P RE FAC E. S N Srinivas Programme Analyst [Energy for Development] United Nations Development Programme

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2 ` P RE FAC E United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in collaboration with Ministry of Steel (MoS), Government of India (GoI) with funding support from Global Environmental Facility (GEF) implemented a project titled Removal of Barriers to Ener gy Effic ie ncy Improvement in the Ste el R e - Rolling Mill Sector in India between 2004 and The project identified energy efficient technology packages fo r reheating furnace and rolling mills. The project provided technical assistance and financial incentive to the SRRM units to adopt energy efficiency measures. 34 steel rerolling mills have successfully adopted energy efficient technologies and accomplish ed a substantial savings in specific energy consumption and reduction in GHG emissions. Energy savings were approximately 25% in furnace oil using units and exceeded 40% in coal using units. UNDP along with MoS and supported by AusAID, has launched a new project to upscale the energy efficiency measures in steel rerolling and other subsectors. The project titled Upscaling Energy Efficient Production in Small Scale Steel Industry in India aims at Up-scaling Energy Efficiency interventions in about 300 S RRM Piloting EE measures in other steel subsectors such as Induction furnaces Trialing second generation of technology packages in SRRM This publication provides description of different technology packages, salient features and economic benefits. Most o f these are successfully demonstrated in the earlier project. The aim of this publication is to disseminate details of various technology packages among the SRRMs sector and to help to them to suitably choose the appropriate technology to improve their present energy consumptions and reduce associated GHG emissions. We hope the units will find this publication for them to make informed choice. S N Srinivas Programme Analyst [Energy for Development] United Nations Development Programme

3 No. Category EE Technology GROUP 1A Low-end EE tech equipment GROUP 1B Low-end EE technology package GROUP 3 High-end techn ol ogy- Direct rolling GROUP 5 New generation EE technologies Shell in shell type recu perator for pu lverized coal firing system Modified pu lverized coal firing system Energy efficient pu lverizor Installation of au tomation & control system (Proportional Integrated Derivative [PID] based for reheating fu rnace air-fu el ratio control system) High efficient U-tu be cross flow type metallic recu perator (for fu rnace oil / gas fired reheating fu rnaces) Variable Voltage Variable Frequ ency (VVVF) drive Universal spindles & cou plings Antifriction roller bearings Installation of Y -roller table in 3-Hi mill stands of rolling mills Installation of tilting table for 3 -Hi mill stand Energy efficient drives for rolling mills Replacement of existing fu rnace with new energy efficient fu rnace Conversion of fossil fu el to CBM based reheating fu rnace Conversion of fossil fu el to biomass based produ cer gas reheating fu rnace Revamping / modernisation of pu lverised coal fired re-heating fu rnace Revamping existing fu rnace with energy efficient top fired re-heating fu rnace Direct rolling Regenerative bu rners Oxy-fu el combu stion system Investment estimate INR 3 15 lakhs INR 1 2 crores INR crores INR crores Saving potential Savings in specific fu el consu mption by 5-15%. Savings in specific power consu mption by 2-10% Savings in specific fu el consu mption by 20-35%. Savings in specific fu el consu mption by %. Savings in specific fu el consu mption by above 40% Implemen tation 2 3 months 4 8 months 6 8 months 6 8 months Financial incentive Capital su bsidy of 20% on installation of individu al equ ipment Consu ltancy fees reimbu rsement on su ccessfu l commissioning of individu al packages Consu ltancy fees reimbu rsement on su ccessfu l commissioning Capital su bsidy of 20% on installation of individu al equ ipment Maximum per unit INR 2 lakhs INR 2 lakhs INR 5 lakhs INR 20 lakhs ## - EE technology packages under group 2 & 4 and additional technologies under group 5 are under f inalization.

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5 1A-1 Shell in shell type recuperator for pulverized coal firing system Recuperators are generally heat exchangers that use the energy in hot waste flue gases to preheat combustion air. In recuperators heat flows steadily through the wall from the heat source (hot flue gas) to the heat receiver (cold combustion air). Increase in air pre-heat temperature can significantly reduce specific fuel consumption., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, application, technological, Application Waste heat recovery upto C with a flue gas temperature of C can be achieved. Recuperator designed with optimum surface area Inner shell is made of stainless steel to withstand high temperature. All pulverized coal fired reheating furnace, which is not equipped with recuperator. This type of recuperator is ideal for pulverized coal fire reheating furnace as conjunction due to coal deposits in the recuperator line is avoided. Combustion air temperature to be maintained below C for pulverised coal as the same may get ignited. To avoid heat losses in line, combustion air pipes should be insulated. INR 3 6 lakhs (depending on the furnace capacity) implementation Expected benefits payback on 2 3 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by 10-15% Reduction in CO 2 emission by %. Less than 6 months.

6 1A-2 Modified pulverized coal firing system The steel rerolling units to a large extent uses coal as fuel for the reheating furnaces. However the obsolete design of the pulverized coal firing system leads to incomplete combustion, thereby leading to higher specific thermal energy consumption and burning loss. The modified pulverized coal system provides a solution towards eradicating unburnt coal particles, there by leading to lower specific fuel consumption., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, application, technological, Application Separate hoppers with silo and air filter system placed above burners. Specially designed burners allow use of hot preheated combustion air and also proper mixing of fuel and air. Air fuel flow controlled through automatic control system. All pulverized coal fired reheating furnace, which is not equipped with recuperator. The system provides solution for using 100 % hot combustion air. Control flow air & fuel leads to lesser fuel consumption. Preheated combustion air above C may lead to ignition of the pulverized coal. Moisture content in coal may lead to coal deposits in hoper. INR 5 15 lakhs (excluding recuperator) implementation Expected benefits payback on 2 3 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by 10-15%. Reduction in CO 2 emission by %. Less than 6 months.

7 1A-3 Energy efficient pulverizor In order to achieve maximum combustion efficiency (-) 200 mesh fines of coal is recommended. The same can be achieved through a modified and energy efficient pulverizor design., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, application, technological, Application High manganese alloy, high carbon and high chromium hammer with approximately gms weight. EN31 steel machine grooved liner hardened with nitriding. Stainless steel classifier blades. Stainless steel fan blades RPM of approximately All pulverized coal fired reheating furnace, which is not equipped with recuperator. INR lakhs. implementation Expected benefits payback on Fines of -200 mesh coal size can be achieved. Better life of pulverizor. Maintenance of critical part to be more frequent. 2 3 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by 5 10%. Reduction in CO 2 emission by 5-10 %. 6 9 months.

8 1A-4 Installation of automation & control system (Proportional Integrated Derivative [PID] based for reheating furnace air-fuel ratio control system) Control systems with microprocessor based PID controllers are used in reheating furnace for controlling and regulating airfuel flow which has direct impact on the specific fuel consumption., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application Control of desired temperature regimes and air-fuel ratio are possible. Operator interaction for maintaining temperature is minimal. All types of re-heating furnace irrespective of type of fuel. The installation of automation & control system is to monitor flow of combustion air & gases, temperature, air fuel ratio and pressure. Complete interlocking and sequential control of the furnace with respect to the charging and discharging shall be done through relay logic to be provided in the instrumentation panel. Optimum fuel flow, air flow and excess air % are maintained. Automatic control based on operating scenario. Human errors are minimized. Skilled manpower requirement. Maintenance of system and instruments are required. INR 5-10 lakhs. Implementation Expected benefits payback on 2-3 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by about 5-10%. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 5 10 %. Less than 6 months.

9 1A-5 High efficient U-tube cross flow type metallic recuperator (for furnace oil / gas fired reheating furnaces) Recuperators are generally heat exchangers that use the energy in hot waste flue gases to preheat combustion air. In recuperators heat flows steadily through the wall from the heat source (hot flue gas) to the heat receiver (cold combustion air). Increase in air pre-heat temperature can significantly reduce specific fuel consumption., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application Waste heat recovery as high as 80% of the flue gas temperature can be achieved. Recuperator designed with optimum surface area Stainless steel tubes in 1 st pass and boiler quality steel in second pass. Any reheating furnace (with F.O /gas fired), which is not equipped with a recuperator or existing recuperator operating with low performance (with recuperator efficiency less than 30% or temperature at recuperator outlet less than 200 0C). High pre-heat temperature for combustion air is achieved. Better combustion. When the flue temperature is high, dilution with air is required. With the use of high temperature recuperator, the combustion air pipes of burner need to be insulated when air temperature is more than C. INR 5 20 lakhs (depending on the furnace capacity) Implementation Period Expected benefits payback on 2 3 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by 5-10%. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 5 10 %. Less than 6 months.

10 1A-6 Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive It is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Can be added to existing motors & drives. Application Reheating furnace blower TMT pumps Rolling mill auxiliary motors Upto INR 5 lakhs. Implementation Expected benefits payback on Energy losses are quite high in case of electrical equipment running at fixed speed. Thus for optimum utilisation of power, VVVF drives are most appropriate which delivers required output for loads of varying type. Fast and accurate control of torque and speed of drives under all operating conditions leading to savings in electric power consumption. Trained operating personnel with some electrical knowledge. 2 3 months. Savings in specific power consumption by 2-3 %. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 2 3 %. Less than 6 months.

11 1A-7 Universal spindles & couplings In rolling mills, spindles & couplings are used for transmitting power to the rolls from mill drives/motors. Universal joint defines as mechanical device that can transmit torque and rotational motion from one shaft to another at fixed or varying angle of intersection of shaft axes., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application Implementation Expected benefits payback on Has high torque carrying capacity. Easy to connect or disconnect the coupling. Any rolling mill with provision of changing over from CI wobbler. It allows some misalignment between the two adjacent shaft rotation axes. Operates with negligible back lash and radial clearance to improve productivity. Reduced maintenance. Inter-stand distance is constraint. Improper design of coupling & spindle can lead to vibration and significant transmission loss. The cost of eight sets of universal coupling and spindle for 460 mm four stand roughing mill train will be approximately INR lakhs. 2 3 months. Savings in specific power consumption by 5 8%. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 5 10%. Less than 1 year.

12 1A-8 Antifriction roller bearings Basic purpose of bearing in rolling mills is to provide a frictionless support and guide a rotating machine part. Antifriction roller bearings are more desirable than fibre/brass cotter bearing due to their lower friction and reduced lubrication requirement and their coefficient of friction is , Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application Implementation Less friction due to facet contact. Better tolerance of products. Longer life and can be fitted in existing system with modification. All mill stands excluding the ones having layout/technological constraints. An antifriction bearing minimizes torque on spindle leading to lower power consumption. Higher mill speed can be achieved with respect to other bearings. Modification in roll chock design. Approximately INR 3 6 lakhs to cater to 460 mm 3 Hi roughing mill stand. 2 3 months. Expected benefits payback on The mill utilization goes up by 5%. Savings in specific power consumption by 3 5 %. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 3-5%. Less than 1 year.

13 1A-9 Installation of Y-roller table in 3-Hi mill stands of rolling mills In three-high (3-Hi) mill, three rolls rotate in one direction and the metal is fed through two rolls and then returned through the other pair with middle roll being common. Material handling in typical 3 Hi mill train is done manually. A Y-roller table is a steel fabricated material handling system for automatic transfer of bar from one stand to another stand. Roller is skewed for bar to be taken up by Y roller table and feeds the bar between top roll and middle roll of 3-Hi mill. It improves bar handling, less temperature drop for next pass and human safety., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Designed based on production handling capacity for automatic transfer of hot bar Application 3 Hi mill train rolling billet less than 130 mm cross section. Implementation Expected benefits payback on Elimination of temperature variation of stock Elimination of human error Mill logistics Y-roller table mounted at 1st stand of 480 mm roughing mill to convey the rolling stock, size 1500 mm wide X mm long is around INR 5-10 lakhs. 2 3 months Approximate reduction of 3-4 skilled manpower per shift. 10 % increase in mill utilization. Savings in specific power consumption by 4 7 %. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 4 7%. Less than 1 year.

14 1A-10 Installation of tilting table for 3-Hi mill stand Re-rolling sector in India in general has 3- hi mill stands in roughing mill train. The metal is being fed to various passes manually by hooks & tongs. Installation of tilting table towards the entry side and delivery side of passes between top-roll and middle rolls ensures smooth guided entry of metal to the passes and also eliminates the manual lifting, feeding of the rolling stock. This installation further ensures the constant temperatures for all the various bars., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application Designed based on production handling capacity for automatic transfer of hot bar. All 3 hi- rough mill stands excluding the ones with layout constraint. Elimination of temperature variation Uniform feeding to passes (lesser damage to front & back ends of the stock). Implementation Expected benefits payback on Possibility of motor drive failure. The approximate cost for the installation of tilting table for a 3-Hi mill stand, 410 mm dia is around INR lakhs. 2-3 months Higher Mill utilization by 5-10%. Approximately 3-4 skilled manpower is reduced per shift. Savings in specific power consumption by 6-8 %. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 6-8%. Less than 1 year.

15 1A-11 Energy efficient drives for rolling mills Energy efficient motors are most suitable option for power intensive steel industries where auxiliary drives like air blowers, water pumps, oil pumps, compressors etc. are continuously working for long duration, every day. Generally in industries, proper sizing of high capacity motors are not practiced, which draws more power because of low loading or idling operations. Downsizing such motors and replacing with energy efficient motors will lead to a considerable savings in power consumptions., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, High efficiency (upto 92%) low running cost. These motors are more tolerant of overload conditions and phase imbalance. Applications All rolling mill auxiliary load motors (upto 315 kw) High quality and thinner steel laminations on starter. Corrosion resistant. Less noise and vibration. Accurate machine tolerances to reduce fixed losses. Energy efficient motors in conjunction appropriate capacitor banks offer an ideal environment for operating the drives at high efficiency and improved power factor. The energy efficient motors are especially suitable for continuously running drives working for long duration everyday where energy cost is very high. INR 8 10 lakhs Implementation Expected benefits payback on 2 3 months. Savings in specific power consumption by 4 6%. Reduction in CO 2 emissions by 4-6% Less than 1 year.

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17 1B-1 Replacement of existing furnace with new energy efficient furnace Energy efficient furnaces are provided with automatic temperature, pressure control, high efficiency metallic recuperator and improved refractory lining. The heating zone constitutes 70 75% of the total installed heating capacity while the soaking zone will be having the balance 30-25% heat load. Top fired pusher type furnace design with hearth productivity 300 kg/m 2 /h., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Optimum design of furnace. Shorter pre-heating zone. 70% of total heat input in heating zone and 30% in soaking zone. Better combustion system & burners Optimum refractories & insulation Waste heat recovery through recuperator Automation & control system installed. Application Across all furnace capacity & fuel types. implementation Expected benefits payback on Uniform heating of stock is achieved Optimum hearth utilization. Proper combustion. Air-fuel ration controlled with optimum sp. energy consumption. Higher efficiency of furnace achieved. Unique design based on fuel type and raw material cross-section. Higher capital cost. INR crores (for a capacity of 20 tph; Stock : Billets of 110 x 110 mm size) 4 6 months. In case of furnace oil, the savings in specific fuel consumption by %. In case of pulverized coal, the savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by %. Less than 1 year.

18 1B-2 Conversion of fossil fuel to CBM based reheating furnace Coal bed methane (CBM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. Can be utilized as a fuel for re-heating furnace. Required design modification in furnace to be carried out along with safety precautions., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application implementation Expected benefits payback on CBM is a cleaner, safer, more environmentally friendly fuel than many other energy sources, including conventional natural gas. Use of CBM requires certain deign modification in the furnace. Safety precautions have to be ensured. All other design features of energy efficient furnace to be incorporated along with switch over of fuel. CBM consists of over 90% methane and this can be directly used for combustion in all types of reheating furnace. Applicable in areas where CBM is available through pipelines. Calorific value of CBM is approx. 8,500 to 9,000 kcal/kg. Furnace Efficiency improved because of use of gaseous fuel. CBM recovery is carried out in few parts of the country and initial in mining, transporting CBM is very high. Tar produced needs to be completely removed from the gas. Otherwise, it can choke valves, pipelines, burners etc. Higher running cost of CBM. INR crores (for a capacity of 20 tph; Stock : Billets of 110 x 110 mm size) 4 6 months. In case of furnace oil the savings in specific fuel consumption (along with furnace modification) by: %. Reduction in CO 2 (thermal) emission by 100 %. (net zero CO2 emission) Less than 1 year.

19 1B-3 Conversion of fossil fuel to biomass based producer gas reheating furnace Biomass Gasification converts solid biomass into a more convenient gaseous form. The gas so obtained is called biomass gas, which is combustible having a calorific value of 1050 to 1200Kcal/ Nm3, with an average composition of :- CO : 20 ± 1% CH4 : 3 ± 1% H2 : 20 ± 1% CO2 : 12 ± 1% and rest N2. Unlike fossil fuels, biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon while growing. It is the cheapest, ecofriendly and renewable source of energy., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Application implementation Expected benefits payback on Biomass gas has calorific value similar to that of producer gas which is around 1200 kcal/nm 3. Biomass briquettes can be used in existing coal based producer gas plants with certain design modifications. Across all furnace capacity & fuel types subject to availability of biomass briquettes. Uniform heating of stock due to better flame controllability with gaseous fuel. Carbon neutral fuel and hence, zero CO 2 emission. Biomass/ briquettes availability and installation of biomass gas generation unit. INR crores (depending upon capacity) 6-8 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption (along with furnace modification) by %. Reduction in CO 2 (thermal) emission by 100%. (net zero CO2 emission) Less than 1 year.

20 1B-4 Revamping / modernisation of pulverised coal fired re-heating furnace Most of the steel re-rolling mill units in India use pulverized coal as fuel. However, in general, most of these reheating furnaces are of obsolete design and are not equipped with waste heat recovery, automatic temperature and pressure control, and good insulation lining. The following areas of the furnace needs to be revamped for efficient operation Waste heat recovery system suitable for pulverized coal firing. Modified pulverized coal firing system to ensure use of hot gas. Automatic control of air-fuel ration for controlled heating. Furnace excess air & pressure control through automatic damper and online oxygen analyser. Improved combustion system with specially designed burners. Improved pulveriser to provide better mesh size of coal. Improved refractory lining., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Separate hopers with silo and air filter system placed above burners. Specially designed burners allow use of hot preheated combustion air and also proper mixing of fuel and air. Air fuel flow controlled through automatic control system. Improved design of pulveriser installed. Improved furnace design along with optimum refractories & insulation. Application All pulverized coal fired reheating furnace. Uniform stock temperature. Higher furnace productivity. Better mixing & combustion of pulverized coal implementation Expected benefits payback on Requirement of trained operating staff. Higher capital. INR crores (depending upon capacity) 3-6 months. Savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by 20 25%. Less than 1 year.

21 1B-5 Revamping existing furnace w ith energy efficient top fired re-heating furnace In general most of the SRRM s uses reheating furnace which are not equipped with good waste heat recovery system, automatic temperature and pressure control, heat recovery system and good insulation lining. The following areas of the furnace needs to be revamped for efficient operation Furnace Design Heat Distribution pattern. Temperature & pressure control Automatic damper with online oxygen analyser High efficiency metallic recuperator Improved refractory lining, Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Controls for desired temperature, pressure & air fuel ratio. Waste heat recovery upto C with a flue gas temperature of C will be achieved. Online oxygen analyser will indicate the excess air present in the furnace which in turn will help in reducing scale losses. The excess air will be controlled through automatic damper. Improved refractory lining will be provided to reduce radiation losses. Furnace design based on optimum hearth utilization ( 300 kg/ m 2 /h). Separate combustion air and fuel pipelines for different zones of furnace. Application Re-heating furnaces of all capacities and different fuel options. implementation Expected benefits payback on Uniform stock temperature. Higher furnace productivity. Radiation losses from walls and roofs can be minimized. Higher waste heat recovery. Requirement of trained operating staff. INR crores (depending upon capacity) 3-6 months. In case of furnace oil the savings in specific fuel consumption by %. In case of pulverized coal the savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by 20-30%. Less than 1 year.

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23 3.1 Direct rolling Direct rolling process is a technical evolution of hot charging, where continuous cast billet is directly pushed to the rolling mill, without the need of intermediate process of reheating. The direct rolling process can be adopted in composite units by controlling the secondary cooling of the continuous casting machine by means of Programmable Logic Control (PLC), hydraulic cutting of billets, high-speed transfers of hot billets, and a canopy covering over the conveyer belt., Investment & Bene fits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Induction furnace facility of suitable capacity installed. High temperature tapping of liquid metal practiced. Continuous casting machine (preferably with double strand casting) installed. High temperature achieved at CCM cooling bed. Sequence casting to get required capacity of hit billets. Secondary cooling of CCM controlled. Hydraulic shear installed to reduce cutting time. High speed transfer (with canopy cover) of hot billets to rolling mill. Design modification in roll pass design to handle hot billets. Application implementation Expected benefits payback on Direct rolling is applicable to all the composite SRRM units subject to availability of required capacity of hot charge from continuous casting machine. The need for a re-heating furnace is eliminated, resulting in a complete heat saving due to this redundancy. Requirement of trained operating staff. Maintenance of PLC based system. INR crores (depending on whether CCM is installed) 6 8 months Savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by %. Less than 1 year.

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25 5.1 Regenerative burners Regenerative burners use the heat of flue gases to preheat the air and gases going to the burners thus optimising the heat input at the source itself. Set of burners used in the entire length of the furnace., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, Air preheat temperatures of around C are achievable resulting in exceptionally high thermal efficiency. Eliminates installation of blowers and pre-heating zone. Application All gaseous fired reheating furnaces. implementation Expected benefits payback on High thermal efficiency can be achieved through pebble bed regenerators or with honey comb type regenerators. Uniform heating of the stock as almost flameless combustion takes place. Increased production from existing facilities Reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Good instrumentation as pre-requisite. Unclean gas may affect valves and other change over mechanism. INR 3-6 crores (depending on the no. of burners required) 6 8 months Savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by 25-30%. Less than 2 years.

26 5.2 Oxy-fuel combustion system Oxy fuel burners use pure oxygen to substitute completely / part of combustion air thus reducing the nitrogen component of combustion air and hence, reducing sensible heat loss by reduced volume of flue gas. Also, lean gases can also be used with oxy-fuel burners and still required temperatures can be attained., Investment & Benefits The following table describes the salient features, applications, technological, The mass and volume of the flue gas are reduced by approximately 75%. Because of the reduced flue gas volume, less heat is lost in the flue gas. The nitrogen percentage in flue gas reduced drastically. Application All types of re-heating furnace irrespective of type of fuel. implementation Expected benefits payback on Fuel savings. Lean gases can also be used. Low flue gas volume leading to lesser sizing of flue outlet and chimney Provision of oxygen cylinder bank. Cooling media for burners. Requirement of proper control mechanism to maintain needed temperatures. Approx. INR 3.5 crores (with oxygen plant / cylinders and one set of burners as spare) 6 8 months Savings in specific fuel consumption by %. Reduction in CO 2 emission by %. Less than 2 years.

27 Reference Study Report to Ascertain Extent of Replication of Energy Efficient Technologies in Steel Re-rolling Mill Sector in India , prepared by SAIL-CON. Data gathering report on Eco-Tech Options, updated by RDCIS-SAIL in

28 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 55 Lodhi Estate New Delhi, India. Pin Code Tel: Fax: mailto:steel.india@undp.org