United Utilities SCaMP Project
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1 United Utilities SCaMP Project A Decade of Monitoring Blanket Bog Restoration - what have we seen and what have we learnt? S. Ross 1, G. Hammond 1, A. Keen 1 & C. Bullen 2 1 Penny Anderson Associates 2 United Utilities
2 Introduction what is SCaMP? Sustainable Catchment Management Programme (SCaMP). The project began in 2005/06 and continues to Monitoring restoration approaches. Long term dataset - begin to consider trajectories.
3 Prior to Restoration Significant artificial drainage ( grips ) and gully erosion. Areas of extensive bare peat. Vegetation in poor condition. Loss of peat from the moorland.
4
5 Restoration Measures Restoration measures applied across 12,300ha blanket bog: 85km grips blocked with peat or plastic dams. 470ha eroding bare peat treated with grass nurse crop, heather brash, and/or geojute textile. novel coir roll installation.
6 Monitoring Approach Hydrology - peat water levels, stage discharge, rainfall gauges. Water colour (DOC), turbidity (POC). Spectrolyser deployed in the field. Vegetation quadrats within plots, including reference plots, & fixed point photography
7 What have we seen? Present the effects of: (1) grip blocking at Brennand and Goyt. (2) bare peat restoration at North Longdendale. What did we observe on the ground? What changes did we record in the vegetation? What changes did we monitor in terms of water levels in the peat? What can we say about trajectories of blanket bog restoration under these different restoration scenarios?
8 Results Goyt grip blocking
9 Goyt: Grip Blocking On Goyt there is visible evidence of the benefits of blocking grips: Heather expands Hare s-tail cottongrass is filling in the grip. Sphagnum (bog-moss) is developing in the pools formed by grip blocking.
10 Sphagnum spp. cover (%) Goyt: Grip Blocking Significant increases in Sphagnum cover at Goyt BB1 BB2 BB3 BB5 Plot Code * * * * * BB1 & BB2 = grips blocked 2006, with peat dams. BB3 = grips left un-blocked until 2010, then blocked with peat dams. BB5 = grips blocked 2006, with peat & plastic dams.
11 WATER TABLE DEPTH BELOW SURFACE (cm) 26/03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/ /01/ /03/ /05/ /07/ /09/ /11/2013 Goyt: Grip Blocking The Goyt monitoring shows consistent trend towards higher and more stable peat water levels over time DATE Water Table Level (below surface, cm) Mean annual WTL (cm) 80
12 Results Brennand grip blocking
13 Brennand: Grip Blocking On Brennand there is also visible evidence of the benefits of blocking grips, even on large drains/grips. Heather and hare stail cottongrass increase along the edges. Sphagnum (bogmoss) forms patches within the deeper pooled water, expanding from the edges. June 2016
14 Brennand: Grip Blocking Brennand % Average Sphagnum species cover across 5 sample sites, pre-grip blocking Brennand % Average Sphagnum species cover across 5 sample sites, post-grip-blocking Significant increases in Sphagnum cover over time. Small increases in some typical bog plants.
15 PEAT WATER TABLE DEPTH (cm) 13/07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/ /01/ /04/ /07/ /10/2016 Brennand: Grip Blocking DATE Peat water levels at Brennand show a trend towards increasing annual mean and more stable water levels, but some variation over time Water Table Depth (cm) Mean Annual Water Table Depth (cm) 80.00
16 Results Ashway Gap, Quiet Shepherd & Arnfield bare peat restoration
17 Ashway Gap: Bare Peat Restoration Ashway Gap = mounds of bare peat with exposed mineral ground in the gullies. Applied lime, nurse grass seed and fertiliser (LSF). Over 90% revegetation with mix of dry bog plant species. Little Sphagnum moss to date
18 Quiet Shepherd: Bare Peat Restoration Quiet Shepherd = gullies with bare peat sides. Applied LSF with heather brash and geotextile. Revegetated with dry bog plant species. Good general moss cover. Little Sphagnum moss to date. Some non-bog plants occur.
19 PEAT WATER TABLE DEPTH BELOW SURFACE (cm) 22/02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/ /02/ /05/ /08/ /11/2016 Ashway Gap: Bare Peat Restoration The peat water levels at Ashway Gap remain compromised due to highly degraded nature of the site, and vulnerable to local weather conditions. DATE Water Table Depth (cm) Mean Annual Water Table Depth 9cm) 160
20 When to return to management?
21 Limited Intervention Arnfield Moor area retained with minimal treatment (no LSF, etc) Shows some gradual expansion of vegetation, largely common cotton-grass. Mostly on the more shallow slopes. Very few non-bog plants. A very long term option.
22 Limited Intervention Ashway Gap area retained with minimal treatment until Shows very limited re-vegetation largely common cotton-grass. Treated with LSF sometime between 2014 and Good re-vegetation by 2017.
23 What have we learnt? Sphagnum cover increases where present, can respond quickly (within 5 years) if there is a greater original cover (c.10% or more) under grip blocking. Significant reductions in bare peat and increases in vegetation cover can occur within 5 years under LSF. Nurse crop does diminish over time. Adding heather brash to LSF areas encourages more rapid re-vegetation of slopes, and geojute is important on steeper slopes. Plant diversity increases over 5 to 10 years, on LSF areas this includes some nonbog plants introduced by seed and/or encouraged by lime and fertiliser treatments? Limited intervention can be appropriate on some sites. Water table levels are generally increasing (+12cm) and stabilising under grip blocking over the 10 year period. Some variation due to annual weather variation generally within 10cm of the surface on average. Water tables responding only slightly (+5cm) on highly eroded areas after 10 years, still 60cm below surface on average.
24 Many thanks to all those involved in the monitoring project over the last decade. Thank you for listening!
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