Reporting of Persistent Organic Pollutants Emissions

Transcription

1 ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΩΝ ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΕΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΕΠΙΘΕΩΡΗΣΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ 1493 ΛΕΥΚΩΣΙΑ 1. Introduction Reporting of Persistent Organic Pollutants Emissions Cyprus acceded to the 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Since then, Cyprus calculates POPs emissions and includes them in the annual emission inventory report submitted to the LRTAP Convention Secretariat. The Cyprus emission inventory includes calculation of emissions of Dioxins (PCDD/F), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). For the calculation of these pollutants, mainly the Tier 1 methodology described in the EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook is used. Apart from these, for the calculation of emissions from the transport sector the COPERT 4 tool was used (Tier 3). The bulk of the emission inventory is compiled by collecting activity data and appropriate emission factors according to the following equation: Emission pollu tan t Activity Rate activity * Emission factor activity, pollutan t The activity data used are mainly statistical data provided by the Statistical Service (Ministry of Finance) as well as by other Ministries and public Authorities. Data are also provided directly by industrial installations through their reporting obligations specified in their emission permits. 2. POPs Key Category Analysis For the identification of the key categories, Approach 1, described in the «Key Category Analysis and Methodological Choice» of the EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook was used. With this approach the influence of various categories of sources on the level of the national inventory was identified. The contribution of each source category to the total national inventory level is calculated according to the following equation: Key category level assessment Source category estimate Total contribution Key categories, according to the above equation, are those that when summed together in descending order of magnitude, add up to 80 percent of the national total.

2 1 The results of the Approach 1 Level Assessment for each one of the POPs for the year are shown in the following Tables 1-3 (Sorted from high to low and highlighted using the following color codes). Table 1: Key Categories for PCDD/F. NFR NFR Category Category Code Color codes: 1. Combustion 4. Agriculture 2. Industry 6. Waste 3. Solvents 7. Other Estimate (g I-Teq) Level Assessment Cumulative Total 1A3bi Road transport: Passenger cars 0,173 0,311 0,311 1A1a Public electricity and heat production 0,120 0,216 0,527 1A2fi Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction 0,074 0,133 0,659 1A4bi Residential: Stationary plants 0,059 0,106 0,766 6Cd Cremation 0,039 0,070 0,836 Table 2: Key Categories for PAHs. NFR NFR Category Category Code Estimate (Mg) Level Assessment Cumulative Total 6Cd Cremation 0,389 0,352 0,352 1A4bi Residential: Stationary plants 0,309 0,280 0,632 4F Field burning of agricultural wastes 0,208 0,188 0,821 Table 3: Key Categories for HCB. NFR NFR Category Category Code Stationary combustion in 1A2fi manufacturing industries and construction Estimate (kg) Level Assessment Cumulative Total 0,012 0,961 0, POPs Emissions per Sector 3.1 Public electricity and heat production (1A1a) Currently Cyprus is almost totally dependent on Heavy Fuel Oil and Diesel, Oil which are 100% imported. In Cyprus, three power stations are in operation. All the units of these stations burn liquid fuel (heavy fuel oil or diesel). It should be noted that Cyprus does not have any waste incineration with energy recovery facility within this sector. Emission data are based on environmental annual reports submitted by the operator of the three power plants operating in Cyprus.

3 2 In Table 4 the corresponding emission factors used for the emission calculation of the POPs pollutants are given. Emissions were calculated based on Tier 2 methodology of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook.

4 3 Table 4: EFs used in NFR 1A1a. Pollutants Units Emission factors PCDD/F Steam Turbines 2.5 ng I-TEQ/TJ Benzo(a)pyrene ICE 0.12 mg/gj Benzo(b)fluoroanthene ICE 0.5 mg/gj Benzo(k)fluoroanthene ICE 0.1 mg/gj Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene Steam Turbines 6.9 μg/gj ICE 0.19 mg/gj 3.2 Stationary Combustion in Manufacturing Industries: Other (1A2fi) This sector includes all combustion emissions from industrial sectors not belonging to the categories 1A2a to 1A2e. The main contributors to this sector are cement industries, ceramics (bricks and tiles) and lime production industry. This sector also includes some other activities such as leather, wood and plastics production. In Cyprus, two cement production industries, eight bricks and tiles industries and one lime production industry are in operation. Emission data from cement, ceramics and lime industries are based on their environmental annual reports. Activity data were provided from the annual environmental reports and emissions were calculated by the use of EFs, Tier 2 methodology, from the EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook. In the case that no EFs were provided in Tier 2 methodology of the Guidebook, EFs from the Tier 1 methodology were used. The emission factors used for the emission estimations of the POPs pollutant are given Table 5. Emissions from the other industrial activities included in this NFR sector are based on fuel consumption. Table 5: EFs used in NFR 1A2fi. Pollutant Cement Production Bricks & Tiles Lime Production PCDD/F 0.05 μg/tonne clinker 10 ng/gj Benzo(a)pyrene g/tonne clinker 5.2 mg/gj Benzo(b)fluoranthene g/tonne clinker 6.2 mg/gj Benzo(k)fluorathene g/tonne clinker 4 mg/gj Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene g/tonne clinker 2.2 mg/gj HCB 11 μg/tonne clinker NE* *: NE means Not Estimated. 3.3 Road Transportation (1A3b) Road transport emissions are estimated by the use of COPERT 4 (Tier 3 methodology). EFs used are those included in the COPERT 4 software. The COPERT 4 methodology is part of the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook.

5 Vehicles Population 4 The total number of road vehicles by type in Cyprus is shown in Table 6 and the corresponding trend is shown in Figure1. Table 6: Number of vehicles by type Passenger cars Light Duty Vehicles Heavy Duty Vehicles Mopeds- Motorcycles Mopeds&Motorcycles Heavy Duty Vehicles Light Duty Vehicles Passenger Cars Figure 1: Trend of vehicles population in the road transport sector. 3.4 Residential: Stationary plants (1A4bi) Emissions from Residential Stationary plants (1A4bi) were calculated based on Tier 1 methodology of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. Activity data concerning the amount of fuel consumption from central heating were provided by Cyprus energy balance. The emission factors used for the emission estimations of the POPs pollutant are presented in Table 7. The major fuel used in this category is diesel. Wood is also used as a fuel in fireplaces for heating. Activity data on wood were derived from the annual Statistical Service reports. The activity data used under this category are given in Table 8. Table 7: EFs used in NFR 1A4bi. Pollutants Emission Factors Diesel Wood PCDD/F 10 ng I-TEQ/GJ 700 ng I-TΕQ/GJ Benzo(a)pyrene 22 mg/gj 210 mg/gj Benzo(b)fluoranthene 27.5 mg/gj 220 mg/gj Benzo(k)fluorathene 12.5 mg/gj 130 mg/gj Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene 14.8 mg/gj 140 mg/gj HCB NA* 6 μg/gj *: NA means Not Applicable.

6 5 Table 8: Fuels consumption from NFR 1A4bi. Year Biomass (wood in fireplaces) in tones Diesel (residential heating) in tones Field Burning of Agricultural Wastes (4F) Activity data concerning the amount of crop residue burned were provided by the Statistical Service and emissions were calculated based on Tier 1 methodology of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. The emission factors used for the emission estimations of the POPs pollutant are presented in Table 9. Table 9: EFs used in NFR 4F. Pollutant PCDD/F Total 4 PAHs Emission Factor 0.5 μg I-TEQ/t g/kg dry matter 3.6 Cremation (6Cd) In Cyprus there is one plant in operation for the incineration of animal carcasses. Activity data concerning the amount (number) of animal bodies incinerated were provided by the annual environmental report of the operator of the incinerator. Emissions were calculated based on Tier 2 methodology of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. The operator of the incinerator does not keep records of the total number of animals per category incinerated. However, he reports that the number of cows burned is bigger than the number of sheep burned. Therefore, the emission factors used for the estimation of the emissions of these pollutants are those that correspond

7 6 to cows and are presented in Table10. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that in Cyprus there is no cremation of human bodies. In 2008, a relevant legislation on cremation of human bodies was enacted in Cyprus. However, there is no application submitted yet to build crematoria. Table 10: EFs used in NFR 6Cd. Pollutant Emission Factor PCDD/F 10 μg I-TEQ/Mg waste Total 4 PAHs 100 g/mg waste 4. POPs Emission Trends In the preparation of the report, some methodological improvements were included in the national emission inventory. This led to recalculations of all the time series , aiming at the improvement of the accuracy of the emission data. 4.1 Emissions Trends for (PCDD/F) Dioxins The PCDD/F emissions in Cyprus from the various sectors for the year 1990 (base year), 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and and the national total for the period 1990, are presented in the following Table 11. Table 11: PCDD/F emissions in Cyprus NFR Sector PCDD/F emissions (in g I-Teq) A1: Energy Industries 0,058 0,071 0,097 0,115 0,124 0,120 1A2: Manufacturing Industry and Construction 0,089 0,099 0,101 0,118 0,101 0,098 1A3: Aviation/Road Transport 0,086 0,099 0,115 0,153 0,193 0,190 1A4: Small Combustion 0,121 0,121 0,114 0,091 0,070 0,071 2: industrial process 0,007 0,007 0,005 0,001 0,001 0,001 4F: Field burning of agriculture waste 0,022 0,017 0,010 0,006 0,001 0,001 6: Waste 1,434 1,602 1,703 0,095 0,073 0,074 TOTAL 1,816 2,016 2,143 0,579 0,562 0,555 *: NO means Not Occurring. The Cyprus PCDD/F emissions decreased by 1.26 g I-Teq in the 1990 period, corresponding to 69% of the national total in 1990 and decreased by 1.59 g I-Teq in the 2000 period, corresponding to 74% of the national total in 2000 (Figure 2 and Figure 3). This decrease is mainly due to the waste sector (NFR 6), where clinical waste incineration was terminated since 2003 and all clinical wastes are subjected to sterilization.

8 PCDD/F Emissions in g I-Teq 2,5 6: Waste 4F: Field burning of agriculture waste 2: industrial process 1A4: Small Combustion 1A3: Aviation/Road Transport 1A2: Manufacturing Industry and Construction 1A1: Energy Industries 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Figure 2: PCDD/F emissions per sector 3,0 PCDD/F Emissions in g I-Teq 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Figure 3: National total PCDD/F emissions for the period Emissions Trends for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) The PAHs emissions in Cyprus from the various sectors for the year 1990 (base year), 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and and the national total for the period 1990, are presented in the following Table 12.

9 8 Table 12: PAHs emissions in Cyprus PAHs emissions (in Mg) NFR Sector A: Energy Industries 0,004 0,004 0,003 0,000 0,003 0,007 1A2: Manufacturing Industry and Construction 0,044 0,046 0,048 0,060 0,055 0,049 1A3: Aviation/Road Transport 0,046 0,048 0,051 0,046 0,040 0,039 1A4: Small Combustion 0,307 0,388 0,444 0,443 0,303 0,324 2C1: Iron and Steel Production 0,006 0,006 0,002 0,001 0,000 0,000 4F: Field burning of agriculture waste 3,730 2,961 1,670 0,013 0,232 0,208 6: Waste 0,597 0,640 0,648 0,692 0,457 0,478 TOTAL 4,732 4,093 2,864 1,255 1,089 1,104 *: NO means Not Occurring. The Cyprus PAHs emissions decreased by 3.63 Mg in the 1990 period, corresponding to 77% of the national total in 1990 and decreased by 1.76 Mg in the 2000 period, corresponding to 61% of the national total in 2000 (Figure 4 and Figure 5). This decrease is mainly due to the agricultural sector (NFR 4), where the amount of the crop residue burned has been reduced significantly over the years. PAHs Emissions in Mg 6: Waste 4F: Field burning of agriculture waste 5 4 2C1: Iron and Steel Production 1A4: Small Combustion Figure 4: PAHs emissions per sector

10 PAHs Emissions in Mg Figure 5: National total PAHs emissions for the period Emissions Trends for Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) The HCB emissions in Cyprus from the various sectors for the year 1990 (base year), 1995, 2000, 2005,2010 and and the national total for the period 1990, are presented in the following Table 13. Table 13: HCB emissions in Cyprus NFR Sector HCB emissions (in kg) A2: Manufacturing Industry and Construction A4: Small Combustion C1: Iron and Steel Production *10-5 2*10-5 5*10-6 NO* 6C: Waste Incineration NO* TOTAL *: NO means Not Occurring. The Cyprus HCB emissions decreased by 0.05 kg in the 1990 period, corresponding to 79% of the national total in 1990 and decreased by 0.06 Mg in the 2000 period, corresponding to 82% of the national total in 2000 (Figure 6 and Figure 7). This decrease is mainly due to the waste sector (NFR 6), where clinical waste incineration was terminated since 2003 and all clinical wastes are subjected to sterilization.

11 HCB Emissions in kg 6C Waste Incineration 2C1 Iron and Steel Production 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,00 1A4 Small Combustion 1A2 Manufacturing Industry and Construction Figure 6: HCB emissions per sector 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,00 HCB Emissions in kg Figure 7: National total HCB emissions for the period POPs Emissions Uncertainty The uncertainty of the emissions and the emission trends for the period 1990 was estimated. Based on the uncertainty analysis results, the uncertainty of POPs emissions is higher compared with the uncertainty of the other pollutants. The uncertainty analysis results are given in Table 14.

12 11 Table 14: Emissions Uncertainties Pollutant Emissions () Uncertainty (%) Trend Uncertainty (1990-) (%) NO x Gg VOCs Gg SO Gg NH Gg PM Gg PM Gg TSP Gg CO Gg Pb Mg Cd Mg Hg Mg PCDD/PCDF g I-Teq PAHs Mg HCB kg PCBs kg