Light Consists of Three Dimensions. Applications of LEDs on Plants. Regulating Flowering with Photoperiod

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Light Consists of Three Dimensions Light quantity (intensity) Light quality

of Horticulture Michigan St. Univ. Dr. Abhay Thosar Sr.

properties of light interact to control growth and development of plants

lighting to regulate flowering Supplemental lighting in greenhouses

lighting indoors (vertical tiers) moderate-intensity lighting that is the only light

Photoperiod (hours): 13 14 15 16 Lighting Technologies Developing Effective R:FR

Electrical efficiency increases Lamp lifetime increases Objective: Determine how the

1 Light Consists of Three Dimensions Light quantity (intensity) Light quality (spectrum) Light duration (photoperiod) Dr. Erik Runkle Dept. of Horticulture Michigan St. Univ. Dr. Abhay Thosar Sr. Plant Specialist Philips Lighting Plant biomass Morphology Flowering The different properties of light interact to control growth and development of plants Applications of s on Plants Photoperiodic lighting in greenhouses very low-intensity lighting to regulate flowering Supplemental lighting in greenhouses moderate-intensity lighting to supplement sunlight to increase growth Sole-source lighting indoors (vertical tiers) moderate-intensity lighting that is the only light source Regulating Flowering with Photoperiod Campanula Merrybell Bright Blue Photoperiod (hours): Lighting Technologies Developing Effective R:FR Incandescent bulb Compact fluorescent bulb emitter Purchase price increases Electrical efficiency increases Lamp lifetime increases Objective: Determine how the red : far-red (R:FR) influences flowering and extension growth of photoperiod-sensitive crops to facilitate the development and use of effective s for flowering applications Cultivate'15 1

Efficacy of R:FR for NI Lighting Flowering Lamps by Philips Intensity (µmol m -2 s -1 ) 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.

000 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Wavelength (nm) Question: Are the R+W+FR lamps more effective than the R+W lamps, as would be predicted?

R+W R+W+FR Petunia Wave Purple Classic After 6 weeks at 68 F, DLI = 5.7 mol m-2 d-1 9-hour short day 9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption Incan.

magnetic 443 Sunlight Supply Sun Star 0.94 1000-W magnetic 1,004 PARsource GLXI 1.16 1000-W electronic 1,026 PARsource GLXII 1.

2 Efficacy of R:FR for NI Lighting Flowering Lamps by Philips Intensity (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Deep Red White Far Red Deep Red White Far Red Wavelength (nm) Question: Are the R+W+FR lamps more effective than the R+W lamps, as would be predicted? Ageratum Hawaii Blue After 7 weeks at 68 F, DLI = 5.7 mol m-2 d-1 9-hour short day 9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption Incan. R+W R+W+FR Petunia Wave Purple Classic After 6 weeks at 68 F, DLI = 5.7 mol m-2 d-1 9-hour short day 9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption Incan. R+W R+W+FR Top view Side view Efficiency of Supplemental Lighting Electrical input (W) Efficiency (µmol J 1 ) Lamp type Manufacturer and model High-pressure sodium 400-W magnetic 443 Sunlight Supply Sun Star W magnetic 1,004 PARsource GLXI W electronic 1,026 PARsource GLXII W electronic* 1,033 Gavita Pro 1000 DE 1.70 Red + White 423 Hydrogrow Sol Red + White + Blue 304 LumiGrow Pro Red + White 279 Illumitex NeoSol NS 1.40 Red + Blue 384 LSG GrowAdvantage Violet 1.70 *This is a double-ended lamp whereas the other lamps are single ended (mogul-base). Nelson J.A. and B. Bugbee Economic analysis of greenhouse lighting: Light emitting diodes vs. high intensity discharge fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(6):e Cultivate'15 2

Efficiency of Supplemental Lighting For s, the efficiencies are rapidly improving Electrical input (W) Efficiency (µmol J 1 ) Lamp type Manufacturer and model High-pressure sodium 400-W magnetic 443

89 Red + White + Blue 304 LumiGrow Pro 325 1.29 Red + White 279 Illumitex NeoSol NS 1.40 Red + Blue 384 LSG GrowAdvantage Violet 1.70 Red + Blue (+ White) 190-200 Philips GreenPower Toplighting 2.3-2.

s for Supplemental Lighting Primarily an economic issue s are 3-6 times the cost of conventional lights Situations when s could be more favorable: High electricity costs and/or limited power supply

Economic analysis of greenhouse lighting: Light emitting diodes vs. high intensity discharge fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(6):e99010. Great Lakes Hops, Zeeland, MI (2014) Michigan St. Univ.

3 Efficiency of Supplemental Lighting For s, the efficiencies are rapidly improving Electrical input (W) Efficiency (µmol J 1 ) Lamp type Manufacturer and model High-pressure sodium 400-W magnetic 443 Sunlight Supply Sun Star W magnetic 1,004 PARsource GLXI W electronic 1,026 PARsource GLXII W electronic* 1,033 Gavita Pro 1000 DE 1.70 Red + White 423 Hydrogrow Sol Red + White + Blue 304 LumiGrow Pro Red + White 279 Illumitex NeoSol NS 1.40 Red + Blue 384 LSG GrowAdvantage Violet 1.70 Red + Blue (+ White) Philips GreenPower Toplighting *This is a double-ended lamp whereas the other lamps are single ended (mogul-base). s for Supplemental Lighting Primarily an economic issue s are 3-6 times the cost of conventional lights Situations when s could be more favorable: High electricity costs and/or limited power supply Can elicit specific growth/coloration responses Year-round growing Can position lights close to crop (vertically or horizontally) Nelson J.A. and B. Bugbee Economic analysis of greenhouse lighting: Light emitting diodes vs. high intensity discharge fixtures. PLoS ONE 9(6):e Great Lakes Hops, Zeeland, MI (2014) Michigan St. Univ., East Lansing (2015) s as Sole-Source Lighting Experimental objectives: To quantify how seedlings of popular annual crops acclimate to different wavebands of light Consistently produce plants that are uniform and have desirable growth characteristics (e.g., compact, early flowering, etc.) Wageningen, Bleiswijk, the Netherlands (2013) Photo: OSRAM Opto Semiconductors Cultivate'15 3

Impatiens SuperElfin XP Red Seedlings grown at 68 F for 4 weeks under s for 18 h d -1 at

100 G 0 R 50 HR 50 R 25 HR 25 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 Salvia Vista Red

25 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 B=blue, 446 nm; G=green, 516 nm; R=red, 634

664 nm Geranium Pinto Premium Deep Rose Seedlings grown at 68 F for 25 days under s (33

Red s While blue light generally suppresses plant elongation, far-red light can promote

height (cm) 5.6 ab 5.7 ab 5.3 abc 5.9 a 4.8 c 5.1 bc Leaf area (cm 2 ) 30.4 a 31.8 a 29.

6 ab B=blue, 451 nm; G=green, 521 nm; R=hyper red, 660 nm; MW=mint white, 552 nm Vitro

4 Impatiens SuperElfin XP Red Seedlings grown at 68 F for 4 weeks under s for 18 h d -1 at PAR=160 µmol m -2 s -1 consisting of (%): B 0 G 0 B 0 G 50 B 25 G 25 B 50 G 50 B 50 G 0 B 100 G 0 R 50 HR 50 R 25 HR 25 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 Salvia Vista Red Seedlings grown at 68 F for 4 weeks under s for 18 h d -1 at PAR=160 µmol m -2 s -1 consisting of (%): B 0 G 0 B 0 G 50 B 25 G 25 B 50 G 50 B 50 G 0 B 100 G 0 R 50 HR 50 R 25 HR 25 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 R 25 HR 25 R 0 HR 0 B=blue, 446 nm; G=green, 516 nm; R=red, 634 nm; HR=hyper red, 664 nm B=blue, 446 nm; G=green, 516 nm; R=red, 634 nm; HR=hyper red, 664 nm Geranium Pinto Premium Deep Rose Seedlings grown at 68 F for 25 days under s (33 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod at PPF = 160 µmol m-2 s-1 Potential Utility of Far Red s While blue light generally suppresses plant elongation, far-red light can promote it MW 100 MW 75 +R 25 MW 45 +R 55 MW 25 +R 75 R 85 +B 15 R 40 +G 40 +B 20 FR +FR Plant height (cm) 5.6 ab 5.7 ab 5.3 abc 5.9 a 4.8 c 5.1 bc Leaf area (cm 2 ) 30.4 a 31.8 a 29.8 a 32.3 a 25.5 b 28.6 ab B=blue, 451 nm; G=green, 521 nm; R=hyper red, 660 nm; MW=mint white, 552 nm Vitro Plus, the Netherlands (2011) Green Spirit Farms, New Buffalo, MI (2014) Cultivate'15 4

Acknowledgments Daedre Craig, Nate DuRussel, Fumiko Kohyama, Qingwu Meng,

edu/lighting Private horticulture companies, lighting companies, and

Light requirements of plants Lighting What does the future hold Dr.

Light Integral (DLI) requirements Measured in micromoles/m2/sec Light

Light quality (spectrum) Sunlight s Examples typical spectrum Sunlight Blue

High Wire Crops Conventional greenhouse production Under natural light

canopy where penetration of light is very low using Inter lighting

5 Acknowledgments Daedre Craig, Nate DuRussel, Fumiko Kohyama, Qingwu Meng, Yujin Park, and Brian Poel More Lighting Information Private horticulture companies, lighting companies, and granting agencies that have financially supported this research including: Light requirements of plants Lighting What does the future hold Dr. Abhay Thosar Philips Lighting Horticulture July 2015 Light intensity Day Light Integral (DLI) requirements Measured in micromoles/m2/sec Light duration Supplemental lighting Photoperiodic lighting Sole source lighting Light quality (spectrum) Sunlight s Examples typical spectrum Sunlight Blue Deep red Only when white s are needed for inspection Far red Applications in High Wire Crops Conventional greenhouse production Under natural light conditions (sunlight) Supplemental lighting () Lighting the parts of plant canopy where penetration of light is very low using Inter lighting Possibilities of an economically viable winter crop Metal Halide 300nm Philips production module DR/W/FR 800nm Cultivate'15 5

Tomato Experience Beefsteak Mini Cucumber Experiences Interlighting only: Trials are currently being conducted in Ontario, Canada and data is revealing interesting results.

73 Ontario, Canada, TOV Tomatoes (Cv. Komeet) Treatment Yield (Kg/m2) % Difference AFW (Grams) Avg gm per Mol X Factor IL 5.35 28.3 183 16.57 1.29 Control 4.17 180 12.

lit plants than in the lit plants. Leaf area (size) is also larger in the non lit plants.

highest. Umbrella mini cues: Inter lighting only, no top lighting (Neither or ) Average Yield (Kg/m 2 /week) Average Percentage Difference v.

26 Increased productivity Increased plant density Tailored nutrition and cultural practices Tailored quality Winter production Floriculture crops : annuals and perennial

6 Tomato Experience Beefsteak Mini Cucumber Experiences Interlighting only: Trials are currently being conducted in Ontario, Canada and data is revealing interesting results. Parameter 2 Line Control Brix 4.70 (+34%) 3.50 g/mol 5.83 (+48%) 3.95 Avg. Fruit Weight (g) (+20.7%) Fruit/m (+18.1%) Ontario, Canada, TOV Tomatoes (Cv. Komeet) Treatment Yield (Kg/m2) % Difference AFW (Grams) Avg gm per Mol X Factor IL Control Cucumbers supplied with Philips Interlighting will have a different growth habit and leaf size compared to non lit crops Notice how the leaves are more erect in the non lit plants than in the lit plants. Leaf area (size) is also larger in the non lit plants. Mini Cucumber Experiences Future of s : High wire crops Greatest percentage yield advantages are seen in Q4 and Q1 when sunlight values are lowest and fruit prices are highest. Umbrella mini cues: Inter lighting only, no top lighting (Neither or ) Average Yield (Kg/m 2 /week) Average Percentage Difference v. Control 1 Line 2 Lines Control Q1/ % % 1.13 Q2/ % % 2.76 Q3/ % % 2.21 Q4/ % % 1.26 Increased productivity Increased plant density Tailored nutrition and cultural practices Tailored quality Winter production Floriculture crops : annuals and perennial plug production Shorten growth cycle Faster rooting Consistent plug quality Compact plugs More basal growth/branching Prominent pigmentation Less use of PGR s Less use of chemicals Floriculture applications Plugs more compact than under (looking to the height of the apical point) Actual height differences not calculated. Cultivate'15 6

Plants under s are more compact than under which indicates a possibility of

PGRs Lavender plug under s Faster root development, possibility of early

time from seeding till transplant Sedum various Cv.

tray Prominent leaf coloration highly desirable for certain cultivars of Sedum;

7 Plants under s are more compact than under which indicates a possibility of reduction in the use of PGRs, which would result in labor savings as well as cost of PGRs Lavender plug under s Faster root development, possibility of early transplanting 3 5 days depending on the cultivar Possible reduction in the cycle time from seeding till transplant Sedum various Cv. Better survival percentage and consistent growth of the plants throughout the plug tray Prominent leaf coloration highly desirable for certain cultivars of Sedum; considered as a good selling point for plant quality Early flowering and increase in flowering percentage with a good looking plant Cultivate'15 7

Plug propagation Sole source lighting Better or more lateral/basal

of PGRs Controlled environmental conditions CO2 enhancement Precise

Farming Important Considerations Micro greens Sole source lighting 87:13

delivering 105 µmol m 2 s 1 12 mol m 2 d 1 4 modules delivering 210 µmol m

8 Plug propagation Sole source lighting Better or more lateral/basal branching improving the look of the crop, without manual shearing or use of PGRs Controlled environmental conditions CO2 enhancement Precise Temperature and humidity control Less instance of disease and pests Better control on the growth of the plants. Reduction in the growth cycle time Reduction in the use of PGR s City Farming Important Considerations Micro greens Sole source lighting 87:13 R:B 84:7:9 R:FR:B Daily light integral : 6 mol m 2 d 1 2 modules delivering 105 µmol m 2 s 1 12 mol m 2 d 1 4 modules delivering 210 µmol m 2 s 1 18 mol m 2 d 1 6 modules delivering 315 µmol m 2 s 1 74:18:8 R:W venlo.nl/en Greenhouses Or Pinkhouses Cultivate'15 8

Review of Light Concepts

Review of Light Concepts 2 nd International Sponsored by: 11:30 to 11:55 Eastern BENEFITS OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING FOR SPRING ANNUALS Roberto Lopez Floriculture Extension Specialist and Research rglopez@purdue.edu Review of Light