Regulation of Lake Superior Outflows
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1 Regulation of Lake Superior Outflows Rob Caldwell, Env. Can., GL-SLRO, Cornwall, ON Scott Thieme, USACE Detroit District October 29, 2007
2 St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie Looking East (Downstream) Sugar Island Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Brookfield Power Canadian Lock Fishery Remedial Works 1985 Edison Sault Electric 1903 Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Compensating Works US Gov t Power Plant Soo Locks St. Marys River
3 IJC Responsibilities Independent organization established by the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Prevents and resolves disputes over shared water Seeks consensus and greater good of both countries
4 IJC Responsibilities (cont d) Authorizes and supervises operations of projects affecting flows and levels in boundary waters Issues Orders of Approval to implement decisions Conducts studies for Governments
5 IJC Orders of Approval Issued in 1914 for hydropower development in St. Marys River in U.S. and Canada Specify method of determining and allocating Lake Superior outflows Protect interests in both countries affected by water level/flow changes Established the International Lake Superior Board of Control
6 Lake Superior Board Duties Sets Lake Superior outflows and allocates water to hydro, fisheries and navigation Oversees control works, hydropower plants Ensures accurate reporting of outflows Communicate with stakeholders Authorize ponding by hydropower Improves regulation plans Special study tasks
7 Board Members David Fay BG Bruce Berwick Alt: COL J Drolet Board Secretaries Rob Caldwell John Kangas Regulation Representatives Rob Caldwell LTC William Leady Alt: Scott Thieme Board members and staff serve in a personal and professional capacity and are not representatives of their employers.
8 International Joint Commission 3 U.S. & 3 Canadian Commissioners U.S. Staff Canadian Staff International Lake Superior Board of Control International Niagara Board of Control International St. Lawrence River Board of Control International Air Quality Advisory Board Great Lakes Water Quality Board
9 Updated Orders of Approval (1979) Keep Lake Superior levels between m to m (599.6 and ft.) Attempt to balance levels of Lake Superior and Lakes Michigan- Huron If Lake Superior's level is below m (601.7 ft.) don t release more than pre-project flow
10 Regulation of Lake Superior Outflows The Early Years Outflows determined on monthly basis by IJC-approved Regulation Plan First Regulation Plan developed and applied in 1916
11 Lake Superior Regulation Plans Sabin Rule ( ) Rule P-5 ( ) Rule of 1949 ( ) 1955 Modified Rule of 1949 ( ) SO-901 ( guide ) Plan 1977 ( ) Plan 1977-A (1990-present)
12 1955 Modified Rule of 1949
13 Regulation of Lake Superior Outflows Systemic Regulation Plan 1977-A: Current Regulation Plan Considers levels on Lakes Superior and Michigan/Huron In use since 1990
14 Water Uses in St. Marys River Monthly flows distributed in following priority: Domestic, municipal, & industrial uses Amount required to operate locks Environmental/fishery req t rapids Hydropower (50:50 share Canada/U.S.) to their capacities Balance released at Compensating Works
15 Great Lakes Water Supplies (Factors Affecting Water Levels) = Net Basin Supply Inflow from Upstream Lake Evaporation Precipitation Runoff Outflow
16 Regulated Flow From Lake Superior ( average 2130 m 3 /s or 75,200 ft 3 /s) Lake Superior Lakes Michigan-Huron Diversion at Chicago (average 90 m 3 /s or 3,200 ft 3 /s) Unregulated St. Clair River Flow (average 5200 m 3 /s or 183,600 ft 3 /s)
17 Variability of Water Supplies and Outflows Supply or Flow (cm on lake per month) Superior Basin Supply Superior Outflow (on Superior) Superior Outflow (on Michigan- Huron) Michigan- Huron Basin Supply Michigan- Huron Outflow
18 Effect of Regulation? LAKE SUPERIOR LEVEL (m) LAKES MICHIGAN- HURON LEVEL (m) 1977-A 1887 EQN 1977-A 1887 EQN MAX MIN AVG STD Simulation with supplies. Existing channel ratings
19 Gate Opening Distribution of Gates Open Compensating Works Plan 1977A Simulation Proportion of Time
20 Ogoki Diversion MINNESOTA ALBANY RIVER BASIN LAKE NIPIGON THUNDER BAY Lake LONG LAKE Superior Long Lac Diversion (LL + O = 153 cms) ONTARIO Great Lakes Diversions QUEBEC DULUTH SAULT STE. MARIE SAULT STE. MARIE St. Marys River CORNWALL MONTREAL WISCONSIN OTTAWA GREEN BAY TORONTO OSWEGO Lake Michigan Diversion at Chicago (91 cms) ILLINOIS CHICAGO INDIANA MICHIGAN Lake St. Clair DETROIT TOLEDO OHIO PENN. BUFFALO Welland Canal Diversion (255 cms) New York State Barge Canal Diversion (14 cms) NEW YORK
21 Questions?
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