independent accredited test laboratory

Transcription

1 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN accredited test laboratory quality tests consulting bankability services IEC & beyond planning risk analyses production audits diagnostic testing on field returns PV expertise field acceptance inspections Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics independent accredited test laboratory Services along the entire PV-value chain

2 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN PI-GROUP PI-Berlin AG Together with our associated companies PI Experts GmbH and PICON Solar GmbH the PI Photovoltaik-Institut Berlin AG operates an DIN EN ISO/IEC accredited, independent test laboratory for solar modules in Berlin and another laboratory in Suzhou (China). Our group covers the complete range of services from cells to PV systems. PI-Cert Tested batches can be certified via PI-Cert so system integrators and EPCs are sure to apply high quality products, directly delivered to installation sites. PI Experts GmbH PI Experts GmbH, headed by Dipl.-Ing. Sven Lehmann, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PI-Group. PI-EXPERTS provides engineering and consultancy services for PV energy applications. PI-China Co., Ltd. PI-China examines modules before they are dispatched, tests samples, checks production quality standards and carries out frequent and profound factory inspections in Asia. PICON Solar GmbH Sisi Qin Chen Positioned at the interface between strategy and technology, PICON Solar GmbH, headed by Dr. Ilka Luck, supports the activities of the PI-Group as a consultancy company covering all areas of the PV value chain. Dr. Ilka Luck Dipl.-Ing. Sven Lehmann Prof. Dr. -Ing. Stefan Krauter Dr. Paul Grunow Market intelligence TDD for investments R&D Module benchmarking Certification Quality assurance Testing Systems technology TDD for PV power plants Monitoring Feasibility studies 2

3 Contents PI-Group Contents PV-Module Test Laboratory Quality Packages for Bankability Certification Research and Development PI-China PI Quality Control in Asia PICON Solar Advice on strategy and technology PI EXPERTS Independent Construction, Expert Option & Consulting INVESTOR S DAY APPENDUM Process and product development Technology benchmarking Business development Factory inspections Acceptance inspections Yield analyses 3

4 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN PV-MODULE TEST LABORATORY Covering an area of over 2000 m², PI s the state-of-the-art-equipped laboratory enables testing of standard modules and new prototypes for performance, reliability and durability. The test laboratory is recognised and accredited by DAkkS (German accreditation authority) and internationally as a CBTL by IECEE (International Electrotechnical Commission) in accordance with IEC/ISO/DIN It is also fully authorised to conduct testing under IEC 61215, IEC and IEC Furthermore, it is listed in the Intertek/ETL Satellite 3 programme as a lab entitled to carry out testing in accordance with UL The PI Photovoltaik-Institut is officially recognised as a testing laboratory of CEC (California Energy Commission), many banks (e.g. DKB German Credit Bank) and financing institutions. Mechanical load testing The test laboratory provides a vast array of equipment including a class AAA+ solar simulator and is able to measure performance of PV modules under standard test conditions (STC) at low and oblique light. Relevant data (e.g. NOCT and NMOT) can be collected under field conditions in PI s outdoor laboratory. Our independent performance monitoring enables profitable operation of PV power plants. Analysing the degree of EVA crosslinking and carrying out peel tests allow valid conclusions to be drawn regarding the quality of the individual production stages. Thanks to comprehensive tests, our test laboratory also determines the risk of PID susceptibility (see photo on front cover) in the lab and outdoor. Board Members Dr. Paul Grunow and Prof. Dr. Stefan Krauter The quality and long-term stability of PV-modules can be tested via our three large climatic test chambers used for carrying out temperature cycling (-40 C to + 85 C), humidity freeze and damp heat tests simultaneously on a total of 180 modules. Individually specified dynamic loads can also be simulated on our mechanical load test stand. Cooling Hail impact test Contact: Laboratory Manager Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Michael Schoppa schoppa@pi-berlin.com 4

5 Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics IEC/UL-TESTS Tests according to IEC ed.2 (2005), IEC ed.3 (Draft), IEC ed. 2 (2008), IEC and UL 1703, e.g.: Output measurements under standard test conditions (STC) for modules up to 3m x 3m via AAA+ simulator Low-light measurements of any kind Determining NOCT or NMOT (800 W/m², module mounting angle 45, T ambient = 20 C, v = 1 m/s) Determining the temperature coefficient for V oc, I sc, V mp, I mp and for P max Determining electrical breakdown voltage of backsheets Cut suscepbility test of backsheet Module breakage tests (pendulum impact) Bypass diode tests Accessibility test Fire tests (via Intertek/ETL) Strain relief and impact tests Outdoor and field measurements (to compare the energy yield of different PV technologies) Temperature cycling tests (200 cycles between -40 C and +85 C) Humidity freeze tests (10 temperature cycles from +85 C to -40 C at 85% humidity) Damp heat tests (1000 h at 85 C and 85% humidity) Hot-Spot checks with IR camera Degradation tests with class B continuous solar simulator for light soaking, preconditioning and LID (Light Induced Degradation) Laboratory preparations UV exposure tests (15 kwh/m² for λ = nm, with 5% in λ = nm) Mechanical load tests (2400 Pa for 6 x 1 h, for snow: 5400 Pa, 1 cycle); max. load 8000 Pa Hail impact tests (25 mm ice ball, m = 7.53 g, v = 23 m/s, minimum of 10 impacts) Electrical insulation tests (V test = 2 V system V) Wet insulation resistance (R min > 40 MΩm²) Impulse voltage tests (up to 10kV) Wet insulation resistance Contact: Laboratory Manager Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Michael Schoppa schoppa@pi-berlin.com 5

6 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN QUALITY PACKAGES FOR BANKABILITY PI Photovoltaik-Institut provides services to ensure quality during production, installation and operation, including factory audits and acceptance inspections. Complete PI quality packages to monitor the most important quality criteria are effective in offering extensive investment security, as they focus primarily on characteristics that are decisive for ensuring maximum yields over many years. 10 Modules STC power + EL analysis 10 Modules / MW 2 Modules 2 Modules Preconditioning (5 kwh/m²) 2 Modules 2 Modules STC power + EL analysis Peel Test EVA Gel Content 6 Modules 2 Modules Weak light at 100, 200, 400 and 700W/m² 2 Modules PID analysis 2 Modules STC power +EL analysis Quality package 1 Final Report Drawing on relevant field experience, these test sequences will also inspect module characteristics which are currently not (yet) part of IEC certifications for PV. The aim of the two test packages shown here is to enable rapid quality control on a spot check basis including for specific PV power plant projects. 6

7 Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics 10 Modules / MW 10 Modules STC power + EL analysis 2 Modules 2 Modules LID (until stabilization): 24KWh/STC/5kWh/STC/5kWh 2 Modules 2 Modules STC power 2 Modules Weak light at 100, 200, 400 and 700W/m² 2 Modules PID analysis Peel Test EVA Gel Content 2 Modules 2 Modules 2 Modules 2 Modules 2 Modules Hot-Spot analysis Mechanical load / Transportation 2 Modules Visual inspection 2 Modules 2 Modules STC power + STC power + EL analysis + EL analysis + Visual inspection Visual inspection Wet leakage test Visual inspection 2 Modules STC power + EL analysis Quality package 2 Final Report Contact: Research & Development Manager Dr. Juliane Berghold berghold@pi-berlin.com 7

8 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN PI TESTS & SERVICES Determining the degree of EVA crosslinking (EVA gel content check) PI peel test to check lamination durability PID analysis (testing PID susceptibility of PV-modules, TÜV and PI-standard) Electroluminescence analysis (e.g. to determine micro-cracks and shunts for production optimisation, fault analysis and transportation issues) Determining spectral response Oblique light measurements (1 89 ) Hot-Spot risk assessments TCO corrosion test at thin film modudules (1000 V, 85 C, 85% humidity, 1000 h) Lamination tests (e.g. for new materials, using PI s laminator for module sizes up to 1.4m x 2.0m) Ammonia (IEC 62716), sand (IEC ) and salt mist corrosion tests (IEC ed. 2) Yield analysis Factory inspections and audits Diagnostic testing of field returns NEW Mobile laboratory (EL, IR, STC) NEW Monitoring & plant operation NEW PV power plant optimization NEW System quality certification NEW PID certification NEW Tests and factory audits in China NEW Extended Hail Impact Test (up to 75mm diameter) Multiple repetitions and benchmarking is possible. All tests can be used by manufacturers, product developers, EPCs, traders and operators who wish to have their products tested independently. Individual benchmark tests (e.g. IEC +100%) allow increased security for manufacturers and investors. Risk analysis Field acceptance inspections Contact: Laboratory Manager Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Michael Schoppa schoppa@pi-berlin.com CERTIFICATION The PI Photovoltaik-Institut s test reports can be used as an accredited basis for certification via TÜV-SÜD, Intertek s ETL mark and PI-Cert. Certifications are carried out in accordance with current standards: IEC ed. 2 & ed. 2 (crystalline and thin-film solar modules: design qualification and type approval) as well as IEC (photovoltaic module safety qualification). Certifications under UL 1703 are conducted in collaboration with Intertek s ETL certification. Intertek is accredited by OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administration Agency). Certifications for PV components, systems and power plants are offered as well. Contact: Board Member Prof. Dr. Ing.- Stefan Krauter krauter@pi-berlin.com 8

9 Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT R&D related activities at PI-Berlin are diverse, ranging from internal and external R&D project to comprehensive services for clients. Together with partners from industry and research institutions PI-Berlin is working on industrially relevant topics within public funded research projects, for example: EL VIS Optimized module design for improved energy yield and life time (Future Fab) Electroluminescence analysis for Thin Film Technology (AMC-EL) Hot Spot quick test (AMC-Hotspot) We also provide various services for manufacturers, suppliers and PV system operators including contract research and specific technological support in failure tracking and fixing both in field as well as in production. EL-picture overlay over visual picture with details of a corroded corner. The smaller image shows the effect of TCO-corrosion. The dark spots are other defects in the cell. Current major projects There are numerous topics particularly relevant at the moment, such as: PID: Testing and field relevance µ-cracks: Criteria and long term perspective Corrosion phenomena (e.g. snail tracks ): Test procedures and relevance for power and energy yield Soiling: Test procedures, field relevance and material dependencies HS1 Thermographic picture of a fully shadowed solar cell in a module string. Various hot spots are visible. AREAS OF FOCUS INCLUDE: Material characterization (e.g. encapsulation material, ARC-coated glass) PID analysis of cells and modules IR analysis on cells and modules (laboratory and in the field) μ crack analysis/degradation during transport (e.g. including failure tracking) Comparison of existing and new inter connection technologies LID (light-induced degradation) Contact: Research & Development Manager Dr. Juliane Berghold berghold@pi-berlin.com 9

10 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN PID in Field PI-Berlin has developed a testing procedere to analyse PID occurring in the field. This includes laboratory tests as well as direct support and analysis in the plant, provided by PI-EXPERTS. Focus is not only on detecting and identifying PID in field, but also on technological recommendations for suitable measures in an affected power plant. Worst case module strings (acc. to monitoring) Initial evaluation Measures for PID Stopp + Recovery Monitoring of measures Final evaluation Electroluminescence Infrared Analysis EL IR Evidence for effectiveness of taken measures Pmpp IV Procedure for evaluation of PID in field Infrared picture of a field module affected by PID Dp=-10.8% -27.5% -12.3% -23.2% The pictures above show the degradation of PV modules in the field. The time passed between the inital pictures and the last measurement has beeb six months. 10

11 Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics Material studies For PID prevention at panel level wideranging studies have been made in order to identify suitable materials and optimized material combinations. Bulk Resistivity in W cm 2,0E+15 1,0E+15 0,0E+00 Polyolefin EVA 1 ("new type") EVA 2 ("old type") EVA 3 ("new type") Material Type Ionomer TPSE PVB Snail Tracks There are also other field failures under investigation at PI-Berlin, such as the so-called snail track phenomenon, which was frequently observed in solar plants recently. Focus here is mainly provoking experiments and investigation of field panels being already affected. Sample pictures of snail Tracks PID Certificate PI-Berlin is issuing a PID certificate on demand for products and product lines from module manufacturers depending on PID test results at PI-Berlin for specific material combinations. The PID certificate shows the commitment of the producer to exceptional quality control with an added focus to PID. To qualify for PID certifactation, PI-Berlin developed a list of requirements and sets up a special test sequence for modules. If the module producer fulfils these requirements and completes the tests with a very good performance the certificate will be awarded. D-Berlin Photovoltaik Class A PID Institut The certificate then can be printed on the module, used in the product advertisement, and for marketing purposes. PID certificate No

12 CHINA PHOTOVOLTAIC-INSTITUTE CHINA PI-CHINA PI Quality Control in Asia To secure high product quality and reduce investment risks for manufacturers, investors and EPCs, PI-Berlin has opened an accredited quality testing laboratory in Suzhou, China (near Shanghai). Valid IEC tests, PI s own tests and production audits are performed on site where 80% of the world s PV production takes place. PI-China examines modules before they are dispatched, tests samples, checks the quality standards of production and carries out frequent factory inspections. Peel test in the new lab of PI-China to determine durability of a PV module Grand Opening August 2012 PI-CHINA TEST SUMMARY Output measurements under standard test conditions (STC) via AAA+ simulator Electroluminescence imaging (EL) Low-light measurements Damp heat tests (1000 h at 85 C and 85% humidity) Degradation tests with continuous light solar simulator: light soaking, preconditioning (LID) Wet insulation test Visual inspection Foil/laminate peel test Determining EVA crosslinking (gel-content test) PID: Potential Induced Degradation tests Thermal imaging of components, modules and power plants Contact: Sisi Qin Chen General Manager qin.chen@pi-lab.cn Prof. Dr. Stefan Krauter PI-China krauter@pi-berlin.com 12

13 PI-China Quality Control in Asia Services PI-China offers a wide range of services in close cooperation with its German Partner PI-Berlin. The focus of PI-China are Asian markets. Certification of PV modules according to standards IEC Ed.2. Crystalline silicon terrestrial (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval IEC Ed.2. Thin-film terrestrial (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval SNEC trade show with Sisi Qin Chen and Prof. Dr. Stefan Krauter IEC Photovoltaic module safety qualification Consulting in PV technology and project development Product Assessment and Failure analysis Project Assessment and Market analysis Taking measurements with the EL-system R&D in PV technology and systems New materials and production processes for thin film encapsulation Advanced connection technology for cells based on wafers (thin, back contact) Quality safeguard for module production PV Product and Project development Training of PV professionals and Specialists Training for quality control, product management, distribution, development) Loading of a climate chamber 13

14 PICON Solar Advice on strategy and technology Since 2009 Dr. Ilka Luck and Dr. Steffen Schuler expand the service portfolio of the PI-Group. Dr. Luck has founded several start-ups in the field of the renewable energies and she has more than 20 year of operative experience. Her partner at PICON Dr. Schuler worked in several leading and managing positions in the semi conductor and the solar industry for the past 15 years. PICON Solar GmbH provides consultation services in the field of renewable energies with a special focus on photovoltaics. With over 35 years of experience in both the solar and semiconductor industries, PICON develops customised solutions based on the customer s technological capabilities and unique selling points. This systematic approach has resulted in a diverse customer base. Range of services Strategic business development (analysis of competitive environment, analysis of the customer s unique selling points and business plan, strategy development) Competitive environment Strategic options Strategic choice Strategic program Rollout Company assets Process and product development, production optimisation (R&D roadmaps, materials qualification and introduction of semiconductor manufacturing standards) Exerpt of a flowchart of a production line modules based on CIGS Technical due diligence, partner identification for development and finance (for start-ups and investment decisions) Plausibility yes Short analysis of competitiveness Flowchart determining criteria no no STOP Complete technical due diligence STOP Contact: Managing Director Dr. Ilka Luck luck@picon-solar.de 14

15 PICON Solar - Advice on strategy and technology Range of services (continued) Market intelligence (Background knowledge on the renewable energies) Worldwide industy contacts Worldwide R&D contacts PICON experience in the operative field Unique market evaluation Quality assurance (customised quality assurance concepts and assistance with all issues, when you need it) Collected data on the distribution of the EVA gel content ind PV-modules Bankability for module producer, via PI-Group Building credibility for financing of the modules (i) Internal report (ii) implementation of changes in the production line (iii) implementation of changes in the product design Factory Inspection PV Module Testing EPCs Banks PV Power Plant Yield Analysis Investors Technology and product studies (customer-specific; comparison and analysis of long-term potential) 15

16 PI EXPERTS Independent Construction, Expert Option & Consulting Founded in 2003 as Solar Experts and since 2009 as a part of the PI-Group, our engineers, next to Sven Lehmann, have gained a huge amount of international experience. From the planning up to quality assurance, PI Experts are the perfect partner for each kind of photovoltaic projects. One can find a highly motivated and trained team with the willingness for travelling to national and international destinations. As independent experts we offer detailed expert options for banks, investors, authorities and building owners to give security of investment and give the photovoltaic power plants the most possible level of quality. Especially in the event of damage we offer broad and qualified expert options as well as custom-made solutions to minimize losses and prevent failures. Due to permanent knowledge-transfer within the PI-Group our expertise is always at a high level of the state in the art and science. Construction of a PV-system Services Planning System layout Basic concept, detailed design Shading analysis Yield assesment Simulation of new or existing plants Yield analysis Glare assesment: Detection of possible dazzling Quality assurance Manufactory and transport inspection Technical acceptance/ Technical Due Diligence Performance Ratio-Analysis Developing of quality guidelines Warranty options/re-acceptance Field studies Characteristic curve measurement/ Thermography/ Isolation measurement/ Electroluminescence Contact: Managing Director Dipl.-Ing. Sven Lehmann lehmann@pi-experts.com 16

17 PI-EXPERTS - Independent Construction, Expert Option & Consulting Studies PI Experts creates individual, custom-made studies with different main focuses. Those implicate market research, feasibility studies (design, costs, profitability) as well as system studies such as balance of system costs, repowering and location dependent component performances and much more. Consulting PI Experts are able to generate individual consultancies together with our individual customers. For special problems the Experts develop in cooperation with the PI Photovoltaik-Institut Berlin measurement procedures and solutions. The close ties with the Photovoltaik-Institut are ensuring the latest knowledge in current research and development. For example: Procedures to prevent Potential Induced Degradation (PID) have been developed as well as know how transfer regarding TCO corrosion. EL-picture of solar modules in the field Development work Infrared picture of solar modules in the field Under the difficult conditions of distant countries, PI Experts are a competent partner for planning, coordination and realisation of PV projects. The combination of technical skills as well as international experience enables them to cope with even most complicated settings. With all projects PI Experts are considering interdisciplinary aspects like design, cost management, procurement etc. The combination of engineering factors according to specialized know-how and long-term experience are a recipe for the success of our lasting, integrative service. We see knowledge transfer as a central aspect to accelerate the development and acceptance of lasting energy technologies. 17

18 PHOTOVOLTAIK-INSTITUT BERLIN INVESTOR S DAY Once a year, bank representatives and investors, manufacturers and distributors convene at the PI Photovoltaik-Institut for an investor s day. Together with high-profile guest speakers, PI-Berlin is discussing new research results and analyses ways to reduce risks. In addition to the discussion and lectures, PI-Berlin invites the participants to take a tour around the PV test laboratory. Taht tour offers insight into many aspects of quality control and gives the opportunity to see first hand why and how are are the tests perfomed. Investor s Day at the PI-Berlin 60% of an investment in a PV power plant are module purchases. For this reason, banks and investors must rely on buying best quality modules that offer highest possible returns. To secure long-term performance, modules should undergo the full spectrum of tests available, including those beyond the IEC standards. Thus, investment risks are minimized which exists due to performance losses owing to poor quality. PI Photovoltaik-Institut Berlin AG is recognised as a test laboratory by Deutsche Kreditbank AG (DKB). The PI engineers and the proven PI-test packages enable the bankability of PV purchases. The team of PI-Berlin 18

19 APPENDUM Term AMC ARC Bankability CBTL CEC Crosslinking DAkkS DH, Damp Heat EL, Electroluminescence EPC, Engineering- Procurement-Construction EVA Gel Content Hot-Spot IEC IECEE/CEE IR, Infrared Analysis IV Explanation Advanced module characterization. Tests that go further than described in published standards. Anti-Reflection-Coating. This term describes whether banks are willing to finance projects where this component or product is part of. Certification Body Testing Laboratory. A laboratory which complies to ISO/IEC and enables certification via a certification body (CB). California Energy Commision. Certifies the competence in design and/or installation of solar power systems. Building of bonds between the molecules, crosslinking them (e.g. copolymeric EVA). Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH. National Accreditation Body. High heat and high moisture test, for the PV industry usually 85% relative. humidity at 85 C. Reverse Photovoltaics : Some semiconductors are luminescing when a current is applied. That brightness map is recorded via IR cameras to get detail information about the state of the module. This is a term used for describing companies or groups which plan and construct power plants. Usually EPCs deliver the plant turnkey. Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate. Copolymer used in PV modules for encapsulation. The term gel content describes the amount of crosslinked material. This is used to decribe how well the EVA in the PV-modules was cured. Hot-Spots occur in a PV module when single cells are shadowed and don t produce power. These cells then act as a resistor and heat up. International Electrotechnical Commission. Nonprofit, non-govermental organisation that prepares and publishes international standarts for electronic and related technologies (e.g. PV). International Commission on the Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment. This institution is part of the IEC and issues the standards. Infrared picture which show the heat distribution of a solar module. This can be done in field or in the lab under different lighting scenarios. See also hot spot. Current vs. Voltage curve: Main characteristic of a solar cell or a PV module. LID, Light Induced Degradation Light soaking Micro-Cracks, µ-cracks NMOT NOCT Oblique Light PID, Potential Induced Degradation P mpp, Power at Maximum Power Point Preconditioning R&D Snail Trails, Snail Tracks Spectral Response STC, Standard Testing Conditions TDD, Technical Due Diligence UL VI Degradation in PV modules due to irradiance. This can be natural from the sun or simulated from artificial sources. The term degradation here refers to the reduced production of power by the module. Exposing the solar module to a huge amount of light. Solar irradiance has an impact on the performance of the module. In the beginning of the module life the performance changes greater under the influence of light. See also preconditioning. Small cracks in the cell. These cracks can be the result of the production, transport of the modules, mechanical loads or vibrations. Nominal Module Operating Temperature. Similar to NOCT exept that it is measured with the module under maximum power rather than in open circuit. Nominal Operating Cell Temperature. Solar irradiance 800W/m², Temperature ambient 20 C and wind 1m/s. Module in open circuit condition. Side or indirect irradiance. This effect describes the degradation of semi conductors in a constant electrical field. Depending on the setup this effect can be in large parts reversible. Performance at the operating point in which the result of current times voltage reaches its maximum. Conditioning of the modules with light. This brings the modules closer to the state which they operate in the field. The test results therefore are closer to the real environment. Research and Development. A corrosion effect in solar modules. This effect is called snail trail due to the appearance it looks as if a snails have slid on the module. Currently under investigation by several research groups. Spectral response describes the performance of the PV module or solar cell as a function of wavelength of irradiance. Irradiance: 1000W/m², cell temperature: 25 C, spectrum: AM 1.5 (spectrum of the sun at sea level when the sun is elevated 42 above horizontal). Due diligence is the detailed analysis of a company, technology or similar with focus of aquisition or merging. TDD focuses on the technical and technological part. Underwriters Laboratories, corporation that develops safety standards and issues certificates. It is one of the only few corporations with a certification for the USA. Visual inspection. Check for visible defects. 19

20 tr. ofs gh Ze u Schlesisches Tor SIP S gel str aß e North Weixin Road CHINA tra ße Str. ner er Riv ay hou z u ighw S g) H n i Hun hu ( Jing PI Photovoltaik-Institut Berlin AG Wrangelstraße 100 D Berlin, Germany 普德光伏技术 苏州 有限公司 PI Photovoltaic-Institute (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. 地址 中国苏州工业园区科智路2号A楼 Building A, 2 Kezhi Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, China Tel.: Fax: Web: Tel.: Tel.: Web: info@pi-berlin.com Find the PI-Berlin on Facebook: PI-Berlin (Photovoltaik Institut Berlin AG) DAP-PL info@pi-lab.cn May 2013 rs oad nr ixi We Op pel Sor aue r Str. tr. er S Lüb ben Str. sitz er Lau e Hub cienc Road ene Str. heng Yangc ad Evangelische Emmaus-Kirche Wi nic ke r ye Ro Wr an ad hu Ro pe Zhan ska u er er Str z it s u a L. tz Pla Kö i Kezh Mu Eis enb ahn str aß e Quality and Performance for Photovoltaics