Research on Effects of Environment Policies and Systems on Environmental Protection Industry Yunhao Zhao 1,a, Lu Xin 1,b, Ning Sun 1,c, Xu Chen 2,d

Transcription

1 Advanced Materials Research Online: ISSN: , Vol. 777, pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Research on Effects of Environment Policies and Systems on Environmental Protection Yunhao Zhao 1,a, Lu Xin 1,b, Ning Sun 1,c, Xu Chen 2,d 1 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing , China 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin , China a zhaoyh@caep.org.cn, b xinlu@caep.org.cn, c sunning@caep.org.cn, d chenxu@caep.org.cn Keywords: environmental protection industry; environment policies, environment systems, acting forces Abstract. Environment polices/systems play vital roles in and are motive powers for the development of environmental protection industry. In order to delve into the facilitating influences of different environment polices/systems at various development stages of the environmental protection industry, the paper analyzes the forces acting on the development of environmental protection industry in combination with the theory of industrial economics and features of the environmental protection industry. Environment polices/systems facilitating the development of environmental protection industry are divided into three major categories: industry demand based, industry supply based and industry regulation based, which are further classified into 24 items. The Delphi method and single factor evaluation model are adopted for the evaluation of the influence degrees imposed by environment policies/systems at different stages of the environmental protection industry on the industry s development and for empirical analyses on the urban sewage treatment industry. Introduction Since 1980s, researchers in various countries have carried out numerous researches on the forces that can facilitate the development of environmental protection industry, all leading to the results that environment policies/systems are playing a key and irreplaceable role in promoting the development of environmental protection industry and that the factors of environment policies/systems driving the development of the industry vary greatly in different development stages. Representative research conclusions include: 1) Chong Kenichi, a Japanese scholar, put forward the idea that the power for development of the environmental protection industry lies in the implementation of thorough environmental regulation and formulation of environmental plans in accordance with related laws and rules, adoption of incentive measures to encourage enterprises to protect environment and increase input on the development of environmental technologies. 2) Grant Ferril, the president of U.S Association of Environmental Protection, put forward the opinion that major driving forces for the development of environmental protection industry are environmental laws and rules in the initial and development stages; in the maturing stage, with the gradual perfection of environmental laws and rules, with the enhancement of environmental consciousness among the public and constant improvement of enterprises' abilities in assuming environmental liabilities, the facilitating effects of environmental laws and rules on the environmental protection industry are lowered and economic incentive measures became the major driving factor [1]. Further researches on facilitating forces of different environment policies/systems at various development stages of the environmental protection industry are of great significance in the study and formulation of policies promoting the development of environmental protection industry. Classification of Environment Policies/Systems Based on Acting Forces Environment policies/systems are guiding principles for the actions that have been made to solve environmental problems in certain historical periods, implement environmental protection strategies and reach scheduled environmental objectives. So far, environment policies/systems promulgated and implemented in China are diversified in categories, with a wide coverage [2]. This research concludes environment policies/systems into three major categories and 24 items (see Table 1) in accordance with differences in forces (demands, supply and regulations) acting on the development of environmental protection industry. The three major categories are industry demand based policies/systems (hereafter referred to D-type), industry supply based policies/systems (hereafter referred to S-type) and industry regulation based policies/systems (hereafter referred to R-type). All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-07/03/16,00:41:27)

2 Advanced Materials Research Vol Table 1 Environment Policies/Systems Facilitating Environmental Protection Types SN Environment Polices/Systems No. demand based (D-type) Policies supply based (S-type) Policies regulation based (R-type) Policies 1 2 Environmental protection plans, such as the national five-year plan for environmental protection and special plans for prevention and control of pollution in air and major rivers or caused by pollutants. Assessment on environmental protection targets and concerned evaluation systems, including assessment systems for relevant plans and quantitative assessment on environmental targets. 3 Standards for Discharge of Pollutants and Environment Quality D Environment management systems of construction projects and pollution discharge enterprises, such as environmental impact evaluation system, Three-Simultaneous system, time limit treatment system. Environment regulation and law enforcement, such as daily monitoring and inspection and administrative penalties. 6 Industrial restructuring and environment access policies D Franchise operation policies, such as franchise operations for urban sewage treatment, wastes disposal and desulphurization of the electric power plant. Government procurement of environment friendly products, facilities and services and green consumption policies, etc. 9 Government and corporate environment information disclosure system D-9 10 International cooperation and trade policies for environmental protection, such as green trade barrier and going abroad policies. 11 Propaganda and education for environmental protection and popular sciences D Pricing policies for prevention and control of pollution, such as policies for pollutant disposal and charge collection and trading of discharge rights. Environmental protection investment and subsidy policies, such as national special funds for prevention and control of various pollutions and for capital constructions for environmental protection. Environment economy preferential policies, such as preference policies for taxation, loans, charges, depreciations and comprehensive utilization. Social financing policies for environmental protection, such as industrial investment funds and equity mortgage policies. Environmental protection technology policies, such as plans for and key projects for development of environmental protection technologies. System for evaluation, demonstration and promotion of environmental protection technologies and special fund support policies for environmental protection technologies Personnel training policies, such as plans for environmental protection manpower and for establishment of environmental protection business school. Development plan for environmental protection industry, such as national and provincial five-year development plans for the environmental protection industry and development plans for the environment service industry. Regulations on pollution treatment engineering technologies and standards on facility operation services, such as technical specifications for environmental protection acceptance and for environmental protection projects as well as technological policies for prevention and control of pollution. Environmental protection qualification recognition systems, such as environmental impact assessment, operation of pollution treatment facilities, special design qualification, EPC (engineering, procurement and construction), recognition of qualifications of monitoring bodies, practitioners and environment friendly products. Quality supervision and management system for environment friendly products, projects and services, such as management of bidding and tendering and consultancy, design and development for environmental protection projects and announcement of operation blacklists. Investigation and statistics, annual evaluation and information announcement system for the environmental protection industry Establishment and development of social environmental protection organizations, such as industrial associations, allies and consortiums. D-1 D-2 D-4 D-5 D-7 D-8 D-10 S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6

3 392 Environmental Biotechnology and Materials Engineering (2013) Environmental Policy/System Force Evaluation Method For this study purpose, the Delphi method and single-factor evaluation model are adopted to evaluate the magnitude of environmental policy/system forces acting on environmental protection industry for different stages of the industrial development. The force evaluation results are obtained through first determining the environmental policy/system force evaluation factor set and evaluation set contributing to the development of environmental protection industry, then collecting and summarizing the expert comments by Delphi method, and getting evaluation values from calculating single-factor evaluation models. Factor set. According to the periodic laws of industrial development, the environmental protection industry is divided into four stages, i.e. formation, growth, maturity and decline [3]. Various development stages of the environmental protection industry, as the evaluation factors, are part of the finite set U of evaluation factors. Factor set U = (u 1 u 2 u 3 u 4 ) = (formation stage, growth stage, maturity stage, decline stage) (1) Evaluation set. The contributions of the environmental policies/systems at each development stage to the environmental protection industry are divided into four levels, i.e. Strong, Moderate, Weak and Non classes (all are promotive forces, regardless of the reactive forces hindering the development), which are marked as v 1, v 2, v 3 and v 4 respectively, consisting of the evaluation set V. "Strong represents that this environmental policy/system is the very key to contribute to the environmental protection industry development; Moderate represents the important policy/system that is in the weaker level, playing a Strong role, but still is essential to contribute to the environmental protection industry development at this stage; Weak represents that there is no remarkable contribution to the environmental protection industry development; Non represents that the policy/system will apply no force and has no effect on the environmental protection industry development at this stage. Evaluation set V = (v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 ) = (strong, moderate, weak, non) (2) Delphi method. For this study, 30 experts working on environmental protection administration, environmental protection industry research, environmental engineering consultation, senior management of environmental protection enterprises and so on have been selected. These experts, based on their own experiences, distinguish the formation, growth, maturity, decline stages of environmental protection industry development, compare the intensities of effects of different environmental policies/systems on the industry development at these stages, and thus select a proper evaluation level. Single-factor evaluation model. The shares of expert comments of Strong, Moderate, Weak and Non, as an evaluation value, are part of the finite set B of the evaluation, so the set B is a single-factor evaluation matrix for the evaluation set V in this domain. (3) By summarizing the expert evaluation results, a single-factor evaluation matrix is derived for the environmental policy/system forces acting on different development stages of environmental protection industry, as detailed in Table 2.

4 Advanced Materials Research Vol Table 2 Evaluation Value of Environmental Policy/System Force Acting on Different Development Stages of Environmental Protection u 1 u 2 u 3 u 4 No. Set b n1 b n2 b n3 b n4 b n1 b n2 b n3 b n4 b n1 b n2 b n3 b n4 b n1 b n2 b n3 b n4 D-1 B D-2 B D-3 B D-4 B D-5 B D-6 B D-7 B D-8 B D-9 B D-10 B D-11 B S-1 B S-2 B S-3 B S-4 B S-5 B S-6 B S-7 B R-1 B R-2 B R-3 B R-4 B R-5 B R-6 B Environmental Policy/System Force Evaluation Results Based on the calculation results, a map of single-factor evaluation results is produced for the environmental policy/system force acting on different development stages of environmental protection industry, as detailed in Figure 1. For each specific policy in each specific development stage of environment protection industry, the comments with the highest share of evaluation results of "Strong", Moderate, Weak and Non is adopted as the final evaluation conclusion, and summarized to obtain a force evaluation table for different environment policies/systems in different development stages of the industry. Please see the details in Table 3.

5 394 Environmental Biotechnology and Materials Engineering (2013) Formation Stage Development Stage Maturity Stage Decline Stage Figure 1 Evaluation Results of Environmental Policy/System Force Acting on Different Development Stages of Environmental Protection Table 3 Force Evaluation for Different Environmental Policies/Systems in Different Development Stages of the Type No. Formation Growth Maturity Decline D-type S-type R-type Strong Moderate Weak Non D-1 S S M W D-2 S S S W D-3 S S S S D-4 S S S W D-5 S S S M D-6 S S M W D-7 M S M W D-8 S S M W D-9 W S S W D-10 W M S W D-11 S M W W S-1 M S S M S-2 S S M W S-3 S S M W S-4 W S M W S-5 M S M W S-6 S S M W S-7 W S S W R-1 M S M W R-2 M S S M R-3 M S M W R-4 W M S W R-5 W M S W R-6 W M M W S- Strong M- Moderate W-Weak

6 Advanced Materials Research Vol Case Analysis in Urban Sewage Treatment According to the classification of environmental policies/systems facilitating the development of environmental protection industry, those facilitating the development of urban sewage treatment industry are divided into D type, S type and R type, as detailed in Table 4. Table 4 Classification of Environmental Policies/Systems Facilitating the Development of Urban Sewage Treatment Type No. Description of Environmental Policy/System demand based (D type) supply based (S type) regulation based (R type) D-1 Construction Plan for Urban Sewage Treatment and Recycling Facilities, Prevention and Control Plan for Water Pollution in Key Rivers D-2 Methods for Assessing the Total Emission Reduction of Major Pollutants Urban Discharge and Sewage Treatment Regulations (draft for comments), Standard for D-3 Discharge of Pollutants from Urban Sewage Treatment Plant (GB ), Integrated Sewage Discharge Standard (GB ) D-4 Administrative Regulations on Collection and Use of Pollution Discharge Fees Urban Drainage License Management Measures (Decree 152 of Ministry of D-5 Construction), Interim Provisions for Assessment of Urban Sewage Treatment Works (C.J.H.[2010] No. 166) Franchise Management Measures for Municipal Public Utilities (Decree 126 of Ministry D-7 of Construction) Environmental Information Disclosure Rules (trial) (Decree 35 of Ministry of D-9 Environmental Protection) Circular on Issuance of the Guiding Measures for Propaganda and Education Work of D-11 Ministry of Environmental Protection (H.B.[2009] No. 13) Circular of Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation on VAT Policies Concerning Sewage Treatment (C.S.[2001] No. 97), Notice of State Development Plan Commission (now National Development and Reform Commission), Ministry of S-1 Construction and State Environmental Protection Administration (now Ministry of Environmental Protection) on Strengthening the Collection of Sewage Treatment Fees and Establishing a Positive Operation Mechanism for Urban Sewage Discharge and Centralized Treatment (J.J.G.(1999) No. 1192) Measures for Management of Project Funds for Construction of Pipe Network S-2 Supporting Urban Sewage Treatment Facilities in the 12 th Five-Year Plan (C.J.[2011] No. 266) Reply on Not Levying Business Taxes on Sewage Treatment Fees (G.S.H.(2004) No. S ) Major Technology Project for Waters Pollution Control and Treatment in the 12 th S-5 Five-Year Plan Circular on Issuance of Temporary Provisions for Registered Utility Engineer Practicing Qualification System, Implementation Measures of Registered Utility Engineer Practicing Qualification Examination and Measures for Assessment and Determination of Registered Utility Engineer Practicing Qualification (R.F.[2003] No. 24), Circular on S-7 Issuance of Temporary Provisions for Registered Environmental Protection Engineer Practicing Qualification System, Implementation Measures of Registered Environmental Protection Engineer Practicing Qualification Examination and Measures for Assessment and Determination of Registered Environmental Protection Engineer Practicing Qualification (R.F.B.[2005] No. 56) Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology Guidelines (HJ ), Urban Sewage Treatment and Pollution Control Technology Policies (J.C.[2000] No. 124), Technical Specifications for Monitoring of Surface Water and Sewage (HJ/T ), R-2 Technical Specifications for Monitoring of Total Volume of Water Pollutant Discharge (HJ/T ), Technical Principles and Measures for Establishing Local Water Pollutant Discharge Standards (GB ) License Management Measures for Operation Qualification of Environmental Pollution Control Facilities (Decree 20 of Ministry of Environmental Protection), Grading and R-3 Classification Standards for Operation Qualification of Environmental Pollution Control Facilities (trial)

7 396 Environmental Biotechnology and Materials Engineering (2013) Currently in China, the acceleration of industrial growth and the increase of population and urbanization result in rapid growth in urban sewage discharge and demands for urban sewage treatment, rapid scale expansion of urban sewage treatment industry, as well as increasing industrial concentration. China s urban sewage treatment industry is rapidly developing [4]. Based on the results of force evaluation for different environmental policies/systems at different stages of the industry development (Table 3), the Strong force environmental policies/systems in the growth stage of the industry development include: D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, D-6, D-7, D-8, D-9, S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4, S-5, S-6, S-7, R-1, R-2, R-3; the Moderate ones include: D-10, D-11, R-4, R-5, R-6; there is no Weak force environmental policy/system. By reference to Table 3, for the urban sewage treatment industry, the Strong force environmental policies/systems D-8 (government procurement of environmental friendly products, facilities and services and green consumption policies), S-4 (social financing policies for environmental protection), S-6 (system for evaluation, demonstration and promotion and special fund support policies for environmental technologies), R-1 (development plan for environmental protection industry), and the facility operation service standard of R-2 have not been set up. It is recommended to study, formulate and actively implement them. Moreover, the Moderate force environmental policies/systems D-10 (international cooperation and trade policies for environmental protection), R-4 (quality supervision and management system for environmental friendly products, projects and services), R-5 (investigation and statistics, annual assessment and information announcement system for environmental protection industry), R-6 (establishment and development of social environmental protection organizations) which have not been set up, especially D-10, R-4 and R-5 which turn into Strong at the maturity stage, should be pushed forward. References [1] Ding Jun, Environmental Financing Researches (D), Shanghai School of Economics and Management College of Tongji University, 2007: 4-8. [2] Cai Shouqiu, Science of Environment Policies [M], Beijing: Science Press, 2009: [3] Ren Yun, Study on Development of Environmental Protection in China [D], Major of Population, Resources and Environmental Economics of Jilin University, 2009: [4] Beijing Wefore Investment Consulting Co., Ltd., Agricultural Bank of China, Study on Development of Environmental Protection in China [Z], 2012:

8 Environmental Biotechnology and Materials Engineering (2013) / Research on Effects of Environment Policies and Systems on Environmental Protection /