Environmental Control Systems and the Cabin Environment

Transcription

1 Air Quality in Passenger Aircraft Environmental Control Systems and the Cabin Environment Angus MacLean Head of Marketing, Honeywell Aerospace Yeovil October, 2003 RAeS, London Honeywell Page 1

2 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 2

3 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 3

4 Background Air Quality a Recognised Global Issue Australian Senate report further investigation needed to pinpoint the exact cause of fumes - problem occurs on more than one aircraft type. UK House of Lords Select Committee 50 Recommendations for adoption to enhance crew/passenger comfort CabinAir and other initiatives launched by EC Public concern Pre-normative standards U.S. National Research Council Issued Recommendations and Concerns American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) research project 1262-TRP: Relates air quality and other factors to comfort and health related symptoms reported by passengers and crew on commercial transport aircraft. The project is in 3 parts: Literature review, in-flight questionnaire and cabin air testing ISSUE UNDER SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL SCRUTINY Page 4

5 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 5

6 CabinAir Honeywell Aerospace Yeovil, leader of Work Package 2 Objectives: 1- To evaluate the impact & influence of the ECS on CAQ 2- To identify opportunities to reduce the environmental impact of the ECS and associated sub-systems 3- To identify innovative designs and technical solutions 4- To examine alternative modes of ECS operation 5- To identify opportunities for retrofitting existing fleet Page 6

7 Key Findings of CabinAir Work Package 2 The Work Package has identified:- 1- The effect upon CAQ by the ECS is limited to thermal parameters. Additional filtration and enhanced distribution can have a detrimental effect on performance. 2- Areas of greatest environmental impact, using a complex parametric model:- bleed air pre-conditioning system air-conditioning system 3- Innovative designs identified as being feasible:- zero bleed (including vapour cycle refrigeration) supplementary bleed / enhanced bleed management energy recovery enhanced water separation (currently under demonstration) Page 7

8 Key Findings of CabinAir Work Package 2 (continued) 4- Alternative operational procedures on the ground (Essen University) included central conditioned air source at the gate and mobile facility on the ramp. Neither concept involves local burning of hydrocarbon fuel. 5- Retrofit of additional equipment is subject to STC. WP2 findings support need for simultaneous Honeywell developments aimed at addressing in-service aircraft WP 2 FINDINGS FOR NOVEL CONCEPTS CONTRIBUTE TO PROPOSAL FOR PRE-NORMATIVE STANDARDS Page 8

9 Current ECS Configuration Outside Air Recirculation system IP 1-3 HP Distribution system Compression CPCS Air turbine starter Firewall Integrated Controller Ram air inlet APU inlet FLIGHT DECK FORWARD CABIN Mixing unit Pressure bulkhead ECS RH pack Ram air overboard ECS LH pack REAR CABIN Firewall CFE APU 3-15 High pressure ground connection Pre-conditioning system IP Air turbine starter CFE HP Firewall Air conditioning system CABIN AIR DEPENDENT ON OUTSIDE AIR Page 9

10 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 10

11 Cabin Air Quality - Affected by Outside Air Deicing Ambient Air Pollution Engine Exhaust Ingestion and Leaks Refueling Fuel Smell at Engine Start, Takeoff MULTIPLE SOURCES MAY AFFECT CABIN AIR Gate Operations Page 11

12 Existing Cabin Air Quality Standards FAA / JAA regulations exist for: Ventilation (0.55 lb air/min/pax) Carbon monoxide & carbon dioxide (defined concentration limits) Ozone (defined concentration limits) Temperature (minima & maxima for certain modes of flight, and rates of pull-up/pull-down) Cabin pressure (equivalent cabin altitude must not exceed 8000ft) NO REGULATION FOR OTHER CONTAMINANTS OR HUMIDITY Page 12

13 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 13

14 Improving Cabin Air Quality Cure or Treatment? Prevention of root cause: Prevent unwanted compounds from entering bleed air Always a possibility of leaks or fluid ingestion Impossible to control outside air (odours, ozone and contaminants) Treatment of root cause Removal of fluids and odours after entering bleed air Use air quality devices Use higher recirc ratio (dilutes unwanted compounds) Integrate sensors and diagnostics for fault trend monitoring and isolation CANNOT PREVENT; TREAT WHERE FEASIBLE Page 14

15 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 15

16 Honeywell Air Quality Products Aerospace Ozone Control Air Revitalization Systems Filtration Ozone Converters (Available for new platforms and for retrofit of existing fleet International Space Station and other Space applications Electrostatic Precipitation air cleaners Sorbent Media Media Filtration (Partner or Acquire) Home and Buildings Ultraviolet Air Treatment Systems Solution Humidity Control Ventilation UV Return Air UV Coil Irradiation (Partner or Acquire) Integrated Controls Standalone Economizers with Demand Control Ventilation for buildings Controls (partner or acquire Dehumidification capability) Desiccants Refrigeration Heat/Energy Recovery Ventilators Controls (Partner or Acquire Blower capability) Honeywell Air Quality Products Are Well Known in the Industry Page 16

17 Honeywell Technologies Under Development Catalytic Precooler Aerosol Trap CHOC - Combined Hydrocarbon & Ozone Converter Dual Function - Precooler and Ozone Converter Future - Potentially Add CHOC Reduces Odors Caused by Oil, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Leaks Into the Cabin Dual Function - Removes Both Ozone and Hydrocarbons From Bleed Air Low Temperature version of the CHOC PCO - Photo Catalytic Oxidation Absorbs High Level Contaminants Destroys Steady State Level Contaminants Eliminates Odors Disinfects Air via UV Enhanced Filtration Destroys Microorganisms Air Quality Monitors NBC - Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Protection Bleed Air Monitor Measures Intensity of Contaminants Dual Function Destroys Chemical & Biological Provides Protection for Military & Buildings Trend-Setting Technologies Are Ready for Industry Introduction Page 17

18 Odours and Carbon Monoxide Odours are largely hydrocarbons, causing perception of poor air quality Odours are vapours, they cannot be filtered Catalytic converter oxidises odours to harmless levels of CO 2 Carbon monoxide (CO) may be ingested or formed by breakdown of hydrocarbons in bleed air Catalytic converter will oxidise CO to harmless level of CO 2 Bleed air inc. odours + CO Catalytic Converter Bleed air CATALYTIC CONVERTOR TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE NOW Page 18

19 Catalytic Conversion Options: Stand alone hydrocarbon converter Combined with ozone converter function to become Combined Hydrocarbon and Ozone Converter (CHOC TM ) HC + O3 = CHOC Combined ozone convertor and pre-cooler/heat exchanger + = FLEXIBILITY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENT Page 19

20 Aerosols in Bleed Air Fluids and oils May coat ducting and air conditioning equipment Degraded products cause odours and CO Extreme cases may cause haze or smoke Removal of aerosols from bleed air Impact of liquid particles on fibres Will not remove vapours Bleed air + aerosol Bleed air Page 20

21 Photocatalyst Oxidation (PCO) Provides Low Temperature Removal of Impurities in Recirculation Air Benefits: permits increased level of recirculated to outside air disinfects viruses, bacteria & fungal spores removes odours & organic compounds Approach: proprietary catalyst activated by UV lamp buffer adsorbent to remove concentration spikes Low temperature air with microorganisms Filter UV Clean, low temperature air ENABLES USE OF INCREASED RECIRCULATION LEVEL Page 21

22 Bleed Air Monitor ground diagnostic tool to detect and locate bleed air contaminants real time detection of synthetic lubricants and other hydrocarbons catalyst converts organic hydrocarbons (VOC s) to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) operates at 28 VDC (aircraft power compatible) portable device works in the ppb range (300) on-line monitoring IN-FLIGHT VERSION UNDER DEVELOPMENT Page 22

23 Agenda Background to the Issue Honeywell and CabinAir Relationship between the issue and the ECS Cure or Treatment? Treatment Options Conclusions Page 23

24 Conclusions The current and forecast volume of passenger flights demands that concerns are addressed This can only be done under the control of appropriate authority New standards are required to regulate the activity Reduced air quality is a result of a combination of contaminated outside air and/or incorrectly operated aircraft systems Supplementary equipments available to treat existing fleet and equip new build Page 24