Low-Carbon Green City Project. II-1. Definition II-2. Backgrounds, Objectives & Tasks II-3. Project Process

Transcription

1 The Case of Korea Low Carbon Green City in aspect of Governance Cooperation JUL. 6. KRIHS 0 Contents I. II. Overview Low-Carbon Green City Project II-1. Definition II-2. Backgrounds, Objectives & Tasks II-3. Project Process III. Conflicts III-1. Basic Conception III-2. Participants III-3. Authorities III-4. Implications IV. Solutions IV-1. Efforts for Mediation & Collaboration IV-2. Solutions for Political Conflicts 1 1

2 KRIHS I Overview Vision Statement A vision statement on low-carbon green growth made by president Lee ( ), followed by his attendance on G8 High-level Talks Green Growth International Leadership Proactive role to deal with international climate change Global leadership by building bridges internationally Congruence of Environment & Economy Maximizes synergy effect by activating interactions Income growth and job creation through nurturing green technologies and industries Climate change adaptation & GHG reduction through transforming industries and energy sources Quality Life & Green Innovation Expanding Low-carbon land & eco spaces Creating green transportation system with activated public transportation Green consumption & green markets 3 2

3 Histories [Presidential Committee on Green Growth] Presidential Instructions on the establishment and Management of Committee on Green Growth Chairman Prime Minister & non-governmental delegates Council for Management Official launch of the Presidential Committee on Green Growth Committee of Green Growth and Industry (10) Appointed Members (28) incl. Committee Members(17) Administered by Senior Secretary to the President for State Affairs Planning Committee of Climate Change and Energy (10) Committee of Green Life and Sustainable Development (9) Establishment of 5-year national plan for green growth [5 Year National Plan for Green Growth] Vision One of 7 Country with Green Advancements until 2020, and one of 5 until Laws concerned with Green Growth went under deliberation The laws are featured with; Generating green economy and industry in a phased manner Creating green investment company Establishing climate change & energy management regulation Introducing emission trading scheme Creating green territory Construction Low-carbon transportation system Climate Change Adaptation & Energy Independence Generating Growth Dynamics Improving Quality of Life & National Prestige Strategies & Guidelines 1. Reducing greenhouse gas emission 2. Achieving energy independence & reducing oil-dependency 3. Climate Change Adaptation 4. Stimulate green tech. for growth dynamics 5. Encourage green tech applications and green industry 6. Industrial reorganization 7. Constructing green economy infrastructures and frameworks 8. Green land and transportation 9. Innovative changes in living conditions and circumstances 10. A model country representing advanced green industry 4 Vision Statements of Ministries Ministry of Land, Transportation & Maritime Affairs (MLTM) and Ministry of Environment (ME) take on the projects related with low-carbon green city projects. MLTM ME Vision Green Growth by Low-Carbon Green Land & Maritime Environment Vision Nation with Green Wealth through Environmental Innovation Objectives Carbon-free urban, building & transportation systems Climate-proof Water & maritime resource management systems Economic growth based on green technologies and industries Objectives Top 5 nation in environmental technology & industry influences until 2020 Constitutional transformation to eco-friendly, lowcarbon socio-economic system Strategies Urban Planning: Green city circulating energy and resources Construction: World-class low-carbon buildings Transportation: Low-carbon green transportation and distribution Water Resource: Safe water management system preventing flood and drought Maritime Affairs: Growth dynamics thru maritime resources and stable shore management Strategies Low-Carbon: Greenhouse gas reduction and adaptation to climate changes Green Growth: development of 10 environmental technologies and industries, green infrastructure and green leadership Green Jobs: Green New Deal projects and nurturing human resources Lifestyle: high quality environmental and weather service with public health care services 5 3

4 Action Plans of Ministries MLTM and ME have specific action plans concerning with low-carbon green city project. MLTM Climate Change Adaptation & Energy Independence Growth Dynamics Increasing Quality of Life & Nation s Position Objectives Low-Carbon Society Energy Independence Climate Change Adaptation Developing Green Techs to Growth Dynamics Green Industries Industrial Innovation Green Economic Infrastructure Green Land & Transportation Green Lifestyle International Leadership Action Plans Building emission statistics system Drawing emission reduction strategies Low-carbon, high efficient transportation Energy-efficient buildings with energy saving in existing buildings River restoration project, eco-friendly dams Flood maps and advanced dam functions Sea level prediction & countermeasures Maritime energy techs & resource utilization Water processing projects Promoting green transportation industry Expand green city infrastructure Green buildings all thru the lifecycle Green building grades & certification Creating Green jobs Urban planning for green city Low-carbon, eco-friendly new towns Requirements for energy-saving construction Supplying 2 million green homes Faster public transportation system Green Port & Green Airport Green distribution partnership & certification Promoting bicycle use Supporting developing countries to develop and manage water resources ME Carbon Zerorization Green Growth Green Jobs Lifestyle Objectives GHG Emission Control Climate Change Adaptation 10 Environmental Technologies 10 Environmental industries Green Infra & Green Leadership Green New Deal Project Human Resources Environmental & weather service Public Healthcare Action Plans Recycling wasted resources & biomass Create environment & energy town Energy independence & mapping weather resources Monitoring national climate change Developing climate change scenarios and prediction models GHG emission statistics & evaluation Climate change maps & impact assessment Water processing & purification technology Green Car & bio-resource / climate change countermeasures / eco-friendly products/ GHG substitutes / environmental techs / high efficient resource recycling Plant business / Soil purification / green car / bio resources / carbon market / environmental consulting service Education on green growth Governance for green growth Hosting international forums & organization South-North collaborative projects Wasted water recycling / BTO/ Blue Green Cleantoria projects / restoring dredging areas Nurturing human resources & creating jobs Establishing university & graduate school Increasing urban amenity / clean and safe water supply / improving local water supply system / accurate weather forecast Preventing atopic disease Eco-friendly healthcare service Expanding eco-friendly playgrounds Improving air quality in subway stations 6 Duplicates Climate change policies and plans of MLTM and ME have duplicates in three sectors. Sector Climate Change Adaptation & Energy Independence New Growth Dynamics Quality of Life & International Leadership MLTM Statistical system to monitor and evaluate GHG emission from buildings and vehicles Strategies to reduce GHG emission from buildings and vehicles Low-carbon, high efficient transportation system Predictive tools and countermeasures to handle sea level fluctuations Creating green jobs Building green port and green airport ME GHG emission statistics & evaluation on the volume of possible GHG reduction Developing climate change scenarios and prediction models Developing green car technologies Climate change impact assessment Nurturing human resources & creating jobs Blue-Green network MLTM is to construct statistical systems supporting construction and transportation, while ME is to provide the systems to all sectors related. The systems ME is to supply evaluate the volume of possible GHG reduction. MLTM established strategies to reduce GHG emission based on the statistics, while ME is developing climate change scenarios and prediction models MLTM is to develop low-carbon, high efficient transportation systems, while ME is focusing merely on the technologies concerned with automobiles. 7 4

5 KRIHS II Concept: Low-Carbon Green City Project II-1. Definition II-2. Backgrounds, Objectives & Plans II-3. Histories II-1. Definition Definition of Low-Carbon Green City Low-carbon green city refers to a city that is ecologically innocuous with slashed CO2 emission and urban sustainability. A city using energy and environmental technologies to zerorize CO2 emission and thus to gain economic benefits which will lead to increased jobs and income. Conceptual Model Land Use & Spatial Structure Ecology & Green System Low-Carbon Energy & Housings Resource Cyclical System Green Transportation Green Lifestyle 9 5

6 II-2. Backgrounds, Objectives & Plans Backgrounds President Lee made a suggestion of low-carbon green city project at Gangwon Development Discussion on Feb, The municipality (Gangwon-do) accepted the suggestion and formed Green Growth Board. Gangneung city was selected for the low-carbon green city project and is under the development co-hosted by Ganwon-do government and Ministry of Environment. Objectives & Phased Plan Aims to develop low-carbon green cities to proactively cope with future climate changes and provide carbonfree, green urban environments And thus to set models of low-carbon green society * Develop a green city model with planning bottom lines including location determinants/directions and basic conception Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 [Phased Plans of Low-Carbon Green City Project] Develop standard model of low-carbon green city Draw a empirical model by accommodating the locality Review candidate locations and define Location determinants Develop objective indexes and methods to determine location Analyze conditions and characteristics of the targeted region Set development goals and strategies Build basic conception 10 II-3. Histories Date Description President Lee suggested low-carbon green city Gangwon Development Forum ~ 5.12 Green city development model was established through case study and expert discussion Contract on research and engineering project for the green city development was signed. The contract was co-ordered by Ministry of Environment and Gangwon-do government to outsource research & engineering tasks to KRIHS, RIG and KEI. Plans of the green city development project were briefed to president Lee. President suggested to select a city with 2M+ population Plans of the green city development project were briefed to the state council Prime Minister summoned a meeting of ministers concerned Gyungpo, Gangneung city was selected as target area of the project Ministry of Environment, Gangwon-do government and Gangneung city government signed MOU Entrepreneurs & Experts Forum on low-carbon green city development Histories The final draft of the green city development basic conception was announced. The draft suggested by-sector conceptions considering population and housing volume Reporting to Blue House Final reporting to president Lee 11 6

7 KRIHS III Conflicts III-1. Basic Conception III-2. Participants III-3. Authorities III-4. Implications III-1. Basic Conception Conflicts around Basic Conception Phase 1: Low-Carbon Green City Development Model ME disagreed on the development model constructed with factors from research & engineering services. The ministry stressed the model should be focused on environmental factors. Phase 2: Determinants and Indexes for Optimum Location In conclusion, the location determinants and indexes were developed with lacked time and efforts while objective determinants and indexes requires much time and efforts of experts from concerned fields. Gangneung city was selected based on the deficient determinants and indexes, which becomes discontent of municipalities participated in the project. The disaffected municipalities conflict with Gangwon-do government and ME. Phase 3: Basic Conception for Development Project Gangneung city was selected as target area of the project by a hasty decision for basic conception. Needed was official designation from authorities. The process of target area decision and designation was not processed appropriately as MLTM and ME conflicted as each struggles to take the leadership and more returns from the project. Phase 1: Phase 2: Disagreements about the development model led to conflicts between the ordering organizations and research organizations. Participating municipalities disagreed on the location determinants and indexes with due to the lack of objectivity. Phase 3: Ministries involved in the project also conflicted on the regulations and budget for the target area designation. 13 7

8 III-2. Participants Conflicts between Ministries MLTM and ME come to pit their strength and influence with each other ME took in charge of the Low-Carbon Green City project as the project requires specialties of environmental protection and rehabilitation of cities as well as eco-friendly development approaches which are differentiated from traditional urban planning schemes. Nevertheless, ME has been merely focused on environmental restoration of local spaces, not comprehensive urban development. ME has recently been in trouble to draw and operate urban development schemes for itself ever since it turned the basis to pursue a comprehensive development MLTM Administers spatial planning Conflicts between MLTM and ME concerning roles and responsibilities Approval Impact Assessment [Roles of MLTM and ME] ME Administers environmental planning Law Enforcement Different Approaches Different superintendence of related laws CONFLICTS MLTM focuses on the ROI while ML on political objectives Trials of influence to take the project leadership and secure returns Conflicts with research organizations, distorting initial objectives and directions 14 III-2. Participants Conflicts between Ministries & Municipalities The conflicts between ministries and municipalities were primarily due to disaccord between central government support and requirements of local municipalities. Gangwon-do attempted to maximize the project scope to activate local economies and revive its tour and leisure industries through the Low-Carbon Green City. While, central ministries struggled to prioritize unit projects and attract private investment to maximize ROI with limited budget. Conflicts concerning budget utilization Gangwon-do government tends to depend on support from central ministries CONFLICTS ME recommends to use local budget and private investment Risk of degeneration, urban sprawl and improper development Phased implementation prioritized by returns Central Ministries Administers Overall Project Support Basic Conception Local Municipalities Developing models & green technologies [Roles of Ministries and Municipalities] Conflicts on project scope decision Conflicts within ministries due to lack of roles and responsibilities 15 8

9 III-2. Participants Conflicts between Ministries & Municipalities Conflicts on the target area decision ME suggested to outline the target area within 2 km radius of Gyungpo lake, and include green transportation, green tour and green buildings as the feature of the project. Gangwon-do government suggested 3 km radius with features including international eco-park construction. The agreement on the project scope was finally made through weekly meetings during a month. They agreed to implement in a phased manner and to embrace the municipality s suggestions. [Proposals Outlining the Spatial Scope of the Project] Gangneung City Proposal ME Proposal KRIHS Proposal Final Agreement 16 III-3. Authorities Conflicts by Authorities Central Government made improper financial support while it is obligated to collect opinions from ministries and to facilitates the project implementation. It also neglected its duty to mediate parties and address conflicts. Accordingly, the green city development project was not properly funded, which in turn undermined the efficiency. ME had been in charge of regulation against development project. Therefore the ministry was in the lack of capabilities to handle law and regulation required by or concerned with the development projects. Even departments of ME conflicted with each other; Environmental Policy department, in charge of the project overall administration and departments handling traditional regulation. As a result, the development project was not properly implemented and administered; finance was poorly managed and project scope was poorly determinded. 17 9

10 III-4. Implications Implications Lack of central organization to mediate conflicts among ministries and stake holders Lack of communication channel to bridge ministries leveraging accordance and collaboration High financial dependency of local municipalities on central government Short-sited and short-term plans pursuing performance, not initial objectives 18 KRIHS Ⅳ Solutions IV-1. Efforts for Mediation & Collaboration IV-2. Solutions for Political Conflicts 10

11 IV-1. Efforts for Mediation & Collaboration Efforts for Political Mediation Law and Regulation Enforcement of Fundamental Law for Green Growth, Low-Carbon Green Growth Act Ø Aims to create green economy and green industries, establish investment company, introduce climate change & energy management regulation and CO2 emission trading schemes, generate green territory and create and offer the lowcarbon transportation system Ø Providing articles and clauses to prevent political duplicates among authorities, the fundamental act is expected to address the procedural conflicts arisen among the participants and stakeholders. MOU Agreement for Green City Development Project Ø ME, MLTM, Gangwon-do government and Gangneung city signed on MOU for collaboration to construct the green city which set off the project action plans and is also expected to address the conflicts arisen between MLTM and ME. Political Mediation & Collaboration A Discussion of Authorities Concerned Ø Prime Minister Office hosted a conference on 12 th, June, Ministers discussed the solutions to address duplicates between action plans of MLTM and ME. This meeting played a key role for MOU agreement which in turn helped address the conflicts. A Discussion of Authorities Concerned Ø ME held a experts and entrepreneurs seminar on 27 th, August, 2009 to promote the project and to share information. Participants and visitors discuss participation of private enterprises and application of green technologies. Ø The seminar helped to identify and supplement shortcomings of the project plans. 20 IV-2. Solutions for Political Conflicts Efforts for Political Mediation Functional Consolidation of Spatial and Environmental Policies Which policies are mediated for the consolidation? And how can the parties collaborate? Ø First we generate abundant information on environment and make efforts to utilize the information for planning. Ø Second, we should establish land use plan based on SEA** results even when drawing basic conception. Ø The pre-described answers can provide a framework for the consolidation Environment SEA Land Use Space ** SEA (strategic environment assessment) refers to a series of actions assessing development impacts on environment when establishing plans and policies for the development. [Relations environmental and spatial planning and land use planning] 21 11

12 IV-2. Solutions for Political Conflicts Efforts for Political Mediation Organizational & Functional Aspects Establishing Control Tower, a policy mediating body for stable project implementation Ø Control tower is a task-forced central mediator affiliated from Prime Minister s office to administer overall mediation to address conflicts and facilitate communication and collaboration. Control Tower also generates cooperative funding, and thus secure and implement finances. Allotting roles and responsibilities with task consolidation eradicating duplicates Ø Roles and responsibilities of each ministry should be explicitly declared. Duplicated tasks should be eradicated by effective consolidation of functions. Collaborative environment and systems are also required for effective consolidation. Reinforcing ME s environmental impact assessment Ø ME s environmental impact assessment should be settled to its own planning and political tool. This can help ME to mediate policy conflicts and thus rationalize the planning decisions. Utilizing advisory meetings Ø Advisory meeting is helpful to reconcile conflicts from early stages of planning as it offers mediation all though the planning process and it serves as a central or official mediator to preclude waste of time and efforts the parties should spend to address conflicts on theirs own. MLTM MLTM (Sptial Planning) Developing planning tools for green city development Application of green technology Urban planning strategies to reduce GHG emission [Role of Control Tower] Control Tower Mediation Conflicts [Roles & Responsibilities] ME ME (Environmental Planning) Constructing GHG emission statistics Assessing climate change fragility Developing green technologies Guidelines for environmental planning 22 IV-2. Solutions for Political Conflicts Efforts for Political Mediation Institutional & Procedural Aspects Policy Information Sharing System Ø Policy information sharing system allows users to conduct in-depth analyses with accurate data it offers. The system also automatically delivers the results of analyses to decision makers. The policy information sharing system can be used for decision making and planning processes of central ministries. Facilitating Policy Discussion Ø This is to provide an official channel of communication and discussion where central ministries, municipalities and research organizations share opinions and discussions for planning or policy making processes. This should be started with internal collective meetings to mediate ideas and suggestions within each organization. Expanding Financial Supports on Municipalities Ø Local municipalities are forced to finance the development project using their own budgets even though many of them cannot afford to. Central government should provide financial support to municipalities in a phased manner so that the municipalities can effectively and successfully implement development projects. Besides, local municipalities should also seek measures. Private fund raising or private investment can be examples

13 Thank You 24 KRIHS Land Use / Urban Structure Complex use to reduce emission Waterfronts, resource circulation Water & Resource Circulation Ecosystem / Green Spaces Green buildings, park and green space Green Transportation Bike trails, green car Low-Carbon Energy & Housing Green Lifestyle Recycled energy use, green homes Green consumption, Green Start movements 13