameter Unit Value Comment Location [-] Product solution Density [kg/m³] GHG result for material composition Baseline Density GHG result for material composition Distance transport from production gate to site Loss during [kg CO2e/m³] [kg/m³] [kg CO2e/m³] [km] incl. raw materials, their transport to site and production process incl. raw materials, their transport to site and production process [%] installation If wall, roof, floor and slab are relevant for the study, all information required above have to be collected for all these building elements. Primary data collection building: Parameter Unit Value Building type Building level Type of wall Type of roof Wall type 2016 LafargeHolcim 45

46 thickness [cm] U-value [kwh/(m²a)] Roof type thickness [cm] U-value [kwh/(m²a)] Slab type thickness [cm] U-value [kwh/(m²a)] Floor type thickness [cm] Window type U-value [kwh/(m²a)] Share of energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] gas furnace / no cooling [%] Solid Biofuels / no cooling [%] no heating / no cooling [%] ICS underfloor cooling system [yes/no] Share of ICS cooling [%] ICS energy ware ICS expenditure factor [%] Distribution system energy [kwh/(m²a)] Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution: Parameter Unit Value Truck incl. Diesel for transport to site [kg CO2e/tkm] Energy for pumping of concrete during installation [kg CO2e/m³] Thermal energy from natural gas [kg CO2e/kWh] Thermal energy from light fuel oil [kg CO2e/kWh] Thermal energy from biomass [kg CO2e/kWh] Electricity [kg CO2e/kWh] Landfill of concrete at EoL [kg CO2e/kg] Secondary data collection for use stage of building: Parameter Unit Value Energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] gas furnace / no cooling [%] wood heating / no cooling [%] no heating / no cooling [%] Mandatory parameters 2016 LafargeHolcim 46

47 net floor area (living area) [m²] roof area [m²] facade area opaque [m²] area floor slab [m²] window area transparent [m²] roof u-value [W/(m²K)] wall u-value [W/(m²K)] floor u-value [W/(m²K)] window u-value [W/(m²K)] share of windows oriented east [%] share of windows oriented south [%] share of windows oriented west [%] share of windows oriented north [%] floor height [m] Optional parameters air change rate internal temperature in heating period internal temperature in cooling period heating base temperature cooling base temperature [1/h] [ C] [ C] [ C] [ C] c. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations d. Use Stage Scenarios Data gaps and extrapolations/estimations shall be specified in the fact sheet. Such data gaps frequently cover location specific climate data to be used for the operational energy demand modeling. This should be covered by using national or climate-regional average values. For the use stage of the buildings, only the energy demand is considered. Maintenance is not taken into account. The calculation of the energy demand of the building is based on the TABULA tool Calculator [5] using a static model according to ISO [2] describing the calculation of energy use for heating and cooling using a steady state monthly balance method. Therefore, the U values of all parts of the building envelope (wall, roof, slab, windows) are considered. Regarding the baseline building, the U values are predefined for standard construction parts per country. For the product solution either these pre-defined U values can be chosen or the U value can be defined by the user specifically. The climate data for the respective country involves heating and cooling days. These are calculated taking into account the average monthly temperature outside and the targeted indoor temperature as well as a certain baseline when a user starts heating/cooling the building. Additionally the energy mix per country used for heating and cooling is defined for the baseline with shares (e.g. share of electricity driven PTAC). They can also be adapted for the LH solution in case the specific building is always heated/cooled with a differing energy carrier mix. Using the U values of the building parts and the climate data as well as the energy supply mix, the energy demand can be calculated according to the standard ISO [2]. This leads to the energy 2016 LafargeHolcim 47

48 demand per energy supply type, the basis of the calculation of the GHG emissions during the use phase of the building. Key parameters for energy modelling are defined in the chapter Data Collection. These parameters have to be defined for both buildings: the innovative product solution as well as the baseline solution. For the comparison only differing parts of the building are defined separately since most of the building elements are kept identical. Results are then calculated as GWP impacts. To eliminate the influence of the user, standard user behavior is defined for both, the improved and the baseline solution. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation, is conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. e. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios For the end-of-life scenario the landfilling of concrete is taken into consideration. Any recycling of other materials may be considered. f. System Model The modeling is simplified in the following graph. Product solution always covers the whole system under study that needs to be checked to compare both solutions (baseline and innovative product solution) covering all differing building elements LafargeHolcim 48

49 9. Impact Assessment and Interpretation For energy efficiency all substances relevant for GWP as defined by IPCC are taken into consideration. The dominating parameters should be varied. The results should be documented in the graph using an error bar visualization. 10. Reporting, Disclosure and Communication If case study fact sheets compiled within this savings category are intended to be disclosed to the public, this SCR document shall be disclosed to the public as well. In the case study fact sheets, all used parameters and data sources shall be documented. No particular review of a case study is foreseen within this SCR document, but may be subject to an overall procedure for applying the protocol. 11. References [1] EN A1:2013: Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken - Umweltproduktdeklarationen Grundregeln für die Produktkategorie Bauprodukte, 2012 [2] EN Energy performance of buildings -- Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling, 2008 [3] thinkstep (2014): GaBi Software and database [4] Meteonorm 7 Software with worldwide weather data, Meteotest, Bern, [5] TABULA Calculator Calculation of energy need for heating and delivered energy (version 2012), Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, Germany LafargeHolcim 49

50 Annex 2. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair Category 1. Introduction This Savings Category Rules (SCR) document for the savings category Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair refers to the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products. It specifies provisions and guidance that are of particular relevance to product assessments that fall under this savings category. The establishment of this document is defined in the named protocol and serves as obligatory reference for all specific product assessments within this category. The objective of assessments conducted under the protocol and this SCR document is to quantify avoided GHG emissions along the entire value chain of the assessed product, including (potentially additional) impacts from the production and supply chain of the product to all primary (direct) GHG emissions savings within the immediate product life cycle and GHG emissions savings from secondary effects outside the immediate product life cycle. This SCR document was developed during the development of the underlying protocol and supported this. It was set up in conjunction with a specific case study: Speedcrete. This specific case study is documented within the attached fact sheet. 2. General Information a. Authors Author of the present SCR is thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Date of Publication and Validity This savings category was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying protocol. Publication date of this SCR document: March 4 th, 2015 This SCR document is valid for 5 years. Any SCR document shall be revised after five years and updated to the most recent revisions of the protocol, relevant standards and further reference documents. d. Revision Status The present SCR Document is the first edition. Future revisions shall be listed here. e. Compliance Statement f. Optional: Regional and Sector Representation g. Optional: Review Status and Comments The current version of this SCR is in full compliance with the Protocol version 1.0, March No specific regional limitations apply. Not applicable 3. Savings Category Definition a. Savings Category Description The present savings category encompasses the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions due to higher efficiency in road construction and repair. More specifically, innovative materials as substitutes for conventional ones, can result in faster, more efficient road construction processes, thereby reducing direct or indirect emissions associated with the repair event. In particular, due to reduced construction time, road closure timespans may be reduced, resulting in reduced traffic congestions induced by such road closures. Reduced traffic congestions in turn are responsible for reduced GHG emissions from road traffic, which reflects the major impact of this category LafargeHolcim 50

51 b. Relevant Saving mechanisms Avoiding traffic jams through fast repair: the most relevant savings mechanism for the present savings category, this is an effect on a secondary level. Faster, more efficient road construction and repair solutions enable roads to reopen faster thereby avoiding traffic jams. Since traffic jams contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, the avoidance of congestion results in GHG savings. Extended service life: Innovative road construction and repair solutions may also have an extended service life, thereby reducing the need for construction activity and material over a given period of time. These are also carbon savings on a secondary level. Extended service life of roads has a compound benefit because it results in additionally avoided traffic jams that shall also be quantified as (secondary) savings. GHG-efficient production: A GHG-efficient production of the material is an effect on the primary level and can be achieved by using different pre-products (e.g. secondary materials) or improving the production on site. Depending on the target market segment, specifically the road and traffic situation in the given country, region or city, manufacturing of the material solution may also be a relevant factor. Reduced material demand: Innovative product solutions may comprise a reduction of material demand and thereby GHG emissions associated with manufacturing. Road repair solutions that achieve this, incur savings on a primary level. These savings mechanisms may in fact have adverse effects, i.e. result in additional GHG emissions rather than savings. Certainly, if there are any differences between the alternative solution and the baseline above the cut-off criteria, these shall be quantified and reported. c. Product Categorization d. Savings Category Case Study High-performance road construction and repair solutions can be considered here if they intend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one or more of the savings mechanisms described above. This is particularly the case for solutions that enable faster reopening of roads to traffic after construction or repair work. Thus avoiding traffic jams is one of the most effective ways to save GHG emissions. Solutions with extended service life reduce both the replacement-associated impacts and the traffic jams created by repair works. Speedcrete, a LafargeHolcim concrete product with significantly shorter hardening times than conventional road repair solutions, has been used as the case study for this savings category. Speedcrete is a highperformance repair solution that is used on highly frequented roads (highways and/or inner city roads) where a road closure during daytime quickly aggravates busy rush hour conditions into long traffic jams. With Speedcrete it is possible to complete road repair works overnight thus avoiding congestions. Since traffic congestions are responsible for increased GHG emissions compared to a situation with free flowing traffic, the application of Speedcrete results in avoided emissions in comparison to conventional materials for road repair. In summary, the most relevant savings mechanism for Speedcrete is the avoidance of traffic jams. In addition to this, the savings mechanism of extending the service life is of high relevance due to the durability and resilience of this material. Due to the avoided repair event, not only will material be saved but additional road blocks and therefore GHG emissions will be avoided. 4. Normative Reference 2016 LafargeHolcim 51

52 None. 5. Target Market Segments The target market segment for road construction and repair are road construction situations within a specific road and traffic environment. More specifically, the target market segment is defined to be covered by the specific locations (country, region or city), a dedicated type of high traffic road (highway, high ranking inner-city road) with specific technical properties (load carrying capacity, frost-resilience etc), resulting in a technical specification of the road construction, a specific traffic profile (speed limits, permitted vehicle classes, etc.) and a specific vehicle fleet emission profile. 6. Scope a. Considered Functions The function of the solution is to provide fast and efficient rendering of a repaired stretch of road with a given load carrying capacity (to be specified for every declared product). The functions assessed include the traffic flow using the road in view. Multiple road types may be assessed. b. Functional Unit The functional unit is defined as the road repair patch size, expressed as one m². Alternatively, it may be reported as the average-sized repair patch (4 m x 10 m) for the given market segment and associated lane closure (e.g. 200 m) over which one lane is entirely closed for traffic. c. System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages For the purpose of assessing fast road repair solutions, the manufacturing of the repair solution, any replacement of the repaired street pavement layer during use and secondary effects beyond the system boundary are considered. Transport and construction work, as well as disassembly and waste processing and disposal are omitted, as all systems are based on mineral material with environmental impacts that are expected to be largely similar and fall below cut-off criteria. Road traffic induced emissions are defined to lie beyond the product s immediate system boundary. Hence, the modules A1-A3, B4 and D are declared in assessments within this savings category, the actual repair operation is declared in module A with its sub-modules. PRODUCT STAGE CONSTRUC- TION PROCESS STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE BENEFITS AND LOADS BEYOND THE SYSTEM BOUNDARIES Raw material supply Transport to gate Manufacturing Transport from gate to site Assembly Use Maintenance Repair Replacement 1) Refurbishment 1) Operational energy use Operational water use De-construction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Reuse- Recovery- Recyclingpotential A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D X MND MND MND MND MND X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X d. Service Life Estimation Based on a large-scale study of road constructions with different materials [2], the service life of the two main materials (and their derivatives) can be estimated as: Asphalt: 20 years Concrete: 30 years When comparing concrete to asphalt, a service life of 30 years shall be used as basis for comparison. This will mean that within the service life 2016 LafargeHolcim 52

53 of a concrete solution, asphalt will be replaced once, whereas the concrete solution will not. This has an effect on both the additional manufacturing impacts (life cycle stage B4) and the secondary effect of avoided traffic jams during this replacement event. For any further materials, the Reference Service Life (RSL, EN 15804) serves as basis for comparison and shall be specified in the resulting factsheet. e. Upscaling Generally, the target market needs to be taken into account to define the upscaling factor. For the category Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair, the segment of a defined type of road and a defined type of traffic situation has to be taken into account. See section 5 Target Market Segments for details. The upscaling of the results may be done by defining the amount of the solution used in m³ of product. This value may either represent the total volume sold within a target market or the total volume that may possibly sold within a target market. Estimations of a potential market could be done by considering the total length of roads in the country or region of the target market segment, the share of damaged roads, the share thereof that will undergo repair and the share of repaired roads that will qualify for the innovative product solution. f. Estimations and Assumptions The traffic jam length and average velocity profile need to be estimated for any repair operation considered. Results may be provided for an average 2 km traffic jam ensuing from a 200 m lane closure. Congestion time shall be estimated based on local conditions of an average rush hour. If no source of information is available, average congestion times of 4-6 h per day can be used to calculate the range within which values are likely to move. Estimations on the number of traffic lanes need to be done for each case study, based on the respective type of road. Traffic fleet composition and fleet emission profile of the assessed region and time period are required to be estimated, sources used to justify the estimations need to be documented. To estimate traffic-induced GWP impacts, country-clusters may be defined in order to extrapolate single-country information to a set of generally neighbored countries. For the extrapolation, the given fleetparameters are estimated to be equally valid for the entire cluster of countries. Those clusters are documented in section 7. Baseline. g. Cut-off criteria The general rules for cut-off criteria apply. See Section 7.1, Protocol version 1.0. h. Background Data Background data used shall be consistent with general LCA specifications and shall be used consistently within one assessment. For GHG emissions associated with road construction and repair solutions, product carbon footprints calculated by the producer company are a preferable choice to databases with generic or average data. Regarding all downstream life cycle stages (C4, D except for the calculation of avoided traffic jams), it is recommended to use data from the GaBi database [6]. The calculation of GHG savings or emissions from traffic jams should be considered foreground data as long as databases that encompass the entire range of required calculations are not readily available. For this purpose we have included the data collection and modelling instructions in the corresponding chapters below LafargeHolcim 53

54 i. Data Quality Data quality requirements should follow the definition in chapter 6.2 of the Protocol version 1.0. For time-related coverage, it is essential that the same reference year apply to fleet information and road emissions factors (even if the source of data is not the same year, validity of the data should extend to cover the chosen reference year). For fleet information no more than 5 years of validity can be assumed. For a good technological coverage, it is essential that either emission factors or fuel consumption efficiency, as a proxy for the same, be specific to the target market in question. In addition, technological coverage should include the fleet share and consumption of petrol- and diesel-driven passenger cars and the share and consumption of the following vehicle classes: Passenger cars 2-wheelers/3-wheelers small cargo trucks large cargo trucks buses & coaches j. Allocation No specific allocation rules apply to this savings category. 7. Baseline For the savings category efficiency in road construction and repair, the baseline is defined as the most commonly used product solution for each target market segment. For road repair on highly frequented, congestion-prone roads, asphalt is the baseline material to be compared against. Road repair with asphalt is defined for the same functional unit (identical patch size) resulting in a fully closed lane (over 200m length) for a period of 24 hours. The same target market segment (road type, technical capacity, traffic profile, vehicle fleet etc.) and estimations and assumptions apply as for the alternative solution. For traffic-induced GWP impacts in the reference situation, data are utilized for individual countries or situations. Countries in turn are clustered to allow for extrapolation of available data. Those clusters are defined to be: 8. Modelling This item entails more specifically the calculation rules and procedures used to assess an innovative product solution within the scope of the savings category. In particular, calculation algorithms used shall either be described in detail or referred to, if they are defined elsewhere. a. Saving Mechanisms GHG-efficient production and reduced material demand: The production of both the assessed solution and the baseline, reported in module A1-A3, are compared. The manufacturing considers all materials with the quantities as required to be applied in the specific road repair scenario, including application thickness, potential waterproofing layers, or similar LafargeHolcim 54

55 Extended service life: As a result of longer service life, the need for replacement is reduced, therefore manufacturing of the replacement parts, materials, energy and associated GHG emissions are avoided. If a replacement is necessary, associated emissions are counted towards the life cycle stage B4. Secondary effects of the replacement - such as the traffic jam due to repair works and resulting GHG emissions will also be avoided. Latter effects are calculated as described under Avoiding traffic jams through fast repair and declared in module D. Avoiding traffic jams through fast repair: To calculate the avoided emissions via this savings mechanism, the following have to be clearly defined and their sources documented: Traffic profile (average speeds per vehicle fleet class) with baseline and innovative product solution on each road type that is to be assessed; Fleet composition in the given country/region (should add up to 100%); Emission factors for different vehicle types and speeds. During baseline conditions, traffic shall slow down over a period of time (rush hour) to a specific average speed, while the volume of passing vehicles remains constant. The emissions in the different traffic situations are generated over a period (e.g. rush hour) and over a certain traffic jam length. GHG = EFA [gco2/km] * N [vhcs/h] * t [h] * l [km],where EFA is the weighted average emissions of the vehicle fleet for each vehicle per km travelled N is the number of vehicles passing through a certain point over a certain period t is the time it takes for the rush hour / congestion / traffic jam to return to normal conditions l is the length of the traffic jam The calculation sequence is as follow: 1. Calculate the weighted average transport density of each traffic situation: multiply the share of each vehicle class with the traffic density (speed-dependent) of each vehicle class and add these up to a single value. 2. Calculate weighted average emission factors for each traffic situation: multiply the share of each vehicle class with the emission factor of each vehicle class and add these up to a single value. 3. Calculate weighted average emission per hour per km: Multiply 1. with Factor in the additional traffic emissions from the closed lane for the congested traffic condition. Congestion due to a closed lane does not only mean that speeds are reduced but that the same number of cars as before will have to pass through a point, only they will take longer. To get this extra number of cars in, calculate the ratio of cars in normal versus traffic jam conditions. Use this factor to multiply 3. for the emissions resulting from the traffic jam situation. Do not change emission value for normal traffic. 5. Calculate emissions over congestion duration and traffic jam length. Duration of the congestion (h) as well as length of the traffic jam (km) are parameters with high potential variability and shall be declared clearly with a sensitivity check recommended (e.g. via extreme scenarios). Those secondary effects are declared in module D Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary LafargeHolcim 55

56 b. Data Collection While calculating (avoided) emissions from road traffic, it is highly recommended to use the most recent HBEFA database [3]. This database provides up-to-date emission profiles for various traffic situations on various road types and for the entire fleet range of selected European (DE, F, CH) countries. In addition, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) has released a database [4] of global fleet profiles with consumption efficiencies etc. with actual data for 2000, 2005 and 2010 and predictions for several decades after. This database is especially useful for compiling fleet information and fuel efficiencies. The TRACCS EU-Project has also released EU-specific fleet information that is of high-value and is available on a country level [5]. Further, country-specific databases may be used if more specific data is required and available. Specifically, the following information shall be gathered: Fleet composition in the given country/region (should add up to 100%) Passenger cars 2- and 3- Cargo trucks Buses & Petrol Diesel Wheelers Light duty Heavy duty Coaches % % % % % % Emission factors for different vehicle types and speeds EFA (g CO2/km) Passenger cars Speed EFA (g CO2/km) 2- and 3- Wheelers Petrol Diesel Light duty EFA (g CO2/km) Cargo trucks Heavy duty EFA (g CO2/km) Buses & Coaches Speed 2* Speed 1* *Speeds in normal and traffic jam situations are different on different roads. These differences should be considered when modelling. Traffic profile in normal conditions (in the absence of roadworks, may mean free-flowing or heavy traffic especially during rush hour) and traffic jam (congested or stop&go): Vehicle type* Passenger car Average speed (km/h) Normal traffic Transport density (car/h) Traffic due to roadworks Average speed (km/h) Transport density (car/h) 2-Wheeler Trucks & Buses * Vehicle types may at this point be averaged (weighted by share in fleet) into larger sub-classes as exemplified in the table LafargeHolcim 56

57 c. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations d. Use Stage Scenarios e. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios Data are often lacking for the country-specific fleet shares and emission profiles. Fleet information can be often retrieved from government websites or, if not, a country from the same cluster can be chosen as a proxy. When choosing proxies, economic status of the country of choice and the proxy should align roughly (by e.g. GDP per capita). Emission factor information can be approximated with fuel consumption. Fuel consumption of a vehicle class in the chosen country can be compared to the same vehicle class in a European country to derive an emission ratio. This ratio can be used to scale the European country s emission factor for the same vehicle class for a given speed. The use stage entails the replacement of the repair materials that have been used for the road repair activity in the construction process. This replacement of materials at the end of the estimated service life of the repair patch is declared in module B4. Here, the same technical specifications for road repair as in the production stage and construction process stage shall be applied. No estimations on technical innovation/developments shall be considered. For the entire assessment period, a static traffic and travel velocity profile, a static composition of the vehicle fleet and a static emissions profile for the fleet are assumed, thus avoiding any predictions of future technical or other developments. Hence, the GWP impacts calculated for the repair patch in modules A1 to A5 can be directly adopted to B4. No end-of-life operation is declared within this category. f. System Model A simplified diagram of the modelled system is shown in the figure below. 9. Impact Assessment and Interpretation The assessed GWP impacts are reported per declared module. Major quantities of avoided emissions are expected to be based on avoided traffic congestions. To understand the significance of the assumed parameters, core parameters used to define avoided traffic congestions are employed in parameter variations. The results of these parameter variations shall be documented along with the documented result, indicating the most likely possible range of a result. 10. Reporting, Disclosure and Communication With specific regard to the high sensitivity of the results based on core parameters, conclusions and recommendations should particularly be made under consideration of these effects. If case study fact sheets compiled within this savings category are intended to be disclosed to the public, this SCR document shall be disclosed to the public as well. In the case study fact sheets, all used parameters and data sources shall be documented. No particular review of a case study is foreseen within this SCR document, but may be subject to an overall procedure for applying the Protocol version LafargeHolcim 57

58 11. References [1] Richtlinien für die Standardisierung des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen, R1, RStO 12 (2012) Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen, Arbeitsgruppe Infrastrukturmanagement [2] Oberbaukonstruktionen von Verkehrsflächen mit unterschiedlichen Deckschichten (2014) thinkstep für BetonMarketing Deutschland GmbH, Betonverband Straße, Landschaft, Garten e. V. [3] HBEFA v3.2 (2014) Handbuch für Emissionsfaktoren des Strassenverkehrs or Handbook for Emission Factors of Road Transport. Available at [4] International Council on Clean Transportation (2012) ICCT Roadmap Model v1.0. Available at [5] TRACCS (2014), Transport data collection supporting the quantitative analysis of measures relating to transport and climate change. Available at [6] thinkstep (2014): GaBi Software and database 2016 LafargeHolcim 58

59 Annex 3. GHG Savings Category Rules for the High Performance Category 1. Introduction This Savings Category Rules (SCR) document for the savings category High Performance refers to the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products. It specifies provisions and guidance that are of particular relevance to product assessments that fall under this savings category. The establishment of this document is defined in the named protocol and serves as obligatory reference for all specific product assessments within this category. The objective of assessments conducted under the protocol and this SCR document is to quantify avoided GHG emissions along the entire value chain of the innovative product, including (potentially additional) impacts from the production and supply chain of the product to all primary (direct) GHG emissions savings within the immediate product life cycle and GHG emissions savings from secondary effects outside the immediate product life cycle. This SCR document was set up in conjunction with a specific case study: Office building made of (U)HPC. This specific case study is documented within the attached fact sheet. 2. General Information a. Authors Authors of the present SCR are thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Date of Publication and Validity This savings category was subject to internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. Publication date of this SCR document: 25 August 2015 This SCR document is valid for 5 years. The SCR document shall be revised after five years and updated to the most recent revisions of the protocol, relevant standards and further reference documents (as specified in the protocol). d. Revision Status The present SCR Document is the first edition. Future revisions shall be listed here. e. Compliance Statement f. Optional: Regional and Sector Representation g. Optional: Review Status and Comments The current version of this SCR is in full compliance with the Protocol version 1.0. No specific regional limitations apply. Not applicable. 3. Savings Category Definition a. Savings Category Description b. Relevant Saving mechanisms This savings category describes the carbon reduction potential of replacing a conventional solution with a cement based GHG-efficient solution providing a better performance in the context of the use of the construction. The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of High Performance (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): GHG efficient production: Production of material with optimized GHG impact. Material credits through recycling: Reducing the demand for primary feedstock by improving recycling of secondary material & allocating credits Reduced material demand: Reducing the original material demand for a solution 2016 LafargeHolcim 59

60 Extending functions: Extending technical functions through one product to avoid additional material use to provide all functions Reduced maintenance: Increasing resilience against exposure conditions reduces need for maintenance and repair activities Extended service life: Increasing resilience against exposure conditions increases the service life of the construction & avoids recurring new construction Avoiding non-recycling of precious substances: replacing material with high recycling value in situations with limited technical recycling potential or improving the technical recycling potential of materials with high recycling value through material composition or similar Avoiding traffic jams through reduced need to repair: reduced need for repair (longer intervals between repair operations) reduces road closure and avoid traffic congestions; applicable if high performance concrete is used for road repair. Increasing usable area through reduced footprint: reducing the construction footprint to retrieve more usable area (or value, e.g. increased area to rent in buildings) c. Product Categorization These savings mechanisms may in fact have adverse effects, i.e. result in additional GHG emissions rather than savings. If there are any differences between the product solution and the baseline above the cut-off criteria, these shall be quantified and reported. A specific concrete product can be attributed to this savings category, if it fulfills its intended function over a defined time period with lower consumption of resources than the baseline or alternatively its ability to fulfill it over a longer time with the same extent of resource consumption. There is no limitation within this savings category in terms of end-user solutions within this scope. d. Savings Category Case Study The case study for this savings category is Office building made of (U)HPC None. 4. Normative Reference 5. Target Market Segments High Performance concrete products aim at applications which need space-saving, stable, resilient and durable constructions and building elements. Examples are among others (highrise) buildings, bridges, and tunnels. 6. Scope a. Considered Functions The function of the product depends on its application and can therefore fulfill several tasks in founding and providing a stable and resilient construction element such as walls, slabs, columns, mantles, and surfaces. b. Functional Unit The functional unit highly depends on the intended application and therefore needs to be specified in the respective fact sheets. While this is necessary to enable case studies with construction works as different as bridges, buildings and tunnels under one savings category, this limits the direct comparability of case studies to those with identical functional units LafargeHolcim 60

61 c. System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The following table shows the declared modules according to EN [1] within this savings category. A summary of life cycle stages that shall be part of the resulting factsheets. Required stages are marked with an X. Modules that are not considered relevant shall not be declared (MND Module not declared). The modules for B1-B5 and B7 have been omitted because no significant effects are expected on the overall life cycle of the solution or they do not yield different results for the innovative product solution in comparison to the baseline. d. Service Life Estimation The service life estimation for the high performance concrete elements depends on their specific considered function. For each solution (the innovative product solution and the baseline solution) the reference service life has to be defined individually within the corresponding fact sheets. e. Upscaling Generally, the target market needs to be taken into account to define the upscaling factor. The upscaling of the results may be done by defining the amount of the solution used in m³ of product. This value may either represent the amount used within one project, the total volume sold within a target market or the total volume that may possibly sold within a target market. Estimations of possibly sold volumes need to be based on single project estimations, as long as HPC/UHPC is not broadly applied in large market segments. f. Estimations and Assumptions The design and thus the concrete consumption of the considered construction, both regarding the innovative product as well as the baseline, can be based on literature and/or expert judgement (e.g. architects, structural engineer). The same holds for operational energy demand and potential maintenance/ replacement procedures. g. Cut-off criteria The life cycle modules as defined in Section c have to be included in the assessment and the general rules for cut-off criteria apply. See Section 7.1, Protocol version 1.0. A sensitivity analysis shall be calculated for estimations and assumptions to have information about the consequences on the overall result. h. Background Data Background data used shall be consistent with general LCA specifications and shall be used consistently within one assessment. For all background data, it is recommended to use data from the GaBi database [3] LafargeHolcim 61

62 i. Data Quality Data quality requirements according to the definition in Chapter 6.2 of the protocol shall be taken into account. j. Allocation No specific allocation rules apply to this savings category. 7. Baseline Per country or country cluster, the baseline solution represents a specific state of the art construction such as an office building, a bridge or a tunnel with a typical composition of walls, columns or other structural elements, insulation, technical equipment etc., typically build instead of a building using the described product solution. The calculations for this saving category represent the regional conditions specific to one country. For reasons of efficiency, constructions can be clustered for several countries with similar construction types. According to these assumptions, there are currently four clusters covering the following countries: Whenever possible country clusters for specific construction types shall be defined. For each country/country cluster a typical construction shall be defined by a typical composition as well as the key parameters of the energy modelling (if applicable). 8. Modelling This section describes more specifically the calculation rules and procedures used to assess an innovative product solution within the scope of the savings category. In particular, calculation algorithms used shall either be described in detail or referred to, if they are defined elsewhere. a. Saving Mechanisms The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of High Performance (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): GHG efficient production: The production of both the innovative product solution and the baseline, reported in module A1-A3, are compared. The manufacturing considers all materials and their quantities used to build the respective buildings using the innovative product solution and the baseline solution. Only different construction parts are taken into consideration. All technical specifications for the buildings design shall be considered. Material credits through recycling: Savings shall be calculated by comparing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with recycling of the innovative versus the baseline solution. The difference in the impacts are savings or additional impacts. The results of these calculations shall be counted towards the life stage C3/D. Reduced material demand: Potential savings can result from an increased resource efficiency of the innovative product solution compared to the baseline. This means that the same performance is reached with less material or energy input and their related GHG emissions LafargeHolcim 62

63 Extending functions: Potential savings can result from saved additional materials, not needed in the innovative product solution because of its high performance. Reduced maintenance: Potential savings can result from low / no maintenance effort needed compared to the baseline. Extended service life: Potential savings can result from a longer service life compared to the baseline and the absence/reduction of material replacement. Avoiding non-recycling of precious substances: Potential savings can result from the absence of the need of additional reinforcing material, which, depending on the application, cannot be recycled after the product end-of-life. Avoiding traffic jams through reduced need to repair: Potential savings can result through less time and amount of traffic jams and congestions. Only applicable if high performance concrete is used for road repair. Increasing usable area through reduced footprint: Potential savings can result from a lower energy demand per area. b. Data Collection For the category of High Performance the following data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for the life cycle of the product solution (background data for regular update) Primary data collection (Example taken from Case Study Office building made of (U)HPC ): Information for reference building Length of building [m] Width of building [m] Height of building [m] Base area net [m²] Average distance material supply to construction site [km] Floors to be replaced with HPC Number of floors of building [amount] Thickness of floor [m] Reinforcement Relation [kg steel/m³ of floor] Greenhouse gas emission factor [kg CO2e/kg] Columns to be replaced with UHPC (in lower story) Number of floors with columns to be replaced [amount] Number of columns per floor [amount] Column area [m 2 ] Height of columns [m] Reinforcement Relation [kg steel/m³ of column] Greenhouse gas emission factor [kg CO2e/kg] Operation (annual energy demand considering energy carriers) Total [kwh/m 2 a] 2016 LafargeHolcim 63

64 Electricity [%] Natural Gas [%] Light Fuel Oil [%] Biomass [%] Product solution Floors Concrete Strength class Density [kg/m³] Greenhouse gas emission factor [kg CO2e/m³] Reduction of thickness [%] Reduction of reinforcement [%] Columns Concrete Strength class Density [kg/m³] Greenhouse gas emission factor [kg CO2e/m³] Reduction of column area [%] Reduction of reinforcement [%] Baseline Floors and Columns Concrete Strength class Density [kg/m³] Greenhouse gas emission factor [kg CO2e /m 3 ] c. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations d. Use Stage Scenarios e. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios In case of unknown or missing primary data for the baseline solution publicly available average data shall be used. Data gaps and extrapolations/estimations shall be specified in the fact sheet. Due to the variety of potential applications of the innovative product solution, the use stage scenarios shall be defined in the respective fact sheets. Example: looking at the current case in the fact sheet for the use of UHPC for floors and columns extends the usable net floor space in the building while keeping the same gross area. In contrast, calculating the impact of a bridge repair with a longer service life would reduce the amount of traffic jam due to less replacement cycles or maintenance. Therefore it is not possible to cover all potential case studies with one generic use stage scenario. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation, are conducted to identify the consequences of the scenarios used. For the end-of-life scenario the landfilling of concrete is taken into consideration. Any recycling of other materials may be considered. f. System Model The modeling is simplified in the following graph. The product solution always covers the whole system under study that needs to be checked to compare both solutions (baseline and innovative product solution) LafargeHolcim 64

65 9. Impact Assessment and Interpretation All emissions relevant for GWP as defined by IPCC are taken into consideration. The dominating parameters should be varied. The results should be documented in the fact sheet. 10. Reporting, Disclosure and Communication If case study fact sheets compiled within this savings category are intended to be disclosed to the public, this SCR document shall be disclosed to the public as well. In the case study fact sheets, all used parameters and data sources shall be documented. No particular review of a case study is foreseen within this SCR document, but may be subject to an overall procedure for applying the protocol. 11. References [1] EN A1 (2013): Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken - Umweltproduktdeklarationen Grundregeln für die Produktkategorie Bauprodukte [2] thinkstep (2014): GaBi Software and database 2016 LafargeHolcim 65

66 Annex 4. GHG Savings Category Rules for the Recycling and Reuse Category 1. Introduction This Savings Category Rules (SCR) document for the savings category Recycling & Reuse refers to the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products. It specifies provisions and guidance that are of particular relevance to product assessments falling under this savings category. The establishment of this document is defined in the named protocol and serves as obligatory reference for all specific product assessments within this category. The objective of assessments conducted following the protocol and this SCR document is to quantify avoided GHG emissions along the entire value chain of the innovative product, including (potentially additional) impacts from the production and supply chain of the product to all primary (direct) GHG emissions savings within the immediate product life cycle and GHG emissions savings from secondary effects outside the immediate product life cycle. This SCR document was set up in conjunction with a specific case study demonstrating the recycling of concrete gravel by which carbon uptake is facilitated. This specific case study is documented in the attached fact sheet. 2. General Information a. Authors Author of the present SCR is thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders This savings category was subject to internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. c. Date of Publication and Validity Publication date of this SCR document: 25 August 2015 This SCR document is valid for 5 years. The SCR document shall be revised after five years and updated according to the most recent revisions of the protocol, relevant standards and further reference documents (as specified in the protocol). d. Revision Status The present SCR document is the first edition. Future revisions shall be listed here. e. Compliance Statement f. Optional: Regional and Sector Representation g. Optional: Review Status and Comments The current version of this SCR is in full compliance with the Protocol version 1.0 No specific regional limitations apply. Not applicable 3. Savings Category Definition a. Savings Category Description b. Relevant Saving mechanisms This savings category describes the carbon reduction potential of replacing a conventional solution with a recycled cement based solution as construction material. The category of Recycling & Reuse is estimated to have a high potential to avoid GHG emissions, because of the enormous variety of potential applications and a growing availability of infrastructure build out of concrete to be replaced and recycled in the future. The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Recycling & Reuse (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): 2016 LafargeHolcim 66

67 Material credits through recycling: Potentially improved material recycling increasing credits for avoidance of primary material use CO2 uptake: Due to an enhanced re-carbonization of grained cement-based products over long time periods a chemical absorption of atmospheric CO2 leads to carbon savings. If there are any differences between the product solution and the baseline above the cut-off criteria, these shall be quantified and reported. c. Product Categorization d. Savings Category Case Study A specific cement-based product can be attributed to this savings category if it is recycled and preferably providing a high specific surface. There is no limitation within this savings category in terms of end-user solutions. The case study for this savings category is the recycling of concrete in the form of gravel applied as top layer of farming and forestry roads. 4. Normative Reference The normative reference depends on the product solution. 5. Target Market Segments For the assessment of concrete products, effectively absorbing atmospheric CO2, the target market segment is limited to specific roads and other surface areas, which allow the granulated aggregates to be deployed in bulk. The aggregates should not be fixed by a binder, which hinders the surface to react with atmospheric CO2. The target market is not limited to a certain region, because environmental conditions can only influence the speed of the carbonization, not the occurrence of this process itself. 6. Scope a. Considered Functions The function of the product depends on its application and can therefore fulfill several tasks such as found and provide a stable underground of roads, ways and other surface areas for the traffic of people and vehicles during their service life or be used as construction material of vertical walls and serve as decorating element or blinds. b. Functional Unit The functional unit is deploying 1 t (metric ton) of recycled concrete material with a given (bulk) density. Depending on the use case specific function of the product the functional unit must be described in more detail in the respective fact sheets. c. System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The following table shows the declared modules according to EN [1] within this savings category. A summary of life cycle stages that shall be part of the resulting factsheets. Required stages are marked with an X. Modules that are not considered relevant shall not be declared (MND Module not declared).the modules for A5, B2-B3, B5-B7, C and D have been omitted because no significant effects are expected on the overall life cycle of the solution or they do not yield different results for the baseline and the innovative product solution. Regarding Module B4 (Replacement) it has to be decided on use case level if the product (partially) has to be replaced during the Reference Service Life of the construction. This depends on relevant application standards LafargeHolcim 67

68 PRODUCT STAGE CON- STRUC- TION PROCESS STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE BENEFITS AND LOADS BEYOND SYSTEM BOUNDARY Raw material supply Transport to gate Manufacturing Transport to site Installation process Use Maintenance Repair Replacement 1) Refurbishment 1) Operational energy use Operational water use De-construction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Reuse- Recovery- Recyclingpotential A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D X X MND X MND MND X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND d. Service Life Estimation The service life estimation for the recycled concrete elements) depends on their specific considered function. For each solution (the innovative product solution and the baseline solution) the reference service life has to be defined individually within their corresponding fact sheets. e. Upscaling The following upscaling factor is relevant for an overall result per country: VC: Total volume of to be replaced construction elements within the potential field of application (s. chapter a. considered functions) The upscaling will be a simple conversion of the results for 1 t of recycled concrete considering the given density. f. Estimations and Assumptions The CO2 uptake mechanisms and calculations, based on respective theoretical assumptions by LAGERBLAD [3], will be described more precisely in chapter 8.d of this SCR document. As the recycled concrete material is considered to be a secondary material, it enters the system without any environmental burdens except for the necessary recycling processes and transports. g. Cut-off criteria The life cycle modules as defined in Section c have to be included in the assessment and the general rules for cut-off criteria apply. See Section 7.1, Protocol version 1.0. A sensitivity analysis shall be calculated for estimations and assumptions to gain information about the impacts of variable input parameters on the overall result. h. Background Data Background data used shall be consistent with general LCA specifications and shall be used consistently within one assessment. For all background data, it is recommended to use data from the GaBi database [3]. i. Data Quality Data quality requirements according to the definition in chapter 6.2 of the protocol shall be taken into account. j. Allocation No specific allocation rules apply to this savings category. 7. Baseline Per country or country cluster, the baseline solution represents a state of the art construction such as a road/path/other surface area with typical dimension and composition or any other potential application of deployed natural stone gravel in e.g. structural elements LafargeHolcim 68

69 The calculations for this saving category represent the regional conditions specific to one country. For reasons of efficiency, constructions can be clustered for several countries with similar construction types. According to these assumptions, there are currently four clusters covering the following countries: Whenever possible country clusters for specific construction types shall be defined. For each country/country cluster a typical construction shall be defined by a typical composition. 8. Modelling This item entails more specifically the calculation rules and procedures used to assess an innovative product solution within the scope of the savings category. In particular, calculation algorithms used shall either be described in detail or referred to, if they are defined elsewhere. a. Saving Mechanisms The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Energy Efficiency (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): Material credits through recycling: Instead of energy intense extraction of raw materials from the stone pit the recycling of used concrete only requires the energy related to its respective processes such as, deconstruction, crushing and transport. CO2 uptake: Re-Carbonization of cement-based products over extended periods describes the consumption of atmospheric CO2 due to the reaction with the contained CaO, forming CaCO3. This process is accelerated with increasing specific surface area of the concrete product, which can be achieved through graining the recycled material. b. Data Collection For the category of Recycling & Reuse the following data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution (background data for regular update) Primary data collection: Exposed gravel area (1 m²) Depth (m) Recycled concrete specification Cement in concrete (kg/m³) CaO in cement (wt-%) Transport distance Recycled concrete Demolition site to gravel plant (km) 2016 LafargeHolcim 69

70 Concrete gravel to construction site (km) Natural stone gravel Natural stone gravel to construction site (km) c. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations d. Use Stage Scenarios In case of unknown or missing primary data the suggested default values are recommended to be used. Data gaps and extrapolations/estimations shall be specified in the fact sheet. The CO2 amount absorbed due to carbonization of concrete (i.e. its containing cement) is calculated applying the findings of Lagerblad [3], following 0,75 / 3 with C = Amount of cement [kg] in concrete per m 3 CaO = amount of CaO in cement [wt-%] = ratio of molar weight of CO2 and CaO (=0,785) 0,75 = Assumption that 75% of the original CaO in the cement carbonates. The herein referred carbonated volume is calculated following with A specific = specific surface of the concrete [m 2 ] d = k* = carbonization depth [m] k = carbonization rate factor [mm / ] = carbonization time in years Lagerblad gives a number of k-factors for different scenarios (see example below: rate factors for different concrete types (regarding strength classes) and exposing conditions) as well as correction factors for different kinds of binders, temperature, covered concrete, etc. e. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios As the end-of-life treatment for both alternatives is considered to be the same, this stage is not taken into account LafargeHolcim 70

71 f. System Model The modeling is simplified in the following graph. Product solution always covers the whole system under study that needs to be checked to compare both solutions (baseline and innovative product solution). 9. Impact Assessment and Interpretation All emission relevant for GWP as defined by IPCC are taken into consideration. The dominating parameters (transports and amount of CaO in cement) should be varied. The results should be documented in the graph using an error bar visualization. 10. Reporting, Disclosure and Communication If case study fact sheets compiled within this savings category are intended to be disclosed to the public, this SCR document shall be disclosed to the public as well. In the case study fact sheets, all used parameters and data sources shall be documented. No particular review of a case study is foreseen within this SCR document, but may be subject to an overall procedure for applying the protocol. 11. References [1] EN A1 (2013): Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken - Umweltproduktdeklarationen Grundregeln für die Produktkategorie Bauprodukte [2] thinkstep (2014): GaBi Software and database [3] Lagerblad, B.(2005): Carbon dioxide uptake during concrete life cycle State of the art Annex 5. Fact Sheet on the Ecoterm Product Solution 1. Introduction The LafargeHolcim product Ecoterm is an insulating and light-weight concrete with a better thermal conductivity compared to standard concrete. This reduces the energy demand required to maintain comfort in a building. 2. General Information a. Authors Authors of present fact sheet for Ecoterm are thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders This savings category was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying protocol LafargeHolcim 71

72 c. Compliance Statement and underlying SCR This fact sheet is compliant with the Protocol and the Savings Category Rules in the following versions: Protocol Version 1 Savings Category Rules for Energy Efficiency Version 1 d. Reference Period This calculation refers to the year e. Spatial/Regional Representation f. Optional: Review Status and Comments This fact sheet relates to the southern part of Mexico with the respective climatic conditions. This fact sheet was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying protocol. 3. Product and Scope of Assessment a. Product description and technical specification b. Application and placing on the market / technical application rules The LafargeHolcim product Ecoterm is an insulating and light-weight concrete with a better thermal conductivity compared to standard concrete. This reduces the energy demand required to maintain comfort in a building. The replacement of standard concrete by Ecoterm is a perfect solution in countries where currently no insulation is being applied. c. Relevant Savings Mechanisms The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Energy Efficiency (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): Saving operational thermal energy through insulation: The most relevant savings mechanism of Ecoterm is the saving of operational thermal energy through insulation, a saving mechanism on a secondary level. The improved energy efficiency of the building compared to the baseline scenario can save greenhouse gas emissions. The improved performance of the building envelope or technical appliances leads to a lower energy demand for heating, cooling and/ or ventilation. GHG efficient production: Ecoterm shows an adverse effect on the mechanism of GHG efficient production, an effect on primary level: Ecoterm produces higher GHG emission during production than the concrete used for the baseline. Material credits through recycling: not applicable for this product solution Reduced material demand: Ecoterm reduces the material demand for the product solution. Extending functions: not applicable for this product solution d. Function(s) and Functional Unit e. Optional: System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The function of building is to provide living area to residents. The functional unit is 1 m²a. For this use-case a low-income single family house in the southern part of Mexico with a desired room temperature of 20 C in the heating period and 27.5 C in the cooling period. The system boundaries are compliant with the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency. For the modules A and C only the walls and the roof that consist of Ecoterm are taken into account. All other building elements are assumed to be identical and are therefore according to the protocol neglected. Module B is based on the energy performance of the overall building LafargeHolcim 72

73 f. Optional: Service Life Estimation g. Estimations and Assumptions, Cutoffs According to the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency a service life of 50 years has been used for the calculations. Both solutions, the baseline as well as the innovative product solution are assumed to have a service life time of more than 50 years. Therefore no replacement has to be considered. A material loss of concrete of 3% at the construction site is taken into consideration, also the energy for pumping the concrete on-site. No maintenance or replacement of concrete parts during the use stage are assumed. At the end of the building s life, a standard disposal of the concrete to landfill is assumed. Energy for lighting, non-heating/cooling related building equipment (such as washing machines), and hot water generation are excluded from the scope, since these are similar for both the standard concrete and the building with Ecoterm. For this product solution the main GHG emission reduction is due to an overall reduction of the energy demand during the use phase of the building. This results also in reduced impacts for all other environmental impact categories. Therefore, trade-offs with other environmental indicators are not affected by the main effect of GHG emission reduction and can be neglected. h. Background Data Information regarding the GHG emissions for the production of the baseline and Ecoterm has been provided by LafargeHolcim. All downstream background data sets have been used from the GaBi databases (last update in 2013). 4. Target Market Segment and Upscaling Parameters The target market segment was chosen as single-family low-income buildings in Mexico with concrete walls and roof that can be replaced by Ecoterm. This leads to a restricted target market that covers a specific range of new buildings. For the purpose of this case study, no upscaling has been conducted. 5. Baseline For the market segment low income single family houses in Mexico, construction with concrete building elements, the baseline is defined as a concrete building (single family) with the same dimensions as the innovative product solution and without any thermal insulation in place. The parameters used for the calculations can be found in the following Chapter 6 Modelling. 6. Modelling a. Data Collection For Ecoterm the collected data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution (background data for regular update) Secondary data collection for use stage of building Primary data collection: Parameter Unit Value Location [-] Mexico-S Wall specification U-value [W/m²K] 1,45 Concrete part Thickness [cm] 25 Density [kg/m³] 1600 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] LafargeHolcim 73

74 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 36 Insulating material Thickness [cm] 0 Density [kg/m³] 0 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 0 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 0 Roof specification U-value [W/m²K] 1,83 Concrete part Thickness [cm] 15 Density [kg/m³] 1800 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 213 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 40 Insulating material Thickness [cm] 0 Density [kg/m³] 0 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 0 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 0 Distance transport from production gate to site [km] 15 Loss during installation [%] 3 Primary data collection building: Parameter Unit Value Building type Single family building Building level low standard Type of wall (baseline) Reinforced concrete wall Type of roof (baseline) Flat roof (reinf. concrete) Type of slab (baseline) Reinforced concrete slab Type of floor (baseline) Reinforced concrete ceiling with cement screed Wall Thermal insulating concrete Roof Thermal insulating concrete Slab reference Floor reference Window single glazing Share of energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] 5 PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] 5 gas furnace / no cooling [%] 10 Solid Biofuels / no cooling [%] 10 no heating / no cooling [%] 70 ICS underfloor cooling system [yes/no] no Share of ICS cooling [%] 0 ICS energy ware no heating ICS expenditure factor [%] 0% Distribution system energy [kwh/(m²a)] LafargeHolcim 74

75 Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution: Parameter Unit Value Truck incl. Diesel for transport to site [kg CO2e/tkm] 0,06 Energy for pumping of concrete during installation [kg CO2e/m³] 1,06 Thermal energy from natural gas for [kg Mexico CO2e/kWh] 0,25 Thermal energy from light fuel oil for [kg Mexico CO2e/kWh] 0,31 Thermal energy from biomass for [kg Mexico CO2e/kWh] 0,04 Electricity for Mexico [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,70 Landfill of concrete at EoL [kg CO2e/kg] 0,02 Secondary data collection for use stage of building: Parameter Unit Value Energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] 5 PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] 5 gas furnace / no cooling [%] 10 wood heating / no cooling [%] 10 no heating / no cooling [%] 70 Mandatory parameters net floor area (living area) [m²] 65 roof area [m²] 90 facade area opaque [m²] 76 area floor slab [m²] 90 window area transparent [m²] 19 roof u-value [W/(m²K)] 3,18 wall u-value [W/(m²K)] 2,81 floor u-value [W/(m²K)] 3,59 window u-value [W/(m²K)] 5,5 share of windows oriented east [%] 25 share of windows oriented south [%] 40 share of windows oriented west [%] 25 share of windows oriented north [%] 10 floor height [m] 2,5 Optional parameters air change rate [1/h] 3 internal temperature in heating period [ C] internal temperature in cooling period [ C] heating base temperature [ C] cooling base temperature [ C] b. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations In this fact sheet climate-regional average values for the southern part of Mexico have been used for the operational energy demand modeling LafargeHolcim 75

76 c. Use Stage Scenarios d. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios The calculation of the energy demand of the building is based on a static model according to EN ISO as defined in the SCR document. The building is also defined in detail covering the building measures including U values of wall, roof, floor and windows as well as their orientation. Key parameters for energy modelling are defined in the chapter Data Collection. These parameters have to be defined for both, the LafargeHolcim solution as well as the baseline solution. For the comparison, only differing parts of the building are defined separately, since most of the building elements are kept identical. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation, are conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. At the end-of-life the concrete is sent to landfill, other materials may be incinerated for energy recovery or recycled for material recovery. The impacts are declared in module C4, including impacts and credits from module D. 7. Results and Interpretation The results of the GHG emission calculation for Ecoterm divided into different modules is as follows: GHG emissions [kg CO2e/m² floor area] Baseline LH solution Net GHG emissions A 4,5 3,6-0,9 A1-A3 Product stage 4,4 3,6 A4 Transport to site 0,1 0,0 A5 Installation process 0,0 0,0 B 16,0 13,9-2,1 B1 Use - - B2 Maintenance - - B3 Repair - - B4 Replacement - - B5 Refurbishment - - B6 Operational energy use 16,0 13,9 B7 Operational water use - - C 0,7 0,5-0,2 C1 Deconstruction / demolition - - C2 Transport - - C3 Waste processing - - C4 Disposal 0,7 0,5 D Credits - - 0,0 Total 21,2 18,0-3,2 The diagram below visualizes that the main impact occurs during the use phase due to the energy demand to heat and cool the building. The primary effects during production and disposal of the product are not that significant. It also shows the overall results with the delta of GHG emissions comparing the baseline and the LafargeHolcim solution LafargeHolcim 76

77 Production & Construction phase Use phase End of life phase Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary Total 8. Optional: Review This fact sheet was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying Protocol version References No additional literature used LafargeHolcim 77

78 Annex 6. Fact Sheet on the ICF Product Solution 1. Introduction The LafargeHolcim product ICF is the abbreviation for Insulated Concrete Formworks, a building technique where concrete is poured into insulated formwork. This formwork exists of hollow expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks fixed with polypropylene (PP) ties and leads to low u-values. The function of the EPS is not only to provide the formwork but also insulation. 2. General Information a. Authors Authors of present fact sheet for ICF are thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Compliance Statement and underlying SCR This fact sheet was subject to an internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. This fact sheet is compliant with the Protocol and the Savings Category Rules in the following versions: Protocol Version 1 Savings Category Rules for Energy Efficiency Version 1 d. Reference Period This calculation refers to the year e. Spatial/Regional Representation f. Optional: Review Status and Comments This fact sheet relates to the United Kingdom with the respective climatic conditions. This fact sheet was subject to an internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. 3. Product and Scope of Assessment a. Product description and technical specification b. Application and placing on the market / technical application rules The LafargeHolcim product ICF is a building technique where concrete is poured into insulated formwork. This formwork exists of hollow expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks fixed with polypropylene (PP) ties and leads to low u-values. The function of the EPS is not only to provide the formwork but also insulation. U-values for walls down to 0.10 W/m²K and below are achievable. This techniques enables a quick build of watertight shells. ICF is a particularly good solution also in countries where insulation is already applied. c. Relevant Savings Mechanisms The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Energy Efficiency (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): Saving operational thermal energy through insulation: The most relevant savings mechanism of ICF is the saving of operational thermal energy through insulation, a saving mechanism on a secondary level. The improved energy efficiency of the building compared to the baseline scenario can save greenhouse gas emissions. The improved performance of the building envelope or technical appliances leads to a lower energy demand for heating, cooling and/ or ventilation. GHG efficient production: ICF shows an adverse effect on the mechanism of GHG efficient production, an effect on primary level: ICF produces slightly higher GHG emission during production than the concrete used for the baseline LafargeHolcim 78

79 Material credits through recycling: not applicable for this product solution Reduced material demand: not applicable for this product solution Extending functions: not applicable for this product solution d. Function(s) and Functional Unit e. Optional: System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages f. Optional: Service Life Estimation g. Estimations and Assumptions, Cutoffs The function of the building is to provide living area to residents. The functional unit is 1 m²a. The system boundaries are compliant with the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency. For the modules A and C only the walls that consist of ICF are taken into account. All other building elements are assumed to be identical and are therefore according to the protocol neglected. Module B is based on the energy performance of the overall building. According to the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency a service life of 50 years has been used for the calculations. Both solutions, the baseline as well as the innovative product solution are assumed to have a service life time of more than 50 years. Therefore no replacement has to be considered. A material loss of ICF of 1% at the construction site is taken into consideration, also the energy for pumping the concrete on-site into the formwork. No maintenance or replacement of concrete parts during the use stage are assumed. At the end of the building s life, a standard disposal of the concrete to landfill is assumed. The insulating parts of the ICF are assumed to be partly incinerated (50%) and partly landfilled (50%). Energy for lighting, non-heating/cooling related building equipment (such as washing machines), and hot water generation are excluded from the scope, since these are similar for both the baseline solution and the building with ICF. For this product solution the main GHG emission reduction is due to an overall reduction of the energy demand during the use phase of the building. This results also in reduced impacts for all other environmental impact categories. Therefore, trade-offs with other environmental indicators are not affected by the main effect of GHG emission reduction and can be neglected. h. Background Data Information regarding the composition of the concrete of ICF has been provided by LafargeHolcim. All background data sets have been used from the GaBi databases (last update in 2013) or the SBS online tool (Sustainable Building Specifier [1]). 4. Target Market Segment and Upscaling Parameters The target market segment was chosen as single-family high-income buildings with walls that can be replaced by ICF. This leads to a restricted target market that does not cover all new buildings. More specifically, a high-income single family house in Great Britain with a desired room temperature of 20 C in the heating period and 22 C in the cooling period was considered. For the purpose of this case study, no upscaling has been conducted LafargeHolcim 79

80 5. Baseline For the market segment high-income single family houses in Great Britain, the baseline is defined as a standard building (single family) with the same dimensions as the innovative product solution and with a standard thermal insulation in place. The parameters used for the calculations can be found in the following chapter Modelling a. Data Collection For ICF the collected data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution (background data for regular update) Secondary data collection for use stage of building Primary data collection for LafargeHolcim solution: Parameter Unit Value Location [-] UK Wall specification U-value [W/m²K] 0,15 Concrete part Thickness [cm] 25 Density [kg/m³] 2365 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 217 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 53 Insulating material Thickness [cm] 11 Density [kg/m³] 17,5 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 50 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 29 Distance transport from [km] 12 production gate to site Loss during installation [%] 1 Primary data collection building: Parameter Unit Value Building type Single family home Building level high-standard Type of wall (baseline) Reinforced concrete wall with EPS ETICS Type of roof (baseline) Pitched roof (tiles, mineral wool between rafters, OSB) Type of slab (baseline) Reinforced concrete slab with XPS ground Type of floor (baseline) Reinforced concrete ceiling with cement screed Specification of building for LafargeHolcim solution Wall Insulated Concrete Form-works Roof reference Slab reference Floor reference Window double glazing 2016 LafargeHolcim 80

81 Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution: Parameter Unit Value Truck incl. Diesel for transport to site [kg CO2e/tkm] 0,06 Energy for pumping of concrete during installation [kg CO2e/m³] 0,85 Thermal energy from natural gas [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,22 Thermal energy from light fuel oil [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,29 Thermal energy from biomass [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,30 Electricity [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,56 Landfill of concrete at EoL [kg CO2e/kg] 0,02 EoL insulating material [kg CO2e/kg] 1,65 Secondary data collection for use stage of building: Parameter Unit Value Energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] 0 PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] 50 gas furnace / no cooling [%] 50 wood heating / no cooling [%] 0 no heating / no cooling [%] 0 Mandatory parameters net floor area (living area) [m²] 180 roof area [m²] 132 facade area opaque [m²] 214 area floor slab [m²] 125 window area transparent [m²] 53 roof u-value [W/(m²K)] 0,24 wall u-value [W/(m²K)] 0,23 floor u-value [W/(m²K)] 0,65 window u-value [W/(m²K)] 1,3 share of windows oriented east [%] 25 share of windows oriented south [%] 40 share of windows oriented west [%] 25 share of windows oriented north [%] 10 floor height [m] 2,5 Optional parameters air change rate [1/h] 1,5 internal temperature in heating period [ C] 20 internal temperature in cooling period [ C] 22 heating base temperature [ C] 17 cooling base temperature [ C] 25 b. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations In this fact sheet climate-regional average values for the United Kingdom have been used for the operational energy demand modeling. c. Use Stage Scenarios The calculation of the energy demand of the building is based on a static model according to EN ISO as defined in the SCR document LafargeHolcim 81

82 The building is also defined in detail covering the building measures including U values of wall, roof, floor and windows as well as their orientation. Key parameters for energy modelling are defined in the chapter Data Collection. These parameters have to be defined for both buildings: the LafargeHolcim solution as well as the baseline solution. For the comparison only differing parts of the building are defined separately since most of the building elements are kept identical. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation, are conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. d. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios At the end-of-life the concrete is sent to landfill. At the end-of-life the concrete is sent to landfill, other materials may be incinerated for energy recovery or recycled for material recovery. The impact is declared in module C4, including impacts and credits from module D. 7. Results and Interpretation The results of the GHG emission calculation for ICF divided into different modules is as follows: GHG emissions [kg CO2e/m² floor area] Baseline LH solution Net GHG emissions A 2,3 2,1-0,2 A1-A3 Product stage 2,3 2,1 A4 Transport to site 0,0 0,0 A5 Installation process 0,0 0,0 B 45,9 44,8-1,1 B1 Use - - B2 Maintenance - - B3 Repair - - B4 Replacement - - B5 Refurbishment - - B6 Operational energy use 45,9 44,8 B7 Operational water use - - C 0,5 0,4-0,1 C1 Deconstruction / demolition - - C2 Transport - - C3 Waste processing - - C4 Disposal 0,5 0,4 D Credits - - 0,0 Total 48,7 47,3-1,4 The diagram below visualizes that the main impact occurs during the use phase due to the energy demand to heat and cool the building. The primary effects during production and disposal of the product are not significant. As the dominating impacts occur from the operational energy demand, special attention should be given to the means of energy supply. The energy source can be considered as a dominating parameter for the overall GHG impacts. It also shows the overall results with the delta of GHG emissions comparing the baseline and the LafargeHolcim solution LafargeHolcim 82

83 Production & Construction phase Use phase End of life phase Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary Total 8. Optional: Review This fact sheet was subject to internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. 9. References [1] SBS online tool (2015), Sustainable Building Specifier, online tool for calculation of environmental impact of building parts. Available at LafargeHolcim 83

84 Annex 7. Fact Sheet on the ICS Product Solution 1. Introduction The LafargeHolcim product Indoor Climate Solution (ICS) is an underfloor cooling system using the thermal absorbing capacity of chilled water circulating through a pipe system installed in a special concrete floor slab. Compared to conventional HVAC systems the energy demand caused by cooling is reduced. Furthermore only minimum ventilation is needed (just to provide fresh air), which apart from a further energy saving also results in less noise and a reduced distribution of dust. 2. General Information a. Authors Authors of the fact sheet for ICS are thinkstep in collaboration with LafargeHolcim. b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Compliance Statement and underlying SCR This fact sheet was created after the review process within the development of the underlying protocol and was thus not part of an external consultation. This fact sheet is compliant with the Protocol and the Savings Category Rules in the following versions: Protocol Version 1 Savings Category Rules for Energy Efficiency Version 1 d. Reference Period This calculation refers to the year e. Spatial/Regional Representation f. Optional: Review Status and Comments This fact sheet relates to Indonesia with the respective climatic conditions. This fact sheet was subject to internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. 3. Product and Scope of Assessment a. Product description and technical specification b. Application and placing on the market / technical application rules The LafargeHolcim product Indoor Climate Solution is an underfloor cooling system consisting of a circulating plastic (crosslinked polyethylene) tube network fixed within a specific concrete (LafargeHolcim FloCrete) floor framework. Chilled water flowing through cools down the floor surface and absorbs thermal energy from the room to a desired amount. Compared to traditional HVAC systems the energy demand for ventilation and cooling the room using ICS is decreased. The system works almost noiseless, avoids draught and due to the minimized ventilation the distribution of dust is also reduced. The replacement of conventional HVAC systems by ICS is a perfect solution in countries where high outdoor temperatures prevail. c. Relevant Savings Mechanisms The following savings mechanisms are relevant for the category of Energy Efficiency (in accordance with overview in chapter 5.4): Saving operational thermal energy: The most relevant savings mechanism of ICS is the saving of operational energy through an improved cooling system, a saving mechanism on a secondary level. The improved cooling system of the building compared to the baseline scenario can save greenhouse gas emissions. GHG efficient production: ICS shows an adverse effect on the mechanism of GHG efficient production, an effect on primary 2016 LafargeHolcim 84

85 level: ICS produces higher GHG emission during production than the baseline scenario. Material credits through recycling: not applicable for this product solution Reduced material demand: not applicable for this product solution Extending functions: not applicable for this product solution d. Function(s) and Functional Unit e. Optional: System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The function of the building is to provide living area to residents. The functional unit is 1 m²a. The system boundaries are compliant with the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency. f. Optional: Service Life Estimation g. Estimations and Assumptions, Cutoffs According to the SCR document for the savings category of Energy Efficiency a service life of 50 years has been used for the calculations. The innovative product solution is assumed to have a service life time of more than 50 years. No replacement has to be considered. A material loss of 3% at the construction site is taken into account, also the energy for pumping the concrete on-site. No maintenance or replacement of parts during the use stage is assumed. At the end of the building s life, a standard disposal to landfill is assumed. The circulating cooling water is not included in the scope because it is not replaced during the service life and its impact is negligible considering the time of its usage. The production and end-of-life of the electronic components of both the ICS and the conventional HVAC are neglected because they are assumed to have very little impact. Common parts of the compared buildings (either using the innovative solution or the reference baseline) have been neglected because the cause the same environmental impact. For this product solution the main GHG emission reduction is due to an overall reduction of the energy demand during the use phase of the building. This results also in reduced impacts for all other environmental impact categories. Therefore, trade-offs with other environmental indicators are not affected by the main effect of GHG emission reduction and can be neglected. h. Background Data Information regarding the GHG emissions for the production of the baseline and ICS have been withdrawn the SBS online tool (Sustainable Building Specifier [1]). All downstream background data sets have been used from the GaBi databases (last update in 2014). 4. Target Market Segment and Upscaling Parameters The target market segment was chosen as office buildings with a high standard with conventional HVAC and concrete floors that can be replaced by ICS. This leads to a restricted target market that does not cover all new buildings. More specifically, for this use-case a high standard office building in Indonesia with a desired room temperature of 22 C during the cooling period is considered. For the purpose of this case study, no upscaling has been conducted. 5. Baseline 2016 LafargeHolcim 85

86 For the market segment high standard office buildings in Indonesia, construction with ICS, the reference baseline is defined as an office building with the same dimensions regarding the innovative product solution but built with roof, walls, slabs and floors of reinforced concrete only, double glazing windows and using conventional HVAC. The parameters used for the calculations can be found in the following chapter 6 Modelling. 6. Modelling a. Data Collection For ICS the collected data can be distinguished into different levels: Primary data collection (necessary for each new study) Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution (background data for regular update) Secondary data collection for use stage of building Primary data collection: Parameter Unit Value Location [-] Indonesia Floor specification Concrete part Thickness [cm] 30 Density [kg/m³] 2365 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 217 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 53 Insulating material Thickness [cm] 2,5 Density [kg/m³] 17,5 GHG emissions production [kg CO2e/m³] 50 GHG emissions EoL [kg CO2e/m³] 29 Distance transport from [km] 20 production gate to site Loss during installation [%] 3 Primary data collection building: Parameter Unit Value Building type Office building Building level high standard Type of wall (baseline) Back-ventilated curtain façade Type of roof (baseline) Flat roof (reinforced concrete) Type of slab (baseline) Reinforced concrete slab Type of floor (baseline) Reinforced concrete ceiling with cement screed Specification of building for LafargeHolcim solution Wall reference Roof reference Slab reference Floor Indoor Climate Solution Window Reference ICS underfloor cooling system [yes/no] yes Share of ICS cooling [%] 100% 2016 LafargeHolcim 86

87 ICS energy ware no heating ICS expenditure factor [%] 29% Distribution system energy [kwh/(m²a)] 0,2 Secondary data collection for life cycle of product solution: Parameter Unit Value Truck incl. Diesel for transport to [kg site CO2e/tkm] 0,06 Energy for pumping of concrete [kg during installation CO2e/m³] 1,40 Thermal energy from natural [kg gas CO2e/kWh] 0,22 Thermal energy from light fuel [kg oil CO2e/kWh] 0,29 Thermal energy from biomass [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,05 Electricity [kg CO2e/kWh] 0,92 Landfill of concrete at EoL [kg CO2e/kg] 0,02 Secondary data collection for use stage of reference building: Parameter Unit Value Energy supply types no heating / window AC [%] 60 PTAC (electric heating & cooling device) [%] 40 gas furnace / no cooling [%] 0 wood heating / no cooling [%] 0 no heating / no cooling [%] 0 Mandatory parameters net floor area (living area) [m²] 1170 roof area [m²] 390 facade area opaque [m²] 1101 area floor slab [m²] 390 window area transparent [m²] 275 roof u-value [W/(m²K)] 3,18 wall u-value [W/(m²K)] 1,5 floor u-value [W/(m²K)] 3,59 window u-value [W/(m²K)] 1,3 share of windows oriented east [%] 25 share of windows oriented south [%] 40 share of windows oriented west [%] 25 share of windows oriented north [%] 10 floor height [m] 3,2 Optional parameters air change rate [1/h] 1,5 internal temperature in heating period [ C] 20 internal temperature in cooling period [ C] LafargeHolcim 87

88 heating base temperature [ C] 17 cooling base temperature [ C] 25 b. Data Gaps and Extrapolations / Estimations In this fact sheet regional averages for climatic conditions for Indonesia were used for modeling of the operational energy demand. c. Use Stage Scenarios d. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios The calculation of the energy demand of the building is based on a static model according to EN ISO as defined in the SCR document. The building is also defined in detail covering the building measures including U values of wall, roof, floor and windows as well as their orientation. Key parameters for energy modelling are defined in the chapter Data Collection. These parameters have to be defined for both buildings: the LafargeHolcim solution as well as the baseline solution. For the comparison only differing parts of the building are defined separately since most of the building elements are kept identical. Sensitivity analyses, e.g. through parameter variation, are conducted to identify the impact of the scenarios used. At the end-of-life the concrete parts are deposited in a landfill including the pipes. Other materials may be incinerated for energy recovery or recycled for material recovery The environmental impact is declared in module C4, including impacts and credits from module D. 7. Results and Interpretation The results of the GHG emission calculation for ICS divided into different modules is as follows: GHG emissions [kg CO2e/m² floor area] Baseline LH solution Net GHG emissions A 2,4 2,6 0,2 A1-A3 Product stage 2,4 2,6 A4 Transport to site 0,0 0,0 A5 Installation process 0,0 0,0 B 88,6 77,4-11,1 B1 Use - - B2 Maintenance - - B3 Repair - - B4 Replacement - - B5 Refurbishment - - B6 Operational energy use 88,6 77,4 B7 Operational water use - - C 0,6 0,4-0,2 C1 Deconstruction / demolition - - C2 Transport - - C3 Waste processing - - C4 Disposal 0,0 0,0 D Credits Total 91,6 80,5-11,1 The diagram below visualizes that the main environmental impact occurs during the use phase due to the energy demand to heat and cool the building. The primary effects during production and disposal of the product are not significant. As the greatly dominating GHG impacts are 2016 LafargeHolcim 88

89 generated by the operational energy demand, special attention should be directed to the efficiency of the cooling energy supply system, which is characterized by the expenditure factor (which is the reciprocal value of the energy efficiency ratio EER). The lower the expenditure factor is, the more efficient the system provides cooling energy, which directly results in reduced GHG impacts. It also shows the overall results with the delta of GHG emissions comparing the baseline and the LafargeHolcim solution. Production & Construction phase Use phase End of life phase Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary Total 8. Optional: Review This fact sheet was subject to internal review within thinkstep and LafargeHolcim. 9. References [1] SBS online tool (2015), Sustainable Building Specifier, online tool for calculation of environmental impact of building parts. Available at LafargeHolcim 89

90 Annex 8. Fact Sheet on the Speedcrete Product Solution 1. Introduction This study investigates the carbon reduction potential of replacing standard road repair solutions with LafargeHolcim s innovative SPEEDCRETE product solution for road repairs, which has originally been marketed in Indonesia and is assumed to be applied in other countries as well. Speedcrete is a high-performance concrete product that has been used on highly frequented roads (highways and/or inner city roads) where a road block over the day quickly aggravates busy rush hour conditions into long traffic jams. With Speedcrete it is possible to complete road repair works overnight thus avoiding congestions. Since traffic congestions cause increased GHG emissions compared to a situation with free flowing traffic, the application of Speedcrete results in avoided emissions in comparison to conventional materials for road repair. 2. General Information a. Authors thinkstep b. Consultation and Stakeholders c. Compliance Statement and underlying SCR This factsheet was subject to the review process within the development procedure of the underlying Protocol version 1.0. This factsheet is in compliance with the GHG Savings Category Rules for the Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair (First edition). Speedcrete is a road repair product solution that qualifies for the product categorization by demonstrably faster hardening times that lead to reduced lane closure periods thereby avoiding traffic jams and related greenhouse gas emissions. d. Reference Period 2010 e. Spatial/ Regional Represen-tation f. Optional: Review Status and Comments United Kingdom No specific review comments were made to the factsheet, as the review process focused largely on the methodology described in the Protocol version Product and Scope of Assessment a. Product description and technical specification Speedcrete is a concrete product with hardening times of 4-5 hours. All other technical properties are highly similar to concrete, no known differences have been reported. b. Application and placing on the market / technical application rules c. Relevant Savings Mechanisms Speedcrete s quick hardening period makes it a perfect substitute for concrete at construction sites where fast (re-)opening is of essence. Best use cases are highly frequented roads (highways and traffic jam prone main roads) and ports. Technical application matches that of concrete. Of the relevant savings mechanisms for the savings category Efficiency in Road Construction and Repair the following mechanisms apply for Speedcrete: Avoidance of traffic jams: due to its outstandingly fast hardening time, construction works with Speedcrete can take place in the late evening with road blocks lasting overnight and re-opening of roads before the morning traffic ensues. This property means that rush hour periods can remain entirely free of road blocks. Extended service life: Speedcrete has a service life of 30 years, which makes it significantly longer lasting than its traditional alternative asphalt with 20 years of expected lifetime LafargeHolcim 90

91 GHG-efficient production: this is considered insofar as the production-related GHG emissions are considered. However, in this savings mechanism Speedcrete underperforms the baseline and results in additional GHG emissions instead of savings. The savings mechanism via reduced material demand is not of relevance for this factsheet, since the baseline and Speedcrete are of different materials. d. Function(s) and Functional Unit e. Optional: System Boundaries Life Cycle Stages The function of the innovative product solution is to provide fast and efficient rendering of a repaired stretch of road. The functional unit is an average-sized repair patch of 4m width and 10m length, with a total length of road block of 200m over which one lane is entirely closed for traffic. As defined in the SCR document (Annex 2). f. Optional: Service Life Estimation The assessment has been carried out for a service life of 30 years as recommended in the SCR document (Annex 2). Speedcrete s service life is identical to that of concrete (30 years) and the baseline s (asphalt) is estimated at 20 years. g. Estimations and Assumptions, Cutoffs For calculating the manufacturing-associated impacts, a repair event has been assumed. This means that the frost-resistant layers are not replaced. For the baseline, an asphalt base and surface layer have been assumed, modelled identically, although in reality base layer has higher bitumen content. For Speedcrete, base layer has been modelled as asphalt. It is assumed that no steel reinforcement is necessary for road construction works with Speedcrete because repair patches are small enough to reach sufficient level of stability without steel reinforcement. Results are provided for an average 2 km traffic jam ensuing from a 200 m lane closure. Average congestion times of 6h per day have been used. It is assumed that lane closure is required only overnight (ca. 7 hours) and thereby the entire rush hour period of the day is avoided. The reported emissions are limited to the mentioned congestion duration only, during which a difference between the baseline and the innovative product solution exists. For both, high-speed roads / highways and inner city roads, two free flow traffic lanes are assumed to be available. While this assessment has focused on GHG emissions, it is the expert judgment of the authors that other environmental impacts do not show reverse effects than the ones demonstrated here. The reasoning is that by avoiding traffic jams, the consumption of fuel is reduced. Therefore all other combustion gases and associated impacts must also reduce. In manufacturing, although Speedcrete and the baseline solution represent different materials and technologies, it can be inferred from a large-scale study on road constructions [2] that GHG emissions represent the greatest drawback for concrete products with respect to asphalt products. Therefore it is safe to say that if an advantage can be confirmed for GHG emissions, other impact categories are unlikely to show reverse results. h. Background Data Information regarding the GHG emissions for the production of Speedcrete has been provided by LafargeHolcim (400 kg CO2e/m 3 ), for asphalt the assumed value (171 kg CO2e/m 3 ) derive from a recent large-scale study of road construction [2]. Background data where 2016 LafargeHolcim 91

92 applicable (upstream transport and energy provision) has been used from the GaBi Databases Target Market Segment and Upscaling Parameters As specified above, this factsheet explores the savings potential of Speedcrete in the United Kingdom. The road type assessed in this study is a city highway (exposure class 100 [1]). The specifications are summarized in the table below: Case settings Speedcrete Baseline Road type City Highway City Highway Traffic conditions Heavy traffic Stop&go conditions Speed limit [km/h] Average speed [km/h] Using the table above, the savings potential per functional unit has been calculated. For the purpose of this case study, no upscaling has been conducted. 5. Baseline The baseline product solution is conventional asphalt used to repair the same patch size as defined in the functional unit above for the type of road as defined for the target market segment. Asphalt requires just under 24 hours of hardening time, therefore lane closure time can be approximated as 24 hours. 6. Modelling a. Data Collection The following tables summarize the data collected for the assessment of savings potential on city highways. The first table includes the manufacturing-relevant information and derives from the German guidelines for road construction [1]: Construction details Speedcrete Asphalt Base layer thickness [m] 0.15 Main cover thickness [m] The following table summarizes the fleet information and the velocity and emission profiles. Fleet information derives from the TRACCS database [4], while average speeds and emission profiles derive from the HBEFA database [3]. Case 1 Fleet and emission factors 2- Wheele rs Passen ger Cars HGV LCV Buses Fleet Share 4% 84% 1% 10% 1% Normal conditions - Speedcrete product Average speed [km/h] Emission factor [gco2/km] Traffic jam conditions - Baseline product Average speed [km/h] Emission factor [gco2/km] b. Data Gaps and Extra-polations / Estimations Emission profile of the UK fleet has been estimated using German emission data of the respective vehicle classes (HBEFA database [3]) LafargeHolcim 92

93 c. Use Stage Scenarios d. End-of-Life Stage Scenarios One replacement event has been considered for asphalt, and no replacement events for Speedcrete during the 30 years of service life. No maintenance and no impacts associated with the transport of materials and their installation have been considered. The impacts calculated and declared under B4 equal the manufacturing impacts reported under A1-A3. Additionally, the impacts from the traffic jam ensuing from the lane closure during the replacement roadworks have been reported under D. The calculations are identical to those made for the first traffic jam caused by the repair event, no technological changes and no fleet changes have been foreseen, traffic profiles and all other parameters were also kept constant. End of life not declared, see SCR document (Annex 2). 7. Results and Interpretation The city highway ( high speed ) results are summarized in the following tables and graphs. Net GHG emissions show are calculated as emissions using Speedcrete minus emissions using the baseline product solution. Therefore negative values denote savings by the innovative LafargeHolcim product. While manufacturing of Speedcrete is GHG intensive about twice as high emissions as with the baseline the extended lifespan already compensates for this. The credits earned in stage D due to avoided traffic jams by far overcompensates the effects of manufacturing, thereby making Speedcrete highly preferable in terms of GHG savings. GHG emissions [t CO2e / repair patch] Baseline LH solution Net GHG emissions A A1-A3 Product stage 2,3 4,3 2,0 B B4 Replacement 2,3 0-2,3 D Credits 25 6,2-18,8 Total ,1 It can be assumed that the overall savings potential for inner city roads ( low speed ) is much smaller than for city highways, but it is likely that Speedcrete still demonstrates a clear savings potential LafargeHolcim 93