MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC. National programme for reduction of pollutant emissions

Transcription

1 MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC National programme for reduction of pollutant emissions (pursuant to Article 6 of Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) December 2006

2 Authors: Ministry of Environment SR Atmospheric Protection Department Námestie Ľudovíta Štúra Bratislava Slovak Republic Tel: Telefax: Internet Slovak Environmental Agency Environment and Information Centre Tajovského Banská Bystrica Tel: Telefax: Internet Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Air Quality Department Jeséniova Bratislava Slovak Republic Tel: Telefax: Internet 2

3 Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. Programme objectives and principles, basic definitions 2.1. Programme objectives Programme principles Basic definitions 8 3. Relationship of the programme to adopted relevant documents concerning environmental protection and sustainable development 3.1. Strategy, principles and priorities of state environment policy Slovak sustainable development action plan for Slovak action plan for the environment and health of the population Relationship of the programme to adopted operational programmes for drawing structural fund aid and the draft National Strategic Reference Framework of the SR for Operational Programme Environment Operational Programme Transport Economic Competitiveness Operational Programme Operational Programme Bratislava Region Summary of the relationship of the programme to adopted operational programmes for drawing structural fund aid The relationship of the programme to international conventions 5.1. UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Initial programme situation 6.1. Emission inventories SO 2 and NO x Ammonia (NH 3 ) Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Mobile source emissions Emission balances Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions Ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions Projections to Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission projections Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emission projections Ammonia (NH 3 ) emission projections Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission projections Geographical distribution of national emissions Assessment of achievable emission ceilings 3

4 7.1. Current state Expected development of the economy and relevant sectors Strategic and conceptual activities associated with reduction of emissions, legal environment 8.1 Cross-sectional area Industry Energy Transport Agriculture Overview of instruments/measures for programme implementation 9.1. Planning instruments/measures Normative instruments/measures Organisational instruments/measures Economic instruments/measures Information instruments/measures Institutional instruments/measures Voluntary instruments/measures Estimate of costs for Programme implementation Assessment, control and correction of the programme Conclusions 68 4

5 1. Introduction The European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. The chief aim of this Directive is to limit emissions of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants and ozone precursors in order to improve the protection in the Community of the environment and human health against risks of adverse effects from acidification, soil eutrophication and ground-level ozone. Article 20 of the Act of Accession published in the Official Journal of the European Union 236 of 29 September 2003 amended the directive by establishing national emission ceilings for Accession States. Within the meaning of Article 6.1 Member States are required to draw up programmes for the progressive reduction of national emissions of the pollutants referred to in Article 4 with the aim of complying with the national emission ceilings laid down in Annex I by 2010 at the latest. Within the meaning of Article 8.1 Member States shall each year, by 31 December at the latest, report their national emission inventories and their emission projections for 2010, established in accordance with Article 7, to the Commission and the European Environment Agency. The National Programme for the Reduction of Emissions of Pollutants was drafted by the Slovak Environment Agency (SEA) and Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMI) under the sponsorship of the Ministry of the Environment (MoEn SR). The programme was prepared using relevant background materials from the ministerial departments responsible,, chiefly departments in the ministries dealing with the economy, agriculture and transport, post and telecommunications. The National programme for the reduction of emissions of pollutants within the meaning of Article 6 of Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants, is published on the website of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic 5

6 2. Programme objectives and principles, basic definitions 2.1. Programme objectives The National Programme for the Reduction of Emissions of Pollutants (hereinafter programme ) is a programming document whose principle objective is to ensure compliance with the national omission ceilings established for the Slovak Republic. National emission ceilings established for the Slovak Republic to be attained by 2010 are as follows: Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) 110 kt, Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) 130 kt, Volatile organic compounds (VOC) 140 kt, Ammonia (NH 3 ) 39 kt Slovak Ministry of Environment Regulation No 131/2006 Coll., stipulating national emission ceilings and total quantity of pollutant quotas, stipulated national emission ceilings of pollutants (sulphur oxides expressed as sulphur dioxide (hereinafter sulphur dioxide ), nitrogen oxides expressed as nitrogen dioxide (hereinafter "nitrogen dioxide"), ammonia and volatile organic compounds, sulphur dioxide emission quotas Overview of the established national emission ceilings of sulphur oxide expressed as sulphur dioxide: Year National emission ceiling (kt) , , , ,9 The national emission ceilings of nitrogen oxide expressed as nitrogen dioxide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds were established for 2010 as follows: Pollutant National emission ceiling for 2010 (kt) Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) 130 Volatile organic compounds 104,3 (VOC) Ammonia (NH 3 ) 39 The total quantity of sulphur oxide quotas expressed as sulphur dioxide for 2007 and 2008 classified into individual districts is given in the annex to the regulation. The programme deals with pollutants for which a national emission ceiling has been established. The program is designed to run until 2010, because the established national emission ceilings must be met in that year. The secondary objective of the programme is to contribute to: - reductions of other pollutant emissions; 6

7 - fulfilment of the objective of not exceeding air pollution limit values; - reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide; - more rational utilization of natural resources, energy conservation; - limiting waste generation; - dissemination of knowledge and increase of environmental awareness among the general public. In connection with the abovementioned objectives the programme summarises the emission inventory for SO 2, NO x, VOC and NH 3, describes projections of emissions of these pollutants for 2010, assesses the connections with relevant adopted strategy and designl documents in the Slovak Republic and specifies instruments for reducing emissions, a detailed description of which is given in Chapter Programme principles The main piece of legislation connected with the programme is Act No 478/2002 Coll. on atmospheric protection, amending Act No 401/1998 Coll. on charges for air pollution, as amended (Air Act), as amended. The programme also summarises other relevant legislation and thus assesses the current legislative environment in the Slovak Republic for meeting the stipulated programme objectives. The programme is focused on instruments and measures chiefly in the competence of central bodies of state administration. Above all this concerns: - planning instruments/measures, - normative instruments/measures, - economic instruments/measures, - organisational instruments/measures, - information instruments/measures, - institutional instruments/measures, - voluntary instruments/measures. Program principles are compatible with standard principles of environment policy and the strategy and programming documents of the European Union. This chiefly concerns the following principles: - Principle of prevention this requires timely implementation of necessary measures to prevent the occurrence of a threat or damage to the environment, within the meaning of the slogan it is more effective to prevent damage to the environment than repair it - Principle of initial caution this means that if it is possible in view of all circumstances to predict the threat of irreversible or serious damage to the environment, there cannot be doubt that such damage will occur in future as a result of delaying measures to prevent damage - Principle that the polluter pays this means that an entity burdening the environment by pollution or use of natural resources is liable to make monetary payments for its legally permitted impacts (for example, the liability of polluters of the atmosphere to pay charges for pollution of the atmosphere); these monetary payments are not therefore sanctions and do not have a repressive function from a legal point of view, since the polluter places a burden on the environment within the legally permitted levels 7

8 - Principle of a high level of protection this expresses the idea that the design of the content of regulations governing care for the environment should be based on available technology ensuring the best environmental protection - Principle of correction of damage at source this expresses the necessity to deal with damage to the environment in relation to the source which caused it and thus prevent its spread - Principle of integration this requires environmental protection requirements to be included in the content of other state policies (energy, transport, economic etc.) - Principle of sustainable development sustainable development is development which allows the possibility for the present and future generations to satisfy their basic living requirements and simultaneously does not reduce biodiversity and maintains the natural functions of ecosystems. This principle expresses an objective which should be monitored by legal regulation in the area of environmental protection to use legal resources to ensure that the dynamics of the relationships between man and the environment and therefore the dynamics of the development of society do not exceed a level, the limits of which are set by this principle so that while securing basic living requirements this development does not lead to a reduction in biodiversity and will not endanger the functioning of ecosystems. In terms of resources which are a natural part of the environment and are drawn on by mankind, it expresses the need for their rational use - Principle of carrying capacity of the territory this expresses the fact that the environment is always connected with a certain territory, i.e. with part of the Earth s surface, and the fact that the environment in a certain territory can withstand only a certain limited burdening by factors which are negative from the point of view of the suitability of this environment for life. The level of carrying capacity of a territory is given by the characteristics of that territory or the components which form it, and by the ability of the territory to use its own forces to cope with the detrimental action of those factors. - Principle of a permitted level of pollution of the environment the permitted level of pollution of the environment is determined by values which are specified in accordance with current knowledge so as not to threaten the health of people or other living organisms and other components of the environment. Setting a permitted level of pollution of the environment in accordance with current knowledge is the task of law or special rules Basic definitions emissions - each direct or indirect release of a pollutant into the atmosphere (source: air act) national emission ceiling - means the maximum amount of a substance expressed in kilotonnes, which may be emitted from a Member State in a calendar year (source: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) nitrogen oxides and NO X - means nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as nitrogen dioxide (source: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) 8

9 volatile organic compounds - means all organic compounds arising from human activities, other than methane, which are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reactions with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight (source: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) critical load - means a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant adverse effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur, according to present knowledge (source: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) critical level - means the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on receptors, such as human beings, plants, ecosystems or materials, may occur, according to present knowledge (source: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants) 9

10 3. Relationship of the programme to adopted relevant documents concerning environmental protection and sustainable development 3.1. Strategy, principles and priorities of state environment policy The document Strategy, principles and priorities of state environment policy was approved by Slovak Government Resolution No 619 of 7 September 1993 and Slovak National Council Resolution No 339 of 18 November It defines 70 short-term objectives whose time limit for achievement was 1996, a further 59 medium-term objectives for 2000 and 2010 and 33 general and partial long-term objectives for 2030 and beyond. The short-term objectives were focused on the creation and introduction of systems and measures allowing implementation of medium-term objectives and elimination of risks directly threatening the health of people. The medium-term objectives were orientated to slowing down processes of degradation and stopping undesirable impacts of a damaged environment on human health, curtailing activities which would increase its burden compared to the current state. The long-term objectives will lead to fundamental positive changes in the whole environment and to the achievement of sustainable development. The strategy is determined by the following 5 industry-orientated priorities for the whole period of its validity, one of these priorities being protection of the atmosphere against pollutants and global environmental safety. In total the 162 objectives of the document Strategy, principles and priorities of state environment policy (more graduated in the given issue) and the associated programmes, projects and measures of Slovak environmental policy are brought together in four blocks, with the atmosphere sector stipulating the following objectives relevant to the subject of this programme: SECTOR A PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OZONE LAYER Reduction of emissions of principle atmospheric pollutants (SO 2, NO x CO, CxHy, solid emissions), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, CO 2 and other emissions of gases causing the greenhouse effect to a state in accordance with international conventions. The medium-term objectives set for 2000 were fulfilled. However, in comparison with the established national emission ceilings now in the medium-term (to 2010) it is necessary to achieve the long-term objectives set Slovak sustainable development action plan for In connection with the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) approved by Resolution of the Slovak Government No 978/2001 and Resolution of the National Council No 1989/2002 the Slovak Sustainable Development Action Plan for was approved by Government Resolution No 574/2005. It was prepared in view of the requirement to draft NSsustainable development strategic objectives and priorities for the period after It includes 14 priority areas directly or indirectly supporting fulfilment of the National Programme for Reduction of Pollutant Emissions. It concerns the following areas: - Implementation of the principles and objectives of sustainable development into Slovak economic and social development strategies; 10

11 - Implementation of the principles and objectives of sustainable development into Slovak economic policy; - Creation of a database of binding international agreements and documents concerning sustainable development and assessment of their existing fulfilment; - Support for the use of proenvironmental modern technologies and use of existing programmes for their implementation into the Slovak economy; - Support for the use of all available financial possibilities for supporting sustainable development in the Slovak Republic; - Urban renewal and regeneration of the region; - Support for the reduction of waste and measures to reduce the energy demands of the Slovak economy; - Support for development of the information society in the Slovak Republic; - Preparation of human resources for implementation of sustainable development into decision-making of Slovak national bodies; - Protection and rational use of nature and the countryside; - Implementation of sustainable development support into Slovak legislation; - Implementation of the basic principles of sustainable development into curricula at all levels of schooling in the Slovak Republic and in the system of continuing education; - Creation and assessment of a database of basic indicators of sustainable development and monitoring of the transition of the Slovak economy to sustainable development; - Sustainable mobility Slovak action plan for the environment and health of the population In the spirit of the conclusions of the 4 th Ministerial Conference on the Environment and Health the Slovak Government approved by Resolution No 10/2006 the now third updated Slovak National Environment and Health Action Plan (NEHAP III.). The basic objective of the programming document NEHAP III is to minimise risks arising from the environment and to maintain the environment in a state where it does not damage or threaten the health of people, including children, but allows their positive development. The document proposes 43 measures which, as important priorities, condition the successful implementation of objectives from the point of view of protection of the health of the population. The content of the updated action plan is divided into a number of priority areas: action plan for the environment and health of children 4 regional priority objectives human biomonitoring environment and health information system climate changes and health The measures specified in NEHAP III directly or indirectly support the fulfilment of the objectives of the National Programme for Reduction of Pollutant Emissions. 11

12 4. Relationship of the programme to adopted operational programmes for utilising structural fund aid and the draft National Strategic Reference Framework of the SR for Draft National Strategic Reference Framework of the SR for programming period Approved by Government Resolution No 457 of , approving basic features and orientations of operational programmes connected with the environment. The update of this document was approved by Resolution No 832/2006. From the point of view of the environment the following operational programmes are relevant: 4.1. Operational Programme Environment The proposal covers Priority Axis 3 Protection of the atmosphere, ozone layer and minimisation of adverse effects of climate change, including support for renewable energy sources. The operational objective of protection of the atmosphere will be fulfilled by way of supporting activities focused on: - reductions of emissions of basic and other pollutants in the atmosphere, particularly solid pollutants (PM 10, PM 2,5 ), SO 2, NO X, benzene, VOC, NH 3, heavy metals and PAH - greening of public transport with priority in areas requiring special atmospheric protection 1 - improving air quality; improving and providing expert support for the monitoring of emissions and air quality pursuant to EU requirements, as well as improving the National Emission Information System (NEIS) The operational objective Minimisation of adverse effects of climate change, including support for renewable energy sources will be fulfilled by way of supporting activities focused on: - reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases together with a reduction of emissions of principle pollutants - replacement of the fuel base of energy sources for heat and hot water production in favour of renewable sources - support for measures to limit emissions of methane from the waste management sector - improvement of emission inventories and projections of greenhouse gases and promotion of their reduction The Operational Programme Environment was approved by Government Resolution 1015 of Operational Programme Transport This includes the priority axes railway infrastructure, road infrastructure, public rail passenger transport. The main measures connected with protection of the atmosphere are - Renewal of mobile rail vehicles for regional and inter-regional transport on electrified tracks, - Renewal of mobile rail vehicles for regional and inter-regional transport on non-electrified tracks, - Support for mobility of passengers with limited mobility and limited orientation ability, - Support for regional and suburban transport. 1 Section 9 (1) of Act No 478/2002 Coll. on atmospheric protection and amendments to Act No 401/1998 Coll. on charges for air pollution, as amended. 12

13 The draft Operational Programme Transport was approved by Government Resolution 1007 of Economic Competitiveness Operational Programme The draft contains the priority axis Support for competitiveness of undertakings and services by means of innovation. Under the priority axis, in energy projects focused on the use of progressive technologies and modernisation of energy sources will be supported in order to achieve a reduction of environmental pollution by technology draft approved by Government Resolution 1021 of Operational Programme Bratislava Region This includes measures supporting investment in environmental protection. Associated with protection of the atmosphere is the modernisation and development of roads, as part of which increased traffic flow will be supported based on a comprehensive strategy for the system of integrated transport in the Bratislava Self-governing Region draft approved by Government Resolution 1013 of Summary of the relationship of the programme to adopted operational programmes for utilising structural fund aid As is clear from the abovementioned text, individual operational programmes create an environment in the Slovak Republic allowing the utilisation of financial resources for development programmes respecting the requirements for environmental protection. By their orientation they directly support the reduction of emissions of the pollutants covered by this programme and thus create a support framework for fulfilment of the objectives stipulated by the programme. 13

14 5. The relationship of the programme to international conventions 5.1. UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution In 1979 the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution was signed in Geneva (hereinafter "Convention"), to which eight protocols have been adopted: - The Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Financing of the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Longrange Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP - Environment Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) (Geneva 1984, SR succession 1993), - Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 % (Helsinki 1985, SR succession 1993) reductions of SO 2 emissions by 30% for 1993 compared to Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes (Sophia 1988, SR succession 1993) stabilisation of NOx emissions for 1994 to the level in 1987, - Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) or their Transboundary Fluxes (Geneva 1991, SR succession 1999) reductions of VOC emissions by 30% for 1999 compared to Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (Oslo 1994, SR signature in 1998, ratification with applicability from ) reductions of SO 2 emissions by 60% for 2000, by 65% for 2005 and by 72 % for 2010 compared to 1980, - Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals (Aarhus 1998, SR signature 24 June 1998) - Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Aarhus 1998, SR signature 24 June 1998) - Protocol to the Convention to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg 1999, SR signature in 1999) reductions of SO 2 emissions by 80% for 2010, NOx emissions by 42% for 2010, NH 3 by 37% for 2010 and VOC emissions by 6% for 2010 compared to The objective of the last protocol is relevant in relation to the prepared programme. A comparison of obligations which arise from it in the area of reduction of emissions and comparison of national emission ceilings is given by the following table. Pollutant National emission ceiling Obligation under protocol (Gothenburg) SO kt 110 kt NO x 130 kt 130 kt VOC 140 kt 140 kt NH 3 39 kt 39 kt As is clear from the table, the established national emission limits are compatible with the requirements under the Protocol to the Convention to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg 1999). The conclusion is therefore that by fulfilment of the stipulated programme objectives the Slovak Republic should also meet the requirements under the Protocol. 14

15 5.2. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change In 1992 the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in Rio de Janeiro (Slovak signature , ratification with applicability from ) and serves as a legal instrument for protection of the global climate; its objective is to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level which would not cause dangerous interference with the climate system. In 1997 the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention was adopted (Slovak signature ), which defines requirements for reduction of emission of greenhouse gases. The Slovak Republic should reduce these emissions by by 8% in comparison to the base year Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer In 1985 the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted (SR succession 1993) with the chief objective of protecting human health and the environment against undesirable effects which are caused or could be caused by human activities which modify or could modify the ozone layer. In addition, in 1987 the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted for protection of the ozone layer, along with its and amendments in London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Vienna (1995), Montreal (1997) and Beijing (1999). According to the arrangements of the Montreal Protocol and amendments arising from the London and Copenhagen Amendment the consumption of controlled substances of Group I of Annex A of the Protocol (CFCs (fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons), Group II of Annex A (halons), Group I of Annex B (other fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons), Group II of Annex B (other fully chlorofluorinated carbons), Group II of Annex B (carbon tetrachloride), Group III Annex B (1,1,1-trichloroethane) in the Slovak Republic from 1 January 1996 should be zero. Only substances from stock, recycling and regeneration may be used. An exception is possible only for use of these substances for laboratory and analytical purposes. According to the Copenhagen Amendment to the Montréal Protocol adopted in 1992 and subsequently amended in Vienna in 1995, the production and consumption of substances of Group I Annex C (partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons) are to be regulated from 1996 with the obligation of their complete elimination by 2020, with the proviso that these substances can only be produced and consumed for the next 10 years for service purposes at an amount of 0.5% of the calculated level of the initial year Consumption of methyl bromide from group E I, according to arrangements adopted in Montreal in 1997, should be reduced by 25% by 1999, 50% by 2001, 70% by 2003 and be fully eliminated by The initial year is Since 1 January 1996 the production and consumption of substances of Group II Annex C (partially halogenated bromofluorocarbons) is banned. Implementation of measures arising from this programme will have a direct effect on the reduction of the emissions covered by the international documents referred to in Parts 5.2 and 5.3. Simultaneously, implementation of measures adopted for fulfilment of obligations emerging from these documents will also affect the amount of emissions of the pollutants covered by this programme. 15

16 6. Initial programme situation 6.1. Emission inventories This chapter gives an overview of emissions of SO2, NOx, VOC and NH3 for the period SO 2 and NO x Summary emissions of SO 2 and NO x from stationary sources for the period were prepared according to data acquired from the REZZO system (Register of emissions of sources of atmospheric pollution), where sources of atmospheric pollution were divided according to performance in line with legislation for atmospheric protection applicable at that time). The categorisation of the REZZO system was as follows: REZZO 1 sources with heat output above 5 MW and selected technologies. REZZO 2 sources with heat output of MW and selected technologies. REZZO 3 local sources with heat output above 0.2 MW (domestic heating). Sources in these categories were defined as spatial units and this definition prevented their unambiguous inclusion into the NFR (Nomenclature For Reporting) of the sectors. For the given reason compatibility of the period with the period is not possible. Based on the abovementioned, emission inventories according to the sector NFR are given only for the period Gradual changes in the legal arrangement of atmospheric protection in 2000 required introduction of a new system NEIS (National Commission Information System). Sources in this new system are classified according to output in line with the current legislative protection of the atmosphere. Sources of the NEIS system are divided as follows: Large sources Technological units containing stationary combustion units having cumulative heating output over 50 MW and special substantial technological units Medium sources Technological units containing stationary combustion units having cumulative heating output of MW and substantial technological units Small sources Stationary equipment home heating for combustion of fuel (solid and natural gas) with heat output less than 0.3 MW. Data acquired from both systems are thus comparable only at national level. Basic data in the REZZO system are acquired directly from operators of atmospheric pollution sources and in the NEIS from operators of atmospheric pollution sources and district environment offices (DEO). In the case of local heating data is required from fuel retailers (solid fuel, natural gas and wood). The amount of emissions is then specified according to calculations based on emission factors which are determined in Slovak regulations Ammonia (NH 3 ) Summary emission data of NH 3 from stationary industrial sources for the period were acquired from the REZZO system and for the period from the NEIS system. Emission data for the agricultural sector were prepared according to the CORINAIR method (COoRdination of INformation on AIR emissions). 16

17 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Emission inventories are prepared pursuant to recommendations given in the Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook and in accordance with the requirements of the international task force for emission inventories (UN ECE Task Force on Emission Inventory). Emission factors used for the calculation of VOC emissions were acquired from the following sources: literature Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook EMEP/CORINAIR, literature US EPA, Results of measurement made in the Slovak Republic Entry data for emission inventories are acquired from the NEIS system, or directly from operators of sources, from the regional information system on waste (RISO) or from the Slovak Statistics Office Mobile source emissions For all pollutants emissions from mobile sources are calculated from the quantity of individual types of driving fuels, from the number of individual types of automobiles according to the homologation and amount of driven kilometres. For the calculation of emissions from road transport the COPERT method is used (Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport), which is recommended for parties to the UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. Emissions from rail, air and water transport are calculated in line with the method of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and CORINAIR. Anthropogenic emissions for the period of for all sectors (kt) SO NO x NH VO C 137 NA NA 111 NA NO inventory was not made 17

18 Anthropogenic emissions kt SO2 NOx NH3 VOC Year 6.2. Emission balances Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions The sector with the largest share of total SO 2 emissions (average for ) is heat and electricity production (Sector 1A1a), which represents 49% of total emissions, and combustion processes in industry (the whole of Sector 1A2), which represents 37% of total emissions. SO 2 emission data in (kt) Sector Electricity and heat production 1A1a 46,260 59,631 55,087 56,849 53,148 Oil refineries 1A1b 1,909 3,255 2,322 2,489 2,100 Production of solid and other fuels 1A1c 0,687 0,645 0,706 0,783 0,737 Iron and steel production 1A2a 18,745 12,272 10,634 10,604 12,658 Non-ferrous metals production 1A2b 2,475 2,459 2,280 1,790 1,776 Chemical industry 1A2c 21,859 20,942 11,256 12,122 9,807 Cellulose and paper production and 1A2d 7,367 7,124 6,110 6,658 4,246 printing Production of foods, drinks and tobacco 1A2e 0,927 1,102 0,624 0,529 0,624 Other industrial manufacturing 1A2f 6,438 6,313 4,338 5,342 4,093 (combustion processes) Civil aviation 1A3aii 0,007 0,006 0,006 0,007 0,009 (i) R.T. Passenger automobiles 1A3bi 0,214 0,249 0,226 0,234 0,231 R.T. Light goods vehicles 1A3bii 0,081 0,098 0,088 0,082 0,093 R.T. Heavy goods vehicles 1A3bii 0,373 0,402 0,418 0,433 0,502 i R.T. Mopeds and motorcycles 1A3bi v 0,002 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 18

19 Rail transport 1A3c 0,039 0,039 0,031 0,025 0,024 Water transport 1A3dii 0,143 0,150 0,027 0,027 0,030 Compressor station 1A3ei 0,0013 0,0009 0,001 0,0007 0,001 Commercial and institutional plants 1A4a 1,990 1,628 1,159 0,915 0,672 Residential heating 1A4bi 16,055 13,764 7,127 6,384 5,382 Agricultural heating 1A4ci 0,277 0,295 0,218 0,162 0,178 Other non-industrial manufacturing 1A5a 1,085 0,795 0,666 0,631 0,532 (combustion processes) Other industrial chemical production 2B5 0,0004 NA 0,009 0,011 0,010 (without combustion) Cellulose and paper production 2D1 0,017 0,014 0,015 0,015 0,001 (without combustion) Other industrial production (without 2G 0,0005 0,0007 0,0001 0,002 0,001 combustion) Total emissions 126,95 3 NA - minimum values Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions 131, , , ,856 The sector with the largest share of total NO x emissions (average for ) is road transport (Sector 1A3b), which represents 34% of total emissions and combustion processes in industry (the whole Sector 1A2), which represents 27% of total emissions, and heat and electricity production (Sector 1A1a), which represents 19% of total emissions. NO x emission data in (kt) Sector Electricity and heat production 1A1a 25,481 22,872 18,475 17,289 15,507 Oil refineries 1A1b 1,823 1,370 1,341 1,463 1,555 Production of solid and other fuels 1A1c 0,352 0,355 0,442 0,613 0,566 Iron and steel production 1A2a 8,742 8,371 9,291 9,191 8,246 Non-ferrous metals production 1A2b 0,607 0,626 0,681 0,718 0,786 Chemical industry 1A2c 5,645 4,835 4,280 3,762 3,716 Cellulose and paper production and 1A2d 2,061 2,259 2,324 2,620 2,375 printing Production of foods, drinks and tobacco 1A2e 0,721 0,738 0,738 0,690 0,694 Other industrial manufacturing 1A2f 10,783 11,796 9,783 9,605 9,250 (combustion processes) Civil aviation 1A3aii (i) 0,074 0,054 0,060 0,070 0,092 R.T. Passenger automobiles 1A3bi 14,485 15,322 13,237 12,416 11,485 R.T. Light goods vehicles 1A3bii 2,577 3,069 2,950 2,701 2,847 R.T. Heavy goods vehicles 1A3bii i 16,369 17,320 19,868 19,688 22,101 R.T. Mopeds and motorcycles 1A3bi v 0,0065 0,008 0,008 0,009 0,010 Rail transport 1A3c 2,785 2,747 2,551 2,041 1,957 Water transport 1A3dii 2,001 2,098 2,197 2,194 2,456 Compressor station 1A3ei 4,151 3,000 2,740 3,327 4,517 Commercial and institutional plants 1A4a 1,272 1,313 1,095 0,975 0,859 19

20 Residential heating 1A4bi 7,993 8,391 7,137 7,356 7,582 Agricultural heating 1A4ci 0,144 0,157 0,177 0,153 0,173 Other non-industrial manufacturing 1A5a 0,542 1,496 1,200 0,611 0,684 (combustion processes) Nitric acid production 2B2 0,203 0,202 0,189 0,194 0,230 Other industrial chemical production 2B5 0,0068 0,0083 0,0079 0,0070 0,004 (without combustion) Cellulose and paper production 2D1 0,0006 NA NA NA NA (without combustion) Other industrial production (without combustion) 2G 0,0027 0,0043 0,0045 0,0070 0,008 Incineration of biomass/forest fires 5B 0,330 0,330 0,330 0,360 0,402 Total emissions 109,15 108,74 101,10 98,059 98, NA - minimum values Ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions The sector with the largest share of total NH 3 emissions (average for ) is management of manure in farm animal breeding (Sector 4B), which represents 85% of total emissions, and emissions for fertilising agricultural land (Sector 4D1), which represents 11% of total emissions. NH 3 emission data in (kt) Sector Production of solid and other fuels 1A1c 0,107 0,056 0,079 0,085 0,087 Non-ferrous metals production 1A2b 0, , , , ,000 4 Chemical industry 1A2c 0,234 0,191 0,313 0,256 0,198 Other industrial manufacturing 1A2f 0,012 0,013 0,010 0,016 0,014 (combustion processes) R.T. Passenger automobiles 1A3bi 0,434 0,573 0,643 0,628 0,594 R.T. Light goods vehicles 1A3bii 0,004 0,010 0,016 0,021 0,027 R.T. Heavy goods vehicles 1A3bii i 0,008 0,008 0,010 0,010 0,012 Other non-industrial manufacturing 1A5a 0,0009 0,035 0,059 0,061 0,066 (combustion processes) Nitric acid production 2B2 0,0004 0,003 0,003 0,009 0,011 Other industrial chemical production 2B5 0,112 0,109 0,099 0,100 0,110 (without combustion) Other industrial production (without combustion) 2G 0,0001 0,002 0,0003 0, ,003 Dairy cow breeding 4B1a 7,606 7,672 7,220 6,728 6,326 Other beef cattle breeding 4B1b 6,457 6,404 6,041 5,558 5,414 Sheep breeding 4B3 0,986 1,015 0,895 1,132 0,910 Goat breeding 4B4 0,146 0,114 0,114 0,111 0,110 Horse breeding 4B6 0,049 0,049 0,049 0,043 0,049 Pig breeding 4B8 6,781 6,851 7,347 6,362 5,457 Poultry breeding 4B9 4,165 4,487 4,620 4,723 4,496 Fertilisation of agricultural land 4D1 2,978 3,116 3,617 3,332 3,275 20

21 Other (rendering plants) 4G 0,025 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002 Total emissions 30,105 30,710 31,138 29, , Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions The sector with the largest share of total VOC emissions (average for ) is road transport (Sector 1A3b), which represents 31% of total emissions, and use of paints and glues (3A), which represents 19% of total emissions. VOC emission data in (kt) Sector Electricity and heat production 1A1a 0,201 0,221 0,215 0,214 0,203 Iron and steel production 1A2a 0,424 0,432 0,415 0,444 0,436 Non-ferrous metals production 1A2b 0,0018 0, , , ,195 Other industrial manufacturing 1A2f 0,159 0,231 0,147 0,169 0,121 (combustion processes) Civil aviation 1A3aii 0,097 0,087 0,074 0,080 0,073 (i) R.T. Passenger automobiles 1A3bi 19,092 20, , , ,79 6 R.T. Light goods vehicles 1A3bii 0,847 0,988 0,860 0,874 0,898 R.T. Heavy goods vehicles 1A3bii 3,486 3,708 4,076 4,052 4,517 i R.T. Mopeds and motorcycles 1A3bi 1,054 1,370 1,137 1,105 1,013 v Rail transport 1A3c 0,249 0,246 0,229 0,183 0,176 Water transport 1A3dii 0,182 0,191 0,197 0,197 0,221 Commercial and institutional plants 1A4a 0,0325 0,033 0,031 0,029 0, Residential heating 1A4bi 7,881 8,271 7,040 7,474 8,899 Agricultural heating 1A4ci 0,0135 0,014 0,015 0,015 0, Coke production 1B1b 0,719 0,719 0,765 0,801 0,800 Exploitation & distribution of crude oil 1B2ai 3,750 3,848 3,801 3,999 4,149 Processes in petroleum industries 1B2ai 6,627 6,306 5,571 4,672 4,617 v Distribution of fuel 1B2av 2,179 2,313 2,223 3,432 3,547 Road paving with asphalt 2A6 0,0005 0, , , ,000 5 Other industrial chemical production 2B5 0,651 0,644 0,690 0,941 0,970 (without combustion) Metals production 2C 0,334 0,303 0,344 0,379 0,370 Production of foods and beverages 2D2 0,385 0,370 0,357 0,358 0,346 Other industrial production (without combustion) 2G 0,0002 0, , , ,000 2 Use of paints and glues 3A 13,214 14, , , ,45 7 Dry cleaning and degreasing 3B 7,873 8,021 7,167 6,765 5,799 21

22 Product production 3C 8,374 8,337 8,338 8,339 8,346 Other (processing of plant fat and oil) 3D 0,299 0,191 0,240 0,156 0,134 Other (sprays) 4G 0,436 0,436 0,436 0,436 0,436 Waste landfills 6A 0,0015 0,001 0,001 0,001 0, Waste incineration plants 6C 0,206 0,179 0,319 0,200 0,202 Total emissions 78,769 81, , , , Projections to 2010 Preparation of projections was based on scenarios or expected development of macroeconomic indicators and their effect on the final conception of energy. Simultaneously, the effect of innovation of the technological structure of energy sources in relation to the creation of emissions was taken into account. When assessing the possible development of the creation of emissions, a fundamental role is played by environmental legislation and its fiscal instruments. kt Emission inventories and projections SO2 NOx NH3 VOC Year The prognosis is based on the following background materials: - Historical data for development of GDP creation in normal and constant prices ( ) 2 - Selected indicators of SR economic development in Prognosis of GDP creation dynamics for individual sectors 4 - Prognosis of the development of the SR population for Statistical Yearbook of the , Statistics Office of the SR 3 Selected indicators of SR economic development in , Statistics Office of the SR, Main assumptions on macro-economic growth rate data for EU-25 wide projection for GHG emissions ETC ACC (European Topis Centre Air and Climate Change and AEA Technology -UK) Report for EU, DG Environment 22

23 - Energy Efficiency Study for the World Bank and its background materials 6 The MESSAGE model was used for modelling emissions of SO 2, NO x, VOC and NH 3 in the case of combustion at stationary sources of atmospheric pollution. Basic balances of the creation of emissions in the transport sector were made using the program COPERT III (Computer program to calculate emissions from road transport), which is used for processing annual emission inventories for road transport. The actual modelling was made according to the following CORINAIR classification: annual consumption of driving fuels, structure of the operated vehicle fleet, average annual driving output, average specific consumptions of vehicles. NH 3 projections were prepared with the CORINAIR method. NH 3 emissions coming from farm animal breeding directly proportionately depend on the number of animals, their size and type. The selection of emission coefficients was proposed according to the categorisation of countries (ECOTEC, 1994), where Slovak conditions correspond to countries with a moderately cool climate and predominantly acidic soils. Results of ZL emission projections are presented in detail in the form of NFR tables for cross-section years 2000, 2003, 2005 and in addition projections are presented as tables and graphs in aggregate form so that it is clear which sectors are essential for their creation and where reduction as a result of stricter legislation after 2006 most applies Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission projections The existing state of SO 2 emissions in the outer atmosphere was relatively critical; however from 1990 their amount has reduced smoothly. Though keeping below the value of the emission ceiling is somewhat problematic at the current time, in future years the total amount of SO 2 emissions should reach significantly lower values. This situation should occur as a result of new stricter emission limits, including a reduction of the amount of sulphur in diesel as well as a drop in the production and consumption of energy, change of the fuel base in favour of refined fuels and use of fuels with better quality characteristics. The introduction of abatement technology, or increase in its effectiveness, has also shared in the reduction. Aggregate SO 2 [kt] projections Energy 48,856 52,635 33,648 Industrial combustion 57,811 34,455 34,063 Transport 0,860 0,241 0,284 BKS 18,322 6,291 6,183 Other combustion 1,085 0,571 0,223 Other 0,018 0,013 0,016 5 Prognosis of the development of the SR population for 2025, Statistics Office of the SR, National Energy Efficiency Study in Slovakia, Energy Efficiency Action Plan, June 2002, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA and Ministry of Economy of SR 23

24 Total 126,953 94,206 74,417 BKS trade, services, agricultural heating and home heating SO 2 emission projections SO2 [kt] Energetika Priem. spaľovanie Doprava BKS Ostatné spaľovanie Ostatné SO 2 projections according to NFR (t) category A 1 a A 1 b A 1 c A 2 a A 2 b A 2 c A 2 d A 2 e A 2 f A 3 a ii (i) A 3 b i A 3 b ii A 3 b iii A 3 b iv 2 1 0,30 0,30 1 A 3 c A 3 d ii A 3 e i A 4 a A 4 b i A 4 c i A 5 a B 5 0, D G Total Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emission projections 24

25 In 1995, in an otherwise falling curve, there was a slight increase in emissions associated with an increase in the consumption of natural gas. The drop in emissions of nitrogen oxides in 1996 was caused by a change of the emission factor taking account of the state of technology of combustion processes. The reduction of consumption of solid fuels from 1997 led to a further drop in NO x emissions. In 2002 and 2003 denitrification at large energy sources significantly manifested in the reduction of emissions. From the point of view of future development of NO x emissions a drop in their total volume is expected associated with application of stricter emission limits, reduction of the energy demands of industrial branches, renewal of vehicle fleets in road and rail transport, support for development of public mass transport, rail and combined transport. It should not be a problem to achieve the emission ceiling in the case NO x emissions. Aggregate NO x [kt] projections Energy 27,656 17,647 21,587 Industrial combustion 28,558 25,954 50,432 Transport 42,449 45,794 46,419 BKS 9,410 8,696 8,772 Other combustion 0,542 0,702 0,793 Other 0,543 0,658 0,720 Total 109,157 99, ,723 NO x emission projections NOx [kt] Energetika Priem. spaľovanie Doprava BKS Ostatné spaľovanie Ostatné NO x projections according to NFR (t) category A 1 a A 1 b A 1 c A 2 a A 2 b A 2 c A 2 d