CHP, Waste Heat & District Energy

Transcription

1 Electric Cooling T/E Ratio Electricity Consumption & Cooling T/E Ratio CHP, Waste Heat & District Energy Module 1: CHP Fundamentals and History Module 1 Topics CHP Defined History Conclusions Education Food Sales Food Service Inpatient Outpatient Lodging Retail non-mall Encl & Strip Mall Office Public Assembly Public Order/Safety Religious Worship Service W'house & Storage Trillion Btu Thermal-Electric Ratio Slide 2

2 Today's Electric Grid Slide 3 CHP: A View from Europe Slide 4

3 CHP Defined ASHRAE Handbook: Combined heat and power (CHP). Simultaneous production of electrical or mechanical energy and useful thermal energy from a single energy stream. Slide 5 CHP Efficiency The net electric efficiency Ƞ E of a generator can be defined by the first law of thermodynamics as net electrical output W E divided by fuel consumed Q fuel in terms of kilowatt hours of thermal energy content. Ƞ E = W E /Q fuel A CHP system, by definition, produces useful thermal energy (heat) as well as electricity. If the first law is applied, adding the useful thermal energy Q TH to the net electrical output and dividing by the fuel consumed (which is how virtually all CHP system efficiencies are reported), the resulting overall efficiency Ƞ O does not account for the relative value of the two different energy streams: Ƞ O = (W E + SQ TH )/Q fuel Slide 6

4 Electric Effectiveness Slide 7 Replacing Boiler with a CHP System (managing first and second law) efficiencies = Losses 80% Ƞ Boiler Q H = 80 Thermal 81 Losses = 230 CHP System 30% Ƞ E 65% Ƞ O Q H = 80 Thermal W E = 69 Electric Ƞ = / 30% = 69 / 230 Ƞ O = ( + TH ) / 65% = ( ) / 230 Slide 8

5 Electric Effectiveness = Losses Q H = 80 Thermal W E = 69 Electric Ƞ = / 30% = 69 / 230 Ƞ O = ( + TH ) / 65% = ( ) / % = 69 / [230 ( 80 / 0.80)] Slide 9 CHP History CHP is not a single technology but a suite of technologies that can use a variety of fuels to generate electricity or power at the point of use. CHP technology can be deployed quickly, cost effectively, and with few geographic limitations. The great majority of US electric generation does not make use of the waste heat. As a result, the average efficiency of utility generation has remained at roughly 31 percent since the 1960s. The energy lost in the United States from wasted heat in the power generation sector is greater than the total energy use of Japan. CHP captures this valuable wasted energy. The United States currently has 85 gigawatts (GW) of CHP electric generating capacity installed, representing almost 9 percent of total generating capacity. This installed base of CHP generates about 505 million megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually, or more than 12 percent of total electricity generated in the United States. Slide 10

6 CHP Capacity (power) Slide 11 Distributed Generation Technologies 1,000 F Thermally-Activated Technologies 900 F Gas-turbine Boiler 800 F Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 700 F Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell I.C. Engine Exhaust 600 F Stirling 500 F Steam Turbine Centrifugal Chiller Microturbine Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 400 F 300 F Steam Turbine Generator Stirling Double-Effect Absorption Chiller 200 F PEM Fuel Cell I.C. Engine Jacket + Exhaust 100 F Single-Effect Absorption Chiller Slide 12

7 The Beginning Thomas Edison s s first power station the 1882 Pearl Street Station the world s s first commercial power plant was a CHP power plant with a 50% efficiency rate. Slide 13 CHP History CHP solutions represent a proven and effective near term energy option to enhance energy efficiency, ensure environmental quality, promote economic growth, and foster a robust energy infrastructure. Using CHP today, the United States already avoids more than 1.9 Quadrillion Btus of fuel consumption and 248 MMT of CO 2 emissions annually compared to traditional separate heat and power. Slide 14

8 Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) Congress passed PURPA in 1978 to promote energy efficiency. PURPA encouraged CHP by requiring electric utilities to interconnect nect with "qualified facilities" (QFs). CHP facilities had to meet minimum fuel specific efficiency standards to become a QF. PURPA required utilities to provide QFs with reasonable standby and backup charges, and to purchase excess electricity from them at the utilities avoided costs. PURPA also exempted QFs from regulatory oversight under the Public Utilities Holding Company Act and from constraints on natural gas s use imposed by the Fuel Use Act. Shortly after enacting PURPA, Congress passed a series of tax incentives for energy efficiency technologies, including CHP. The incentives included a limited term investment tax credit of 10 percent and a shortened depreciation schedule for CHP systems. PURPA and the tax incentives successfully expanded CHP installed capacity increased from about 12,000 MW in 1980 to more than 66,000 MW in Slide 15 CHP Generation (kwh) Growth Energy Policy Act of 2005 The FERC removed the obligation of US utilities to purchase electricity from "qualifying facilities" PURPA Impact Slide 16

9 Cost of CO 2 Abatement Slide 17 CHP in USA vs. the World Slide 18

10 CHP Throughout the USA Slide 19 CHP Potential Contribution to CO 2 Reduction Slide 20

11 PA CHP Installations by Date High NG $ Years PURPA Years Slide 21 PA CHP Installed in PA by Application Slide 22

12 PA CHP Installed in PA by Fuel Slide 23 PA Woody Biomass CHP Slide 24

13 The Northumberland Cogeneration Facility The project became commercially operational in December1989. The facility sells electricity to PPL Electric and steam to Furman Foods, Inc., both under long term contracts. Wood fuel includes: chips and shredded wood from conventional logging, recycling and salvage sources: tree debris from development land clearing, yard waste, storm damage, sawmill residue, and recycling of ground pallets. Fuel is purchased from local suppliers who deliver the wood to the facility in standard tractor trailers. trailers. Slide 25 The Northumberland Cogeneration Facility The Facility consumes tons of wood chips per average day. While the plant directly employs 21 people, its fuel source, wood, results in an additional 900 estimated jobs in service businesses needed to keep the plant operating safely and efficiently. The plant meets Title V air quality standards as well as other required areas of control such as water discharge and surface run off covered by the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. Slide 26

14 Slide 27 Larry Burton Pennsylvania and West Virginia PENN STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY PARK, PA TEL: E MAIL: lcb2@psu.edu Gearoid Foley New Jersey 50 WASHINGTON ROAD PRINCETON JUNCTION, NJ TEL: E MAIL: guf@psu.edu Richard Sweetser Virginia, DC and Maryland MEADOWVILLE COURT HERNDON, VIRGINIA TEL: E MAIL: rss27@.psu.edu James Freihaut, Director Mid Atlantic Clean Energy Application Center 104 ENGINEERING UNIT A UNIVERSITY PARK, PA TEL: E MAIL: jdf11@psu.edu Bill Valentine Delaware THE PHILADELPHIA NAVY YARD 4801 SOUTH BROAD STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA TEL: E MAIL: wjv3@psu.edu