FINAL REPORT Low Carbon City Action Plan for Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Data Report

Transcription

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2 FINAL REPORT Low Carbon City Action Plan for Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Data Report

3 FINAL REPORT Low Carbon City Action Plan for Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Data Report Copyright Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA), All Rights Reserved Prepared for Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) This document has been prepared with input from range of organisations and agencies. Content may not be reproduced, downloaded, disseminated, published or transferred in any form or by any means, except with the explicit, prior authorization in writing. Any use of information in this document should be accompanied by an acknowledgement of Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) as the source. Prepared by: Malaysian Institute of Planners (MIP) Noraida Saludin Mazrina Abd Khalid Norliza Hashim Khairiah Mohd Talha Ana Kashfi Muhamad PM. Dr. Faridah Shafii BK Sinha Maizatul Munirah Abd Rahman In association with: Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (MGTC) Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd. Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS) Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Megajana Sdn. Bhd.

4 CONTENTS Executive Summary i Introduction Goal Objectives Methodologies and Approaches Key Stakeholders Profiling of Cyberjaya MSC Malaysia Cybercities/Cybercentres Cybercities around the World Cyberjaya Masterplan Cyberjaya Today Location and Accessibility Surrounding Development Policies and Plans that Related to Cyberjaya Cyberjaya Green Initiatives 1-33 Application of LCCF Sub-Criteria to Baseline LCCF Elements and Sub-Criteria Applicability of LCCF Performance Criteria in Cyberjaya 2-4 Carbon Emission Assessment Carbon Accounting Approach Data Collection Level of Assessments Carbon Emission under Urban Environment (UE) Baseline BaU Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) Summary for UE 3-12

5 CONTENTS 3.5 Carbon Emission under Urban Transportation (UT) Assumptions Baseline BaU Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) Summary for UT Carbon Emission under Urban Infrastructure (UI) Assumptions Baseline BaU Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) Summary for UI Carbon Emission under Building (B) Baseline BaU Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) Summary for Building (B) Overall Summary 3-24 Conclusion Way Forward 4-2

6 LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1.1: Key Stakeholders Involved 1-3 Diagram 1.2: Policies Related to Cyberjaya 1-21 Diagram 1.3: Local Authorities Involved in Greater KL/KV 1-25 Diagram 1.4: igreet and igreet Junior 1-35 Diagram 1.5: Bus Shelters with Solar Panels 1-35 Diagram 1.6: Tree Planting in Cyberjaya 1-36 Diagram 1.7: SHELL Gold Certified Building 1-37 Diagram 1.8: Green Kiosk, Green Billboard and Eco-Toilet 1-38 Diagram 1.9: Features in Cyberjaya DTS Buses 1-39 Diagram 2.1: LCCF Performance Criteria Based on Carbon Footprint 2-1 Diagram 2.2: Breakdown of Performance Criteria and Sub-criteria 2-1 Diagram 2.3: UE 1-1 Development within Urban Footprint 2-5 Diagram 2.4: UE 1-2 Infill Development 2-6 Diagram 2.5:UE 1-3 Development within Transit Nodes and Corridors Diagram 2.6: UE 1-4 Brownfield and Greyfield Redevelopment 2-8 Diagram 2.7: UE 1-5 Hill Slope Development 2-9 Diagram 2.8: UE 2-1 Mixed-use Development 2-10 Diagram 2.9: UE 2-2 Compact Development 2-11 Diagram 2.10: UE 2-3 Road and Parking 2-12 Diagram 2.11: UE 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network 2-13 Diagram 2.12: UE 2-5 Comprehensive Cycling Network 2-14 Diagram 2.13: UE 2-6 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect 2-15 Diagram 2.14:UE 3-1 Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity Diagram 2.15: UE 3-2 Green Open Space 2-17 Diagram 2.16: UE 3-3 Number of Trees 2-18

7 LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 2.17: UT 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency 2-19 Diagram 2.18: UT 2-1 Public Transport 2-20 Diagram 2.19: UT 2-2 Walking and Cycling 2-21 Diagram 2.20: UT 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport 2-22 Diagram 2.21: UT 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport 2-23 Diagram 2.22: UT 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management 2-24 Diagram 2.23: UT 4-2 Traffic Congestionand Traffic Flow Management Diagram 2.24:UI Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services Diagram 2.25: UI 1-2 Earthwork Management 2-27 Diagram 2.26: UI 1-3 Urban Storm Management 2-28 Diagram 2.27: UI 2-1 Construction and Industrial Waste Management 2-29 Diagram 2.28: UI 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management 2-30 Diagram 2.29: UI 3-1 Energy Optimisation 2-31 Diagram 2.30: UI 3-2 Renewable Energy 2-32 Diagram 2.31: UI 3-3 Site-wide District Cooling System 2-33 Diagram 2.32: UI 4-1 Efficient Water Management 2-34 Diagram 2.33: B 1-1 Operational Energy Emissions 2-35 Diagram 2.34: B 1-2 Operational Water Emissions 2-36 Diagram 2.35: B 1-3 Emission Abatement Through Retrofitting 2-37 Diagram 2.36: B 1-4 Building Orientation 2-38 Diagram 2.37: B 2-1 Shared Facilities and Utilities within Building 2-39 Diagram 4.1: Percentage of Baseline 2011 vs BaU Diagram 4.2: Percentage of Baseline 2011 vs LCS Diagram 4.3:A Roadmap Template Initiative Towards A Low Carbon City 4-4

8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1:LanduseBreakdown of CyberjayaAccording to the Masterplan 1-12 Table 1.2: Development Progress in Cyberjaya as of November Table 1.3: The AFFIRM Framework 1-22 Table 2.1: LCCF Performance Criteria and Sub-Criteria 2-2 Table 3.1: Input Data 3-4 Table 3.2: GDP for the Interval Years 3-8 Table3.3: Baseline 2011, BaU2020 and LCS 2020 for UE 3-10 Table 3.4: Comparisons between Baseline Emission and BaU Table 3.5: Comparisons between Baseline Emission and LCS Table 3.6: Summary for UE 3-12 Table3.7: Baseline 2011, BaU2020 and LCS 2020 for UT 3-16 Table 3.8: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU Table 3.9: Summary for UT 3-17 Table3.10: Baseline 2011, BaU2020 and LCS 2020 for UI 3-19 Table 3.11: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU Table 3.12: Summary for UI 3-20 Table 3.13: Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 for Building 3-22 Table 3.14: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU Table 3.15: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and LCS Table 3.16: Summary for Building 3-23 Table 3.17: Overall Summary 3-24 Table 3.18: Comparisons of CO2 Emission for Cyberjaya 3-24 Table 4.1: Summary for Baseline 2011, BaU2020 and LCS 2020 (in tco2) Table 4.2: Comparisons of Carbon Emission by Percentage

9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Working Process and Approaches for Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Study Figure 1.2: Cyberjaya Masterplan 1-13 Figure 1.3: Development Progress in Cyberjaya 1-15 Figure 1.4: Location and Accessibility 1-17 Figure 1.5: Surrounding Development 1-20 Figure 1.6: Cyberjaya s Position 1-26 Figure 1.7: NKEA Initiatives: Business Opportunities 1 Putrajaya

10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United Nations (UN) once defined that Malaysia was already a highly urbanized nation. In the Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010 report produced by Department of Statistics Malaysia, the total population of Malaysia was 28.3million, of which 71% or almost 20 million were living in urban areas. In reality, Malaysia is continually growing. In the World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision reported by UN stated that Malaysia s urban population has reached 72.8% in 2011 which is slightly beyond the projected 2020 urban population rate of 70%¹ Why should this be of concern to us? As more and more population move to urban areas or cities, human activities in urban/cities will increase, increasing the demand for energy and water and subsequently producing higher level of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission. Human activities involving in housing, transportation, energy use, etc. are the major contributors of measuring the emission from these various activities which is seen as critical for future actions towards reduction of carbon emission. This Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Study aims to obtain baseline data for year 2011 and utilize it to project future carbon emissions in 2020 for the city of Cyberjaya using the framework and assessment tool provided by the Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System (LCCF) developed by the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA). This study provides a preliminary understanding of the level of CO2 emission for Cyberjaya. This study is part of the pioneer initiative by the government to showcase Malaysia s efforts towards developing low carbon cities. This is in-line with the 10 th Malaysia Plan to propel Cyberjaya, along with Putrajaya as pioneer Green City of the country. This study is part of the Cyberjaya Low Carbon City Action Plan initiated by KeTTHA together with its partners in Cyberjaya namely Cyberview Sdn. Bhd, Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) and Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC). This document is divided into four (4) chapters: 1. Introduction : This chapter introduces background of the study (goal, objectives, process and approaches), profiling of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya in bigger context (from regional perspective to state and district level) and the green initiatives already and currently implemented in Cyberjaya. ¹The 9 th Malaysia Plan projected that 70% of total population in year 2020 would be living in urban areas. i

12 2. Application of LCCF Sub-criteria to Baseline : In this chapter, the applicability of LCCF elements and subcriteria were evaluated prior further assessments and data input. Their relevance are assessed in context with Cyberjaya in detail. 3. Carbon Emissions Assessment : Based on the evaluation, this chapter then focuses on calculating the carbon emissions based on three (3) different measurements: (i) Baseline 2011, (ii) Business-as-Usual (BaU) 2020 and (iii) Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) At the end of this chapter, it also includes summary of all the results and comparisons of CO2 emissions for Cyberjaya. The LCS 2020 emission was calculated based on a set of strategies recommended in the LCCF. These strategies are as follows: Low Carbon Strategies 2020 for UE 1 Hill slope development replanting trees with high carbon sequestration vegetation 2 Road and parking should not exceed 20% of total area of development in Cyberjaya. In this case the roads and parking area are less than 20% as allocated by the Cyberjaya Master Plan 3 Green open space is minimum at 10% of the total development or greater 4 Water bodies are conserved for carbon sequestration 5 Indigenous trees of high carbon sequestration including bamboos are planted 6 Expansion of greeneries through green roofs and grid paving etc. Low Carbon Strategies 2020 for UT 1 Awareness campaigns of the carbon impact of transport as a result of usage of SOV 2 Incentives for the reductions of SOV 3 Penalties due to the usage of SOV ii

13 Low Carbon Strategies 2020 for UI 1 Promote awareness campaigns to achieve zero waste to landfills 2 Generate energy out of organic (green) waste 3 Ensure all buildings use DCS cooling Low Carbon Strategies 2020 for Building Design energy efficiency measures conforming to benchmarks and common carbon metrics to provide trajectories to 40% carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond Build retrofits for existing buildings to meet energy efficiency benchmarks and climate goal trajectories Design buildings conforming to the Common Carbon Metrics (CCM) for carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond 4 Use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions 5 Conserve water and therefore resulting in energy savings in water processing and distribution. 4. Conclusion : This final chapter summarizes the findings of the study and proposes recommendations of the way forward for further actions. A roadmap toward implementing measures recommended is included. Achieving low carbon city status involves a huge effort. It requires many sets of actions, including changing the lifestyles and habits of people in general. Any growth or development must seek a balance optimizing the land for development as well as protecting it for environmental purposes. All human actions have impacts not just on the environment but also in terms of how much carbon we generate into the atmosphere daily. iii

14 1.0 INTRODUCTION

15 In 2011, the Malaysian government through the Ministry of Green Technology, Energy and Water (KeTTHA), unveiled a framework guide and assessment system for Low Carbon Cities. This is known as the Low carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System (LCCF). The LCCF is an initiative led by the government that serves as a guide for the local authorities, township developers, designers and individuals on how to plan and develop a low carbon city, township or project. The focus of LCCF is towards reduction of carbon emissions in cities, townships and projects. It is in line with the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) under the Ministry of Green Technology, Energy and Water in moving towards lowering carbon emissions and simultaneously attaining a sustainable development. In achieving a 40 percent reduction of carbon intensity by the year 2020, compared to 2005 levels per GDP as the Prime Minister pledged in Copenhagen in 2009, the Government has selected Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as the pilot projects to showcase low carbon initiatives. These projects are identified as Cyberjaya and Putrajaya Low Carbon Action Plans. As part of the initiative for the action plan for Cyberjaya, KeTTHA through its agency, Malaysia Green Technology Corporation (MGTC) has embarked on a two-stage process towards developing the action plan. The first one is a baseline assessment of carbon emissions for Cyberjaya using the LCCF and the next stage is the formulation of an action plan towards carbon emission reduction. 1-1

16 1.1 Goal The aim of this research is to provide 2011 baseline data for Cyberjaya and project future carbon emission for Japan Research Institute (JRI) to formulate the Cyberjaya Low Carbon City Action Plan. Carbon Emissions CO2 emissions come from a variety of natural sources emitted through human activities. Human activities are responsible for the increase of CO2 that has occurred in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. The main human activity that emits CO2 is the combustion of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas & oil) for energy and transportation (though certain industrial processes and land use changes). (Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2012) 1.2 Objectives The objectives of this research are: i. To identify the sub-criteria (based on LCCF) which are applicable for Cyberjaya; ii. To identify the carbon emission baseline of Cyberjaya for 2011; iii. To forecast the carbon emission level for 2020 based on Businessas-Usual (BaU) model and Low Carbon Strategies (LCS); and iv. To recommend low carbon strategies that may help in reducing carbon emission level of Cyberjaya. 1-2

17 1.3 Process and Approaches In order to achieve the desired goal as identified in 1.2 earlier, a thorough process was distinguished and various possible approaches were employed. The process and approaches are as follows: i. Identify Stakeholders and their Roles & Responsibilities In the beginning of this project, a brainstorming session was held to identify who were the stakeholders and to understand their roles and responsibilities. The session for the baseline study project included stakeholders that had varying levels of responsibility and authority. They were KeTTHA, MGTC, Cyberview Sdn. Bhd., Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd., Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang), Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC), Megajana Sdn. Bhd., SYABAS and Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Diagram 1.1 : Key Stakeholders Involved ii. Syndication with Stakeholders Next, is to have a regular and strong syndication between stakeholders and local consultants in order to ensure a good collaboration and understanding. This is imperative because by engaging the stakeholders and communicating with them will give certainty of working together and this enables better results. This helps ensuring the outcomes are achievable within the given timeframe and with near zero-roadblocks. 1-3

18 iii. Data Collection and Verification Data collection is the most crucial part in this study. Technical data is required in order to be able to calculate CO2 emissions. In this project, data were obtained from sources like Masterplan, Sepang District Local Plan, Selangor State Structure Plan, Census data, etc. All the data gathered will be the basis in calculating CO2 emissions. Thus, the data need to be further analyzed to identify whether it can be transferred to the carbon calculator. iv. Application of Calculator The collected data shall be the basis for a baseline based on Business as Usual (BaU). At this stage, the collected data will be transferred to the calculator and the carbon calculator will analyze carbon emission baseline of the identified sub-criteria. The results produced by the calculator will show the baseline carbon emissions for Cyberjaya for 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS v. Re-syndication with Stakeholders Once the baseline and BaU 2020 are established, another syndication with stakeholders takes place in order to ensure that all stakeholders agree with the output and that the results of this study are useful for future undertakings. Should the stakeholders unsatisfied with the output, then there is a need to revise all the data requirements which this will lead the research back to the data collection and verification stage. vi. Reporting Upon completion of the process at this stage, there is a need to have a report which documents the whole assessment of Cyberjaya. With all the stipulated process and approaches being followed, the outcome could be a good reporting documentation and reference for all. This report is useful for the purpose of updating the emission inventory. 1-4

19 Figure 1.1: Working Process and Approaches for Cyberjaya CO2 Baseline Study Developer / Land Owner / Local Authority Identify Key Stakeholders Identify Role and Responsibilities of Stakeholders Syndication with Stakeholders Data Collection and Verification Application of Carbon Calculator Baseline 2011 BaU 2020 LCS 2020 Revise Data Requirements CO2 Emissions Unsatisfied? Re-Syndication with Stakeholders Reporting 1-5

20 1.4 Key Stakeholders As discussed, there are various levels of stakeholders with different responsibilities and authorities involved in this project. However, there are only four (4) key stakeholders that have shaped Cyberjaya in becoming a world-class cybercity. They are: i. Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd. Being the master developer, Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd. plays a big role in the development of Cyberjaya. Ever since the establishment of the company on 28 th March 1997, Setia Haruman has beenheavily involved in the planning, designing and developing of Cyberjaya. Additionally, Setia Haruman is also responsible in providing the infrastructure facilities for Cyberjaya as well as being involved in its real estate development with investors and sub developers through marketing and selling of land parcels. With the aims to transform Cyberjaya as the first and premier ICT city in the country, Setia Haruman provides variety of world class facilities without side-lining the charm of natural surroundings. ii. Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. Cyberview Sdn. Bhd., a government owned company formed in 1996, is the landowner of Cyberjaya. Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. has been awarded Cybercity Manager (CCM) status by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). As a CCM, Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. is responsible to ensure continuous delivery of MSC Malaysia Bill of Guarantee 1 (BoG 1) i.e. to provide world class physical and information infrastructure and to ensure compliancy to the MSC Malaysia Performance Standards for all designated premises in Cyberjaya.Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. is also responsible in marketing, customer servicing, providing and implementing value added programmes to facilitate the growth of MSC Malaysia status companies. 1-6

21 iii. Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang), as the local authority or local government is responsible in providing services and basic amenities to all areas within the Sepang District. It is also responsible in the district Development Plan i.e. in implementing and ensuring compliance of the local plan prepared under the provision of the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) Besides that, MP Sepang is also responsible in controlling and regulating developments within its areas of jurisdiction. To date, the jurisdiction of MP Sepang encompasses an area of 61,900 hectares. iv. Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) is a one-stop agency incorporated under the Companies Act of Malaysia that ensures the successful implementation of MSC Malaysia. It is tasked with the Responsibility of advising the Malaysian Government of legislation and policies, developing MSC-Malaysia specific practices, setting standards for multimedia operations, promoting MSC Malaysia locally and globally and supporting companies which are locating or located within the region of MSC Malaysia; one of them is Cyberjaya. 1-7

22 1.5 Profiling of Cyberjaya Cyberjaya is the first intelligent city in the country which was re-modeled after Silicon Valley, U.S. The city was officially launched in 1999 by the former Prime Minister, YABhg Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The development of Cyberjaya started in 1997 when Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd. was appointed as the Master Developer. Cyberjaya covers an area of 2, hectares (6, acres), with 1, hectares (3,705 acres) are saleable land with hectares ( acres) are of a green area. The estimated population of Cyberjaya based on the published Census Data of year 2010 was 47,961. Positioned within the MSC corridor, Cyberjaya is neighbour to Putrajaya, the administrative centre of the country. Since urbanization has spread out, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya and other nearby centres have fast becoming new focal areas to stay, work, study and play. The development of Putrajaya has started since 1995, with a total land area of 4,931 hectares. The estimated population of Putrajaya is 68,361. From a Garden City concept, Putrajaya now aims to become a Green City by The differences between these two cities are Putrajaya is a special role city that serves as the Federal administrative centre whereas Cyberjaya is a cybercity that serves as a hub for information technology in the country. Today, Cyberjaya is home to 600 companies, of which includes more than 30 multinationals and more than 160 commercial outlets and restaurants. Major organisations such as Shell, Dell, Ericsson, DHL, Fujitsu, BMW, UNDP, Air Asia, Scicom, HSBC are few multinationals that have chosen Cyberjaya as an ideal location for their global offices and data centres. To improve the city s standing as one of the ideal cybercities, Cyberjaya also provides world class education through institutions like Lim Kok Wing University, Multimedia University (MMU), Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences (CUCMS), Kirkby International College, and Sekolah Seri Puteri (a National Secondary Boarding School for girls). 1-8

23 Background Profile of Cyberjaya Total Land Area : 2, ha Total Green Areas : ha (9% of total area) Population 2010 : 47,961 Population Density : 17 people/ha Total Knowledge Workers (2011) : 29,979 Total Number of Students (2011) : 21,986 Total Number of Companies (2011) : 621 GPS Location : 02º 55' , 101º 39' " Temperature : 24ºC - 33ºC Source: 1. Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd.( 2. Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. 3. Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) 4. Department of Statistic Malaysia 1-9

24 1.5.1 MSC Malaysia Cybercities/Cybercentres To date, seven Cybercities and twenty-two Cybercentres have been established under the MSC Malaysia Cybercities /Cybercentres. The establishment of Cybercities/ Cybercentres is in support of the growth of ICT in this country. MSC Malaysia Cybercities Cyberjaya : 2, ha Technology Park Malaysia : ha Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) : 1,408 ha Penang Cybercity 1 (PCC 1): ha KL City Centre : 2.17 ha KL Tower : 1.34 ha MSC Malaysia Cybercentres Meru Raya : ha Melaka International Trade Centre : ha Bandar Utama : ha KL Sentral : ha icity : ha Mid Valley City : ha UPM MTDC : ha Bangsar South City : ha Puchong Financial & Corporate Centre : 3.24 ha TM Cybercentre Complex : 3.07 ha Jaya 33 : 2.51 ha The Intermark : 2.13 ha Spansion : 1.70 ha Menara MSC Cyberport : 0.56 ha MSC Malaysia Cybercentre@Putra Square : 0.23 ha Menara Worldwide : 25, sq. m Symphony House : 24, sq. m Wisma Hamzah Kwong Hing : 16, sq. m Menara Binjai : 0.43 ha Pensoft Tower : 0.29 ha G Tower : 46, sq. m Quill 9 : 26, sq. m *ha : hectare(s) *sq. m : square meter 1-10

25 1.5.2 Cybercities around the World Cybercities are cities that have a strong basis on information technology. As discussed, Cyberjaya is replicated based on the Silicon Valley model. This point onwards will briefly explain a few cybercities around the world. i. Silicon Valley,U.S Located in the Northern California, U.S, Silicon Valley, a region which is home to many of the world s largest technology corporations, i.e. Apple Inc., Intel, Hewlett Packard, IBM, ebay, SanDisk, Yahoo, etc. It was the first ever such city being built in the world during 1940s. This region covers an area of 480, hectares with a population of 3 million and job employments of approximately 1,330,846. The Silicon Valley is defined into four (4) following counties Santa Clara County (consists of 15 cities i.e. Palo Alto, San Jose, Santa Clara, Campbell, Sunnyvale, etc.), Alameda County (consists of cities of Newark, Fremont and Union City), San Mateo County (consists of 21 cities i.e. Belmont, Hillsborough, san Carlos, San Mateo, San Bruno, South San Francisco, etc.) and Santa Cruz County which consists of Scotts Valley. (Source: The 2012 Silicon Valley Index, Joint Venture, Silicon Valley Inc.) ii. Bangalore, India Another cybercity that is fast growing and attracts multinational companies is Bangalore, India. It is also referred to as Silicon Plateau, this metropolis is the third most populous city in India with the population of 8 million. It started in 1998 when The India Prime Minister envisioned to make India as a global information technology superpower and a forerunner in the age of the information revolution. Today, Bangalore is a hub for IT companies in India in which has made it become among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world. Among multinational companies that chose Bangalore are Micro Labs Limited, Intel Technology India, Coca Cola, Sony, Hitachi and more. (Source: Saxenian, AnnaLee., Bangalore The Silicon Valley of Asia, 2000) iii. Zhongguancun, Beijing Zhongguancun in Beijing, China is another example of a cybercity. Well known as Silicon Valley of China, this cybercity is located in the northwestern part of Beijing city and home to many world renowned technology companies such as Google, Intel, AMD, Motorola, Sony, Ericcson, Microsoft and more. (Source: Zhongguancun, China s Silicon Valley,

26 1.6 Cyberjaya Masterplan Like other cities in the country, Cyberjaya also has its own vision to be achieved. The city aspires to be an established and renowned multimedia super corridor centre not only at a national level, but also globally. This is in support with the government s aim to create a preferred location for ICT, Multimedia and Services for innovation and operations and also to showcase Malaysia s aspirations towards developing knowledge and an innovative economy. Cyberjaya is planned to be a self-contained intelligent city with modern amenities and facilities along with modern commercial, residential, institutional and light industry as opposed to manufacturing. Among all of the landuse elements, residential is the largest use of land in Cyberjaya and followed by commercial, road reserve, infrastructure and utility, open space, private institution, public institution and industry. The detail breakdown of the masterplan is as shown in the Table 1.1 and the detail masterplan is in Figure 1.2. Table 1.1: Landuse Breakdown of Cyberjaya According to the Masterplan LANDUSE UNIT HECTARE ACRE PERCENTAGE(%) Residential 36, , Commercial , Industry Private Institution Public Institution Open Space Infrastructure & Utility Road Reserved , TOTAL 36,556 2, , Source: Sepang Municipal Council,

27 Figure 1.2: Masterplan of Cyberjaya Source: Sepang Municipal Council,

28 1.6.1 Cyberjaya Today Ever since the development commenced in 1996, Cyberjaya has grown to become a vibrant city as it is now. At the early stages of planning and development, the city emphasized on providing a conducive environment, fully equipped infrastructure and basic facilities and a solid foundation of information technology. As sustainability becomes the main essence in attracting multinational companies and investors today, Cyberjaya now aims to move forward into the Low Carbon City, making it one of the two model green cities in the country. The development progress for the year of 2011 has seen extensive construction activities. As of November 2011, according to Cyberview Sdn. Bhd, it was roughly estimated that 27% of the total land area had been developed and another 40% were still at the development and planning stages. However, the available data received for development progress in Cyberjaya is only as at November The following table provides detailed breakdown of Cyberjaya s development progress. Table 1.2: Development Progress in Cyberjaya as of November 2011 AS OF NOVEMBER 2011 Landuse of Cyberjaya Total Lot Area (Ha) Planned Lot Area (Ha) Completed Area (Ha) Committed Area (Ha) Enterprise Housing Mixed-use Commercial Institution Light Industry TOTAL Source: Sepang Municipal Council,

29 Figure 1.3: Development Progress in Cyberjaya LEGEND Already developed On-going development Undeveloped area Source: Sepang Municipal Council,

30 1.6.2 Location and Accessibility Distance and time are most often used in measuring the accessibility of an area. Cyberjaya is highly accessible by major highways, ensuring quick and easy transportation to and from different destinations. With an extensive connection of highways available, it takes 20 minutes to reach Cyberjaya from Kuala Lumpur City Centre, 8 minutes from Putrajaya, 22 minutes from Bandar Baru Bangi, 25 minutes from kajang and 30 minutes from KLIA and Bandar Baru Nilai. Such major highways are The North-South Expressway Central Link (Elite Highway), South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE), North Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), Damanasara - Puchong Expressway (LDP) and KL Putrajaya/Cyberjaya. Besides all those various available road networks mentioned earlier, this city is also reachable via other transit modes i.e. rail, bus, and private vehicles. In the Sepang Local Plan 2015, it has been clearly identified under the Transit-oriented Development Strategy that Cyberjaya alongside Putrajaya is a major transit zone. Based on the strategy, it will make the city easily accessible for people to move between destinations and transit services thus will attract more people to come to Cyberjaya. As the population in this city increases, the city then demands for an efficient public transportation. According to Cyberview Sdn. Bhd., the city plans to include new Light Rail Transit (LRT) and MyRapid Transit (MRT) system as another option of public transportation in Cyberjaya. The city has proposed to extend the lines to Cyberjaya in order to serve the population growth. 1-16

31 Figure 1.4: Location and Accessibility 1-17

32 1.6.3Surrounding Development The position of Cyberjaya is adjacent to other nucleus cities and other major centres within and outside of Selangor. Areas such as Putrajaya, Bandar Baru Bangi, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, Bandar Baru Nilai, Bandar Bukit Puchong are situated within 5 to 15 kilometer radius of Cyberjaya. In the Selangor State Structure Plan 2020, 68 percent of development are reported to be concentrated within Klang Valley area as a result of high prospect factors in terms of jobs, education, businesses and lifestyle. The impact has caused population concentration which later leads to the establishment of new cities and centres in order to cater to the abundance of development. This rapid development and population concentration has resulted in the rising number of supply and demand of housing, commercial, industrial, infrastructure and public facilities. Cities and major centres which position within the MSC Corridor have received beneficial advantages due to the rapid development. It helps to boost the economic potential as well as its social aspect. Linked by highways and major roads and rail to Kuala Lumpur and other major towns within Klang Valley, this gives high accessibility and well connectivity to the cities and major centres in the MSC Corridor. Positioned as the neighbouring city, Putrajaya receives a great exposure for the economic growth i.e. tourism, services, commercial and ICT. As the closest neighbour to Cyberjaya, this administrative centre of the Malaysian government is the core centre within the MSC Corridor. As reported in the Putrajaya Structure Plan 2025, this city was targeted to be focusing on e-government, e-administration, e- green solutions, e-city management and e-transport management. 1-18

33 Besides Putrajaya, Bandar Baru Nilai is another area that gets the promising benefits from the MSC Corridor. Being situated within the MSC Corridor and as the central to the Airport City, Bandar Baru Nilai is the catalyst for a high-tech industrial development (i.e. electronics, bio-tech and communication equipment and audio production), commercial and services. In the Nilai-Pajam District Local Plan, it was mentioned that Bandar Baru Nilai will be developed in-line with the MSC concept where the focus will be more on the development of the multimedia industry. Bandar Baru Bangi is another example of a city that receives economic and social advantage due to it s locational setting. Bandar Baru Bangi is planned to be developed as a Cybercentre, together with Bandar Bukit Mahkota. It has been emphasized in the Kajang District Local Plan 2020 that the proposal for this Cybercentres covers an area of hectares of land in Bandar Baru Bangi and another hectares in Bandar Bukit Mahkota. Due to the proximity to the MSC Corridor, these two centres will be a hub of ICT alongside with Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya and Nilai. Together with the existence of institutions such as Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), German-Malaysian Institute (GMI) and Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia-France Institute (UniKLMFI), this will later give extra benefits to Bandar Baru Bangi and Bandar Bukit Mahkota. Other beneficial prospects for Bandar Baru Bangi which are underlined in the local plan of Bandar Baru Bangi are the Integrated Transportation Hub at Jalan Reko, rail network with a proposed new route (Bandar Baru Bangi Putrajaya Cyberjaya) and the beautification and improvement plan for river corridor of Sungai Langat. 1-19

34 Figure 1.5: Surrounding Development 1-20

35 1.7 Policies and Plans that are Related to Cyberjaya The Government of Malaysia have cogitated about global phenomenon such as climate change and global warming. At the National level, various policies have been unveiled by the Government in supporting sustainability and this guarantees that we are propelling towards better quality of life. This section will further discuss the policies from various levels addressing sustainability and the relevance with Cyberjaya. Diagram 1.2: Policies Related to Cyberjaya Tenth Malaysia Plan National Green Technology Policy National Urbanization Policy Selangor State Structure Plan 2020 Economic Transformation Programme Sepang District Local Plan

36 i. Tenth Malaysia Plan (RMK 10) The Tenth Malaysia Plan ( ) re-emphasizes new challenges, new enthusiasm and new determination. It clearly underlines the aspirations on high income, inclusiveness and sustainability. Particular emphasis on sustainability has been identified in Chapter 6 of the document through the formulation of the AFFIRM Framework. Cyberjaya has been identified in the framework under the Infrastructure sector. The city is earmarked to be the pioneer and benchmarked green township with specific focus on reducing carbon footprint. The summary of the AFFIRM Framework of Awareness, Faculty, Finance, Infrastructure, Research and Marketing is as follows: Table 1.3: The AFFIRM Framework THE AFFIRM FRAMEWORK Awareness Faculty Finance Infrastructure Research Marketing Fossilizing cooperative efforts between private sectors and civil society in order to increase the level of awareness of all Malaysians on environmental sustainability. Introducing green topics in the curriculums of schools and institutions of higher learning and system for formulation of grading and certification mechanisms to produce competent personnel in green technology. Providing soft loan scheme of RM 1.5 billion for green technology purposes and tax incentives such as for buildings and designs that work harmoniously with nature. Having Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as the pioneer green township in Malaysia with guidelines and rating scales based on carbon footprint. It will be the national benchmark and soon be replicated throughout the country. Fostering partnership with foreign institutions (i.e. universities and multinational companies) in order to enhance research, development and commercialization efforts in green technology. Developing a national eco-labeling scheme and standards for products and services (i.e. Energy Efficient Star Rating and Low Carbon Footprint Products) that match international standards simultaneously increase Malaysia s competitiveness. Source: Tenth Malaysia Plan,

37 ii. The National Spatial Policies (National Physical Plan and National Urbanization Policy) The aims of establishing National Policies are to provide the direction to plan, implement and manage urban and rural areas in order to achieve a sustainable and conducive environment for the people. In particular, there are two high ranking national policies and these are National Physical Plan (NPP) and National Urbanization Policy (NUP). The NPP establishes a spatial framework for the general direction of physical development for the nation. It forms the basis on which lower tier development plans (state structure plans, district local plans, special area plans and other sectoral plans) are formulated. The highlights are to ensure that natural resources can be optimized and more areas can achieve sustainable development through integrated and sustainable land use planning. The aspiration of NUP is to create a vision of a city with peaceful community and sustainable living environment. It is in line with the country s vision to provide a safe and healthy living as well as peaceful and beautiful environment for the community. Cyberjaya and Putrajaya have been identified as Special Role Town in the NUP under Thrust 2 Development of an Urban Economy That is Resilient, Dynamic and Competitive as Special feature towns shall be developed in accordance to their respective potential and niches. 1-23

38 iii. Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) In September 21 st, 2010, the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak launched the Economic Transformation Programme or known as ETP. It is an initiative from the Government of Malaysia to transform Malaysia into a highincome economy with expected Gross National Income (GNI) in 2020 which is approximately RM 1.7 trillion. With the existence of the NKEAs as the engine growth of ETP and the launch of the Entry Point Projects (EPPs) as the spark plugs, it will help to boost NKEAs to a new level of performance. Altogether, there were 131 EPPs identified and to-date, 18 of them have been launched. Derived from that is the Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley (KL/KV) which was set to be the largest contributor for the GNI level. There were nine (9) EPPs identified under Greater KL/KV which is listed below: 9 Entry Point Projects (EPPs) 1. Attracting 100 of the World s Most Dynamic Firms within Priority Sectors 2. Attracting the Right Mix of Internal and External Talents 3. Connecting to Singapore via a High Speed Rail System 4. Building an Integrated Urban Mass Rapid Transit System 5. Revitalising the Klang River into a Heritage and Commercial Centre for Greater KL/KV 6. Greening Greater KL/KV to Ensure Every Resident Enjoys Sufficient Green Space 7. Creating Iconic Places and Attractions 8. Creating a Comprehensive Pedestrian Network 9. Developing an Efficient Solid Waste Management Ecosystem Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP),

39 The emphasis of EPP is actually to increase people s livability by improving education, infrastructure, environment, public transportation system and others. Ten local authorities were involved in the plan to ensure solidity of the city s transformation (refer Diagram 1.3) Diagram 1.3: Local Authorities Involved in Greater KL/KV Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), 2010 Being under the jurisdiction of Sepang Municipal Council, Cyberjaya plays an important part in the Greater KL/KV. In NKEA initiatives under the Business Opportunities 1: Putrajaya, it draws out the importance of availability and accessibility of monorail service and the connectivity with the other surrounding cities like Bangi, Kajang and Serdang. In addition, Cyberjaya has also been highlighted as a special economic zone alongside with another Putrajaya s neighbour, Puchong (IOI). Attracting business entities and smart partnership is among the key points. The details of such initiatives are as shows in Figure 1.2 (page 1-14). 1-25

40 Figure 1.6: Cyberjaya s Position 1-26

41 Figure 1.7: NKEA Initiatives: Business Opportunities 1 - Putrajaya 1 Reshape the Main Boulevard As the central spine of the city, both sides of the 4.2 kilometre boulevard need to be enhanced with vibrant activities. Retail shops, upscale street vendors and food and beverage premises will be developed along the boulevard to generate foot traffic, which will bring life to the city centre. In addition, public areas will be designated for and actively attract outdoors events (e.g. art performances, sports and martial arts). 2 Leverage Waterfront Potential The natural lake waterfront will be developed to host waterfront retail and large-scale leisure developments (e.g. a water theme park). With close proximity to the boulevard, these locations will be packaged to draw visitors and residents alike. 3 Increase Connectivity To provide effective connections with Cyberjaya, Bangi, Kajang and Serdang, a detailed assessment will be conducted regarding the feasibility of reviving the monorail service. In the immediate future, the number of park-and-ride stations will be increased from one to at least four to cover major entry and exit points to Putrajaya. 4 Draw Economic Activity Putrajaya will need to broaden its role beyond one of the Government administration to attract other economic activities. One way will be to develop a world-class political science university or higher learning institution for students from the third world and developing countries. A special economic zone will be established by ring-fencing neighbouring areas (e.g. IOI, Cyberjaya) to attract commercial entities with attractive fiscal incentives and other market-friendly policies. Also, partnership will be explored with established private developers such as IOI to develop selected land plots within Putrajaya. Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP),

42 iv. Selangor State Structure Plan 2020 Cyberjaya has been emphasized in several chapters in the Selangor State Structure Plan According to the structure plan, under the Development Zone strategy, Cyberjaya was identified as the Multimedia Super Corridor Zone (MSC Zone) alongside with other few cities like Dengkil, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Sg. Merab. It was noted in the document that MSC Zone stresses on increasing the importance of economic development in Selangor highlighting on communications and information technology. Moreover, the existence of such zone is to boost Malaysia as a global nucleus of communications and technology as well as a multimedia hub. Other than that, in respect of Cyberjaya, under the Strategic Growth Centre, the structure plan also calls Cyberjaya (together with Putrajaya) as the Regional Growth Centre. As for such purposes, both Cyberjaya and Putrajaya become the key strategic growth centre for the southern part and the administrative centre of the country. In addition, it has been predicted that future development will happen in some development network centre as a result of a great influence by the present development trends. As for the Primary Network, Cyberjaya has been identified under the Active Development Network together with other cities like Shah Alam, Putrajaya and Bandar Baru Bangi while in the Secondary Network, Cyberjaya is alongside with Telok Panglima Garang, Pulau Carey and Pulau Indah. 1-28

43 Selangor State Structure Plan - Policies and General Recommendations for Cyberjaya Create developments of a cyber city status which apply smart home, smart building, green building and resort living like Cyberjaya and Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi. Establish new economic developments especially enterprise s which support the aeronautical industry and tourism in Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, KLIA Suburb, Cyberjaya and Sg. Pelek. Establish high technology enterprises that focus on bio-technology, nano-technology and research and development (R&D) within a clean and healthy environment in areas like Cyberjaya, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and KLIA Suburb. Provide a world class infrastructure in Cyberjaya for expatriates. Align function and hierarchy of urban into three categories: Semi Regional Centre Cyberjaya and Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi Main Settlement Centre Sg. Pelek Settlement Centre - Dengkil Identify Cyberjaya and KLIA as Regional Service Centre while Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Sg. Pelek as Suburb Centre (Edge/Service Centre) Establish supporting facilities for tourism and recreational purposes in Cyberjaya, Cyber Village, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Sg. Pelek. Source: Selangor Structure Plan

44 v. Sepang District Local Plan 2015 Cyberjaya was higlighted in several chapters in the Sepang District Local Plan In the local plan, it was clearly stated that Sepang was envisioned to develop asahubofthemultimediasupercorridorinasustainableand prosperous way. However, in moving towards that direction and achieving the vision, Sepang needs to overcome the challenge in fulfilling the landuse demand for various types of development and at the same time making sure that the developments are sustainable. For instance, the local plan highlighted that by the end of 2020, Sepang needs approximately 5, acres of land for industrial development and 3,208,545 square meters of floor area for commercial. In order to fulfill that demand, Sepang needs to carefully identify and plan so that the developments will be in-line with the sustainable compliances. The local plan has also identified the following strategies: i. Landuse Development Strategy; ii. Economic Development Strategy; iii. Commercial and Settlement Development Centre Strategy; iv. Environmental Strategy; v. Tourism development Strategy; vi. Residential and Community facilities Development Strategy; and vii. Rural Development Strategy. Based on the strategies above, some of them have particularly mentioned Cyberjaya. As such, under the Economic Development Strategy, the focus areas that have the main networks between cities and neighbouring districts are mainly Klang Valley, Cyberjaya, KLIA, Putrajaya, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Sg. Pelek. Another example is the Commercial and Settlement Development Centre Strategy whereby the existing commercial areas will be identified and structured according to their hierarchy and function in order to support the strategic growth centre of Cyberjaya, Putrajaya, KLIA, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Sg. Pelek. It has clearly stated that the variant of activities must be aligned with the functions that were set-up earlier. 1-30

45 Objectives of Planning and Development for Cyberjaya 1 Support the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) 2 Provide a platform for local ICT companies in order to develop a competitive and sustainable ICT industry 3 Provide support for residential, commercial and community facilities 4 Create Cyberjaya as the Major Transit Zone Centre for District of Sepang by providing transit facilities and supporting facilities 5 Provide infrastructures, modern and efficient transport system with various inducements and investments 6 Support Cyberjaya as the Sub-regional Centre (Level 2) Source: Selangor Structure Plan

46 vi. Physical Planning Guidelines for The Multimedia Super Corridor and Urban Design Guidelines for Cyberjaya The Physical Planning Guidelines for The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and Urban design Guidelines for Cyberjaya were both issued by the Federal Department of Town and Country Planning (FDTCP). They were purposely designed to guide and influence the planning and development of the MSC and Cyberjaya as the first cybercity in Malaysia and also as one of the nation s main development hubs. Elements such as quality business facilities and environment, housing, leisure, education, health and security services, green environment, human friendly urban design and clean and efficient energy supply and utilization are the important parts being addressed in both guidelines. This is to ensure that Cyberjaya becomes a world-class business and living city. v. Other Policies While such policies as mentioned earlier accorded significant attention towards Cyberjaya, there were also other policies that represented significant contributions for sustainable environment which can be adopted by Cyberjaya. They are as follows: National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) The NGTP is a turning point in the history of initiatives on sustainable development in Malaysia. Four main pillars namely energy, environment, economy and social aspects have been underlined in the policy. One of the main indicators in the policy is that There should be more cities, townships and communities in Malaysia embracing green technology and which are classified as green townships. Under this policy, a RM1.5 billion fund known as the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) has been established purposely to encourage the investment in green technology, construction and innovation. This policy helps to develop roadmaps to guide application of green technologies in various sectors including power generation, transport and construction. 1-32

47 National Policy on The Environment The policy which was established in 2002 outlined the importance of effective management of natural resources and the environment, prevention and control of pollution, strengthening the institutional capacity, education and awareness efforts and formulation of action and implementation plans. This will lead to environmental and sustainable developments which will further strengthen the economic, social and cultural progress. 1.8 Cyberjaya Green Initiatives Cyberjaya has been active in implementing various initiatives as part of its effort towards reducing its carbon footprint. The initiatives have been implemented by various stakeholders in Cyberjaya. Following are the Green Initiatives undertaken for Cyberjaya in year 2011 and i. Cyberjaya Green Initiatives 2011 The green initiatives for Cyberjaya are led by Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. These include: 10% Reduction for Water and Energy Consumption for Buildings in Cyberjaya. The initiative is a collaboration between Cyberview Sdn. Bhd., MGTC and KeTTHA in providing training for implementation of 10% reduction in water and energy consumption. Two training programmes were held previously. The first session was held on 20 th 29 th June 2011 with a total of 35 participants. It then continued with the second session on 16 th 17 th November 2011 with 30 participants. Completion of District Cooling Plant (DCP) Number Two The use of DCP in Cyberjaya is consistent with the concept of low carbon city. DCP is proven to be better than the conventional system and it can reduce electricity usage. It is one of the green initiatives of Cyberview to lower the cost of doing business in Cyberjaya as well as to help preserving the environment. The operation of DCP in Cyberjaya is managed by Megajana Sdn. Bhd. 1-33

48 In 2011, Cyberview has embarked on the 2 nd DCP costing RM 40 million. It is already completed and commissioned. It was reported that the new facility has the initial cooling capacity of 5,000 Refrigeration Ton (RT) and can be upgraded to eventual capacity of 10,000 RT. This second DCP will further improve the performance of Cyberjaya as a city in lowering carbon footprint. Low Carbon City Baseline Study and Action Plan Cyberview is collaborating and working with KeTTHA, MGTC, MDeC and Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) to formulate a low carbon city baseline study and action plan. For this purpose, KeTTHA and MGTC have collaborated with NEDO and Japan Research Institute (JRI) to formulate an action plan for Cyberjaya and a baseline study by MIP and local experts. ii. Cyberjaya Green Initiatives 2012 Several green initiatives have been identified for Cyberjaya for the year 2012, which are: Information on Green Technology (igreet) igreet is a platform where people from various fields share information on incentives, latest products and offerings related to Green Technology. Organisations and corporate entities have opportunity to present their products, services and knowledge through sessions of talk. It is a smart partnership with various entities like Government bodies/agencies, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), private sectors, corporate entities and communities. In 2011, it was organized on a bi-monthly basis (every last Thursday of the month) where there were six (6) sessions and 18 speakers presented 18 different topics. Over 300 participants have attended the sessions and most of them felt very satisfied with the programme. 1-34

49 In addition, Cyberview also introduced igreet Junior, which the function is purposely to inculcate awareness on green among the younger generations. The focus of this igreet Junior is for the school children and university students. Diagram 1.4: igreet and igreet Junior Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. Installation of Solar Panel at Ten Identified Bus Shelters This is another initiative for the year Ten (10) bus shelters (mostly at Persiaran Multimedia) have been selected to be installed with solar panel. The purpose is to save energy and at the same time promote green initiatives among public. Diagram 1.5: Bus Shelters with Solar Panel Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. 1-35

50 Tree Planting Programme Trees are the most beneficial element in carbon sequestration and also they help to reduce global temperature. In November 2008, the community of Cyberjaya together with corporate entities and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) organized a Tree Planting Programme at an identified 16 acre urban forest in Cyberjaya. The programme managed to plant around 3,000 trees of variant species. Pursuant to that, in July 2012 Cyberview organized a tree planting programme where it involved its community, organisations and surrounding coorporate companies. The chosen site for the 2012 programme was along Persiaran Multimedia. Diagram 1.6: Tree Planting in Cyberjaya Source: Malaysian Institute of Planners (MIP) Low Carbon City Baseline Study and Action Plan Cyberview is collaborating and working with KeTTHA, MGTC, MDeC and Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang) to formulate a low carbon city baseline study and action plan. For this purpose, KeTTHA and MGTC have collaborated with NEDO and Japan Research Institute (JRI) to formulate an action plan for Cyberjaya and a baseline study by MIP and local experts. 1-36

51 iii. Green Initiatives by Other Stakeholders of Cyberjaya Apart from those initiatives mentioned earlier, there are also few other initiatives initiated by other stakeholders within Cyberjaya. The initiatives are elaborated below: Green Building through Green Design by SHELL Malaysia Green design principles can be achieved by adopting several initiatives like green materials, rainwater harvesting, efficient management of grey water and prioritization on passive solutions such as ventilation and solar radiation. SHELL Malaysia is one of the buildings in Cyerjaya that has been designed and developed incorporating green design principle. It is the first LEED Gold certified building in Malaysia. LEED Gold is one of the certifications awarded according to the rating system. To achieve the gold status, one needs to obtain a score of between points. The assessment is made based on six (6) Prerequisite Credits set by LEED. The building is designed particularly to provide a healthier and safe environment for the employees by putting an emphasis on energy conservation, water efficient strategy and natural resources. In addition, the building itself adopts green features such as materials with higher recyclable content and energy efficient equipment. Diagram 1.7: SHELL Gold Certified Building Source:

52 Green Kiosk by Joint Venture Cyberview and Private Entity Another green initiative in Cyberjaya is the setting up of green kiosk as well as other structures such as eco-toilet and green billboard. Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. together with a private entity has submitted the proposal and they are now liaising directly with Sepang Municipal Council (MPSp). As of December 2012, only the green kiosk proposal was approved and now waiting for the placement of the kiosk, which the location will be determined by Sepang Municipal Council. Diagram 1.8: Green Kiosk, Green Billboard and Eco-Toilet Green TOILET Source : Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. Green Research and Development at Tertiary Level Research and development is important for generations of new ideas especially those that are related to green technology. Higher learning institutions in Cyberjaya have been actively involved in pursuing researches related to green technology in response to Prime Minister s announcement of RM100 million allocations in the Budget Subsequently, the output from these researches can be commercialized and marketed to private sectors for implementation and utilization. 1-38

53 Dedicated Transport System (DTS) People should be encouraged to shift from high dependency on private vehicles to public transportation. To support that, Cyberjaya has improved the transportation system in the city by providing park-andride services and facilities. Recognized as Dedicated Transport System (DTS), the idea is to provide alternatives and encourage the community to use the DTS buses to commute to/from several routes in Cyberjaya. The idea was initially developed through a joint venture project between Cyberview, MDEC and RapidKL and it started to run in July At present, DTS serves 7 routes KL Sentral, Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS), Klang (South), Klang (North), Gombak, Kepong and Seremba and it runs 24 hours daily. Diagram 1.9: Features in Cyberjaya DTS Buses Multi-type vehicle 2. 7 Routes hours, 7 days a week 4. Full Wi-fi onboard 5. For Shared Services and Outsourcing (SSO) companies 6. For all companies, universities, colleges in Cyberjaya Source : Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. 1-39

54 2.0 APPLICATION OF LCCF SUB-CRITERIA TO BASELINE

55 2.1 LCCF Elements and Sub-Criteria There are 4 main elements of the city which contribute to GHG emission they are Urban Environment (UE), Urban Transportation (UT), Urban Infrastructure (UI) and Building (B). These elements are further categorised into 13 performance criteria and 35 sub-criteria, each of which provides specific intents towards carbon reduction targets. As stated in the LCCF book, the performance criteria for low carbon cities are measureable strategies to reduce carbon emission through policy control, better process and product management, development of technology, transformation in procurement system, consumption strategies, carbon capture and others. Following diagrams show a summary of the performance criteria and sub-criteria. Diagram 2.1: LCCF Performance Criteria Based on Carbon Footprint 4 Elements for GHG Reductions in Cities and Townships Urban Environmen t Urban Transportation Urban Infrastructure Building Site Selection Shift of Transport Infrastructure Low Carbon Urban Form Mode Provision Building Urban Greenery Green Transport Waste Community & Environmental Infrastructure Energy Services Quality Clean Vehicles Water Traffic Management Source: Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System, 2011 Diagram 2.2: Breakdown of Performance Criteria and Sub-Criteria 4 Elements Contribute to GHG emission 13 Performance Criteria Source: Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System, Sub Criteria 2-1

56 The following table provides a list of all LCCF performance criteria and sub-criteria. Table 2.1: LCCF Performance Criteria and Sub-Criteria URBAN ENVIRONMENT UE 1 SITE SELECTION 1-1 Development within Defined Urban Footprint 1-2 Infill Development 1-3 Development within Transit Nodes and Corridor 1-4 Brownfield and Greyfield Redevelopment 1-5 Hill Slope Development UE 2 URBAN FORM 2-1 Mixed-Use Development 2-2 Compact Development 2-3 Road and Parking 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network 2-5 Comprehensive Cycling Network 2-6 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect UE 3 URBAN GREENERY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 3-1 Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity 3-2 Green Open Space 3-3 Number of Trees URBAN TRANSPORTATION UT 1 SHIFT OF TRANSPORT MODE 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency UT 2 GREEN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 2-1 Public Transport 2-2 Walking and Cycling UT 3 CLEAN VEHICLES 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport UT 4 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management 4-2 Traffic Congestion and Traffic Flow Management 2-2

57 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE UI 1 INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION 1-1 Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services 1-2 Earthwork Management 1-3 Urban Storm Water Management and Flood Mitigation UI 2 WASTE 2-1 Construction and Industrial Waste Management 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management UI 3 ENERGY 3-1 Energy Optimisation 3-2 Renewable Energy 3-3 Site-Wide District Cooling System UI 4 WATER MANAGEMENT 4-1 Efficient Water Management BUILDING B 1 LOW CARBON BUILDINGS 1-1 Operational Energy Emissions 1-2 Operational Water Emissions 1-3 Emission Abatement through Retrofitting 1-4 Building Orientation B 2 COMMUNITY SERVICES 2-1 Shared Facilities and Utilities within Building 2-3

58 2.2 Applicability of LCCF Performance Criteria in Cyberjaya The LCCF Performance Criteria and Sub-criteria have been developed for application by cities, townships or developments of many characteristics, sizes and at different development stages. Whilst most criteria are relevant to mature cities, townships or developments, some cannot be measured for developing new townships. Hence, in using LCCF to measure carbon emission performance/the subcriteria of LCCF need to be evaluated to determine their applicability or specific relevance to each project and in this case, it is Cyberjaya. The relevance of applicability at the point of measurement is also dependent on the availability of data. Whilst it would be ideal to ensure all required data are collected at the point of measurement or during the measurement baseline year, complexities of data collection can hinder the progress of emission measurement. As the LCCF has been designed to allow progressive build up of database, carbon emission measurement can be undertaken on selected sub-criteria. From here on, continuous measurements and monitoring are encouraged and enhancement to the database should be undertaken to improve the robustness of the output from LCCF carbon emission measurement. 2-4

59 Diagram 2.3: UE 1-1 Development within Urban Footprint Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 1-1 Development within Urban Footprint Intent Prioritise development within the defined urban footprint by designating the area inside the boundary for urban development. Description Applicability Urban Footprint is a boundary that helps to control development, primarily to curb urban sprawl. It encourages growth within the boundary and at the same time limits growth outside the boundary. By prioritizing development within the identified urban footprint, it helps to reduce travel time to the city centre. The further one travels from the centre of employment, the greater the contribution of carbon is. The development within the urban footprint will directly help in the preservation and conservation of forested and agriculture lands, as well as in environmentally sensitive areas. Yes No Defining an urban footprint is undertaken through the formulation of masterplans such as State Structure Plan or District Local Plan. Such plans are prepared under the Town and Country Planning Act These plans would indicate areas for conservation, agriculture, urban development, etc. In the case of Cyberjaya, the boundary was already identified in Sepang District Local Plan However, due to data constraints, this sub-criteria was not applicable at the time this study was carried out. 2-5

60 Diagram 2.4: UE 1-2 Infill Development Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 1-2 Infill Development Intent Encourage development within and near existing communities and public transit infrastructure. Description Applicability Yes No The Malaysia s National Urbanisation Policy (NUP) states that infill development is development or redevelopment on vacant land or a previously developed site located in an area that is already built up. This is where new construction or redevelopment of small residential, commercial, industrial properties or mixed-use can potentially be developed. By selecting infill sites for such development, it will greatly reduce CO2 through the savings in earthwork activities and additional infrastructure works. Infill development usually happens in a matured or old city where there are developed lands. Cities like Kuala Lumpur and Georgetown are where high opportunities for infill development to happen. Since Cyberjaya was a planned city, which was considered as new and not matured, this subcriteria was not applicable in this study until the cycle of the city reaches a certain period of time and when the data to support the calculation of the carbon emissions are available. 2-6

61 Diagram 2.5: UE 1-3 Development within Transit Nodes and Corridors Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 1-3 Development within Transit Nodes and Corridors Intent Reduce energy consumption and mobility of private vehicles by prioritising development within existing public transport corridor. Description Applicability Yes No Transit nodes and corridors refer to the major routes of public transport services such as rail and buses. The nodes are generally the stops, stations or terminals. These nodes are designed to be within a radius of 400m, to encourage people to walk to these facilities. (Source: Draft Residential Design Guideline, Federal Department of Town & Country Planning, Malaysia) Using public transport helps to reduce the number of private cars on many city streets, thus reducing pollution through carbon emissions. Therefore, developments should be encouraged within transit nodes and corridors to increase social interaction, maximize ridership and provide convenience to city dwellers. In Sepang District Local Plan 2015, Cyberjaya was identified as the Transit Centre and Subregional Centre. However, the Cyberjaya Masterplan and District Local Plan 2015 did not detail out the location of the transit nodes and corridors. Without more detailed information and data, CO2 emissions will not be able to be calculated. 2-7

62 Diagram 2.6: UE 1-4 Brownfield and Greyfield Redevelopment Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 1-4 Brownfield and Greyfield Redevelopment Intent Prioritise and encourage redevelopment of land in Brownfield and Greyfield areas. Yes Applicability Description A brownfield site is an area which is abandoned or underused industrial and commercial facilities which available for re-use. A greyfield site is usually a former commercial property which is underutilised or vacant. It can also be an area that was previously developed and is not contaminated. No These sites are mostly located within the urban footprint. Positioning developments within these areas will help to reduce carbon emissions by reducing travel distances by private cars. Development of brownfield and greyfield sites also helps reduced urban sprawl. Redevelopment of KL Sentral, 2000 (an example of brownfield site in KL) Old cities like Kuala Lumpur and Georgetown are examples where Brownfield and Greyfield development exists. Redevelopments of KL Sentral, Queensbay Mall and Sentul Park are few best cases for this sub-criteria. In 2008, the Federal Town & Country Planning Department of Malaysia has collated a list of brownfield sites in Peninsular to assist public in identifying the sites. However, since Cyberjaya was a new city and was established from a greyfield area, this subcriteria was not applicable at the time this study was carried out. 2-8

63 Diagram 2.7: UE 1-5 Hill Slope Development Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 1-5 Hill Slope Development Intent Protect hill slopes to minimise erosion and reduce environment impacts from hill slope development. Description Applicability Yes No Development on hill slopes should be minimized. The clearance of hill slopes means that trees that protect the slopes in terms of holding the earth together via tree roots, will be lost. With the soil morphology that Malaysia has, the clearance of hill slopes, coupled with heavy rains and ensuing heavy developments have resulted in cases of land slides. This could endanger lives. Trees act as carbon sinks which is a natural reservoir that accumulates and stores some carboncontaining chemical compound for an indefinite period. Therefore, reduced clearance of tree activities is important so that trees could serve their purpose to absorb released carbon. However, when hill slope clearance activities ensued to give way to development, it creates adverse impacts to the earth. Furthermore, hill slope clearance, requires major earthworks in terms of cutting and filling. Consequently, the activities of clearing the land would generate more carbon emission. Cyberjaya was established from a greenfield area. Major earthwork activities have been carried out to allow development. Detailed data on earthwork quantities was obtained from relevant parties for the purpose of this study. Therefore, assumptions were used to calculate the CO2 emissions. 2-9

64 Diagram 2.8: UE 2-1 Mixed-use Development Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 2-1 Mixed-use Development Intent Encourage mixed-use development by promoting transport efficiency and walkability. Description Applicability Yes No Mixed-use development encourages multiple landuse zoning within a specific area. The conventional land-use planning is for a single land-use zoning. This is clearly reflected in many existing local plans in Malaysia. Large lands are devoted to a single use and are segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure or other barriers. As a result, the places where people live, work and shop are segregated and sometimes located far from one another. This situation forces people to commute form one place to another using private vehicles. Mixed-use development also encourages variety of land-uses that are compatible with one another within a single space. This will encourage people to walk or cycle from one point to another since it is conveniently located within close range. This reduces the need to travel by motorised vehicle, thus reducing carbon emissions. In the case of Cyberjaya, this sub-criteria was not applicable for the time being as the mixed-use zoning was not identified and clearly detailed out in the local plan and masterplan. 2-10

65 Diagram 2.9: UE 2-2 Compact Development Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 2-2 Compact Development Intent Encourage high-density developments with mixed activities by promoting transport efficiency and walkability. Description Applicability Yes No In the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report on Cities and Climate Change, compact means intensify urban land-use through a combination of higher residential densities and centralisation, mixed land uses and typically involve concentrations of urban services and transportation options and high degrees of land-use planning controls. (Source: Cities and Climate Change, OECD, 2010) Compact development promotes relatively high residential density with mixed land-uses. It is normally located within an efficient public transport system. This development also promotes walking and cycling through sustainable planning. A compact, mixed-use development will indirectly curb urban sprawling through minimising development outside the urban growth boundary. In the case of Cyberjaya, this sub-criteria was not applicable at the time of research as the component for compact development was not identified and clearly detailed out in the local plan and masterplan. 2-11

66 Diagram 2.10: UE 2-3 Road and Parking Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 2-3 Road and Parking Intent Reduce environment effects through road and parking surfaces. Description Applicability Yes No Road and parking are parts of the main components of a development. In many developments, the material used for these components are asphalt (common name tarmac). The energy that goes into paving for road and parking increases carbon emissions. Based on the LCCF calculator, asphalt releases 70,150kg of CO2/year compared to 15,800kg of CO2/year from concrete pavement. Therefore, the more percentage of road and parking allocated in a development, the more carbon is released into the atmosphere. The LCCF also highlighted that provision of road and parking should not exceed 20% of overall land-use component. In the case of Cyberjaya, the carbon emission for road and parking was calculated based on the data received from the Sepang Municipal Council (MP Sepang). 2-12

67 Diagram 2.11: UE 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network Intent Reduce car dependency by establishing a comprehensive pedestrian network within the development area. Description Applicability Yes No A walkable city is a city that has much lower carbon emissions. This is because walking does not emit any carbon. Individuals are more likely to choose to walk if they regard the environment as walkable convenient, safe and pleasant. Pedestrian network for a development has to be planned at the design stage. It should also be planned to be integrated with cycle and public transport networks. With a comprehensive pedestrian, cycle and transportation network, it will promote people to be less dependent on private vehicles. The data used to calculate CO2 emissions under this subcriteria was obtained from the Cyberjaya masterplan. 2-13

68 Diagram 2.12: UE 2-5 Comprehensive Cycling Network Element: Sub-criteria: UE 2-5 Urban Environment (UE) Comprehensive Cycling Network Intent Reduce car dependency by establishing a comprehensive cycling network within development area. Yes Applicability Description Similar to walking, cycling is also a sustainable way to travel. It is simple, cost effective and the most efficient way of reducing carbon emissions. A comprehensive and continuous network of cycling lanes will encourage more people to cycle for their daily activities. No Many cities in developed nations including Singapore, have a comprehensive bicycle network plan. Extensive studies and research are undertaken in many countries on cycling and walking. Those cities with a high level of walking and cycling share of trips also commensurate with low pollution levels, cleaner air and low carbon emissions. In contrast with walking, this sub-criteria data. was not applicable in this study due to insufficient 2-14

69 Diagram 2.13: UE 2-6 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 2-6 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Intent Reduce urban heat island effects in the cities or townships. Description Applicability Yes No The UHI is a phenomenon where urban areas tend to have higher temperatures than the surrounding areas. This is caused by the low percentage of vegetation cover such as trees and a growing number of the presence of hard surfaces such as buildings, concrete and asphalt roads. UHI leads to a feeling of heat in the city which creates discomfort for people. Higher temperature forces people to have air conditioning in most buildings. This in turn generates more carbon emissions and other GHG emissions which later creates more heat in the atmosphere. To calculate the emission level for this particular sub-criteria requires a comprehensive set of data such as pavement materials and thickness, tree coverage, etc. Due to the lack of data, thus, this sub-criteria was not applicable in this study. Only with more detailed and comprehensive data collected in the future, this sub-criteria can be used to calculate emissions level for UHI. 2-15

70 Diagram 2.14: UE 3-1 Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity Sub-criteria: UE 3-1 Element: Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Urban Environment (UE) Biodiversity Intent To provide natural restoration of carbon by improving urban biodiversity through preservation and conservation of natural environment and water bodies or wetlands. Applicability Description Deforestation occurring in many areas has contributed to the increase of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. This is because there are insufficient trees to act as carbon storage/sink. In turn, the phenomenon such as serious flooding and drying up of original forested land, leads to further loss of precious forests and destructions of habitat for more plant and animal species. Yes No The other importance of green open space which promotes wild life conservation and biodiversity includes forest reserves, woodlands, urban forestry, grasslands, wetlands, open and running water and wastelands. Natural ecology provides many benefits to society. The natural ecology and water bodies provide natural restoration of CO2. Altering the natural ecology for development purposes will release CO2 into the atmosphere. With the availability of data which obtained from the masterplan and additional information given by stakeholders, the sequestration level for this sub-criteria could be calculated. As Cyberjaya develops further in the future, data for this sub-criteria should be updated so that the sequestration level is well monitored. 2-16

71 Diagram 2.15: UE 3-2 Green Open Space Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 3-2 Green Open Space Intent Increase percentage of green open space within cities or townships. Description Applicability Yes No Green open space refers to areas that are not allowed for development or with very minimal development. In the efforts to green a city, green open space can also include green areas on the roof tops as well as on podiums. Increasing these green spaces in the city would not just mean carbon sequestration, but also allows for the lowering of the urban heat island effects. One of the most critical roles of plants and trees is that they act as oxygen provider or green lungs, supplying necessary oxygen for our survival. The more trees we have around us, the greater the expanse of open space, the greater attention to climate change abatement and biodiversity protection we will get. Vegetation also provides habitat to fauna that are often decimated with irresponsible development that does not include greening or open space allocation. This sub-criteria was applicable for Cyberjaya in this study as the sequestration level could be calculated using the available data provided by stakeholders. However, further detailed data collection needs to be done for future calculations as the city grows with more developments take place. 2-17

72 Diagram 2.16: UE 3-3 Number of Trees Element: Urban Environment (UE) Sub-criteria: UE 3-3 Number of Trees Intent Increase percentage of tree coverage within cities or townships. Description Applicability Yes No The number of trees in cities or developments offers quantifiable benefits such as reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide, storm water control, improves air quality and helps in energy conservation. Trees provide shades for people and building, mitigate heat island effects which in turn reduces air conditioning use, filter pollutants as part of their transpiration process and lower the temperature. Trees help in carbon sequestration. The amount of CO2 sequestered in a tree can be estimated given the tree s age, trunk diameter and height. Based on the data given by stakeholders, this sub-criteria was applicable for Cyberjaya in this study and the sequestration level could be calculated. However, further detailed data collection and on-going inventory are important for future calculations as the city grows with more developments take place. 2-18

73 Diagram 2.17: UT 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency Element: Sub-criteria: UT 1-1 Urban Transportation (UT) Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency Intent Reduce the overall number of single occupancy vehicle trips and proportionately increase the number of passengers in a vehicle to lower the average passenger per capita carbon footprint. Yes No Applicability Description SOVs are privately operated vehicles whose only occupant is the driver. The driver of SOV uses their vehicles primarily for personal travel, daily commuting and for running errands. Compared to sharing, car-pooling or transit, SOV contributes more GHG emissions and decreases energy efficiency of transportation. As cities expand to accommodate more people, more homes, more jobs, more services, it becomes inevitable that people have to commute more often because places and distance become farther. This is especially so when there are more low density developments ( a small number of housing per acre or hectare of land) around. Greater KL (which includes Cyberjaya) experiences such a phenomenon. People travel by their own cars to work, most would travel alone, resulting in the single occupation vehicles or SOV. This sub-criteria was applicable for Cyberjaya in this study. However, the calculations were based on assumptions, which was benchmarked from other sources such as from DBKL Draft Structure Plan, Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86, JKR and JPJ. To get accurate calculations in the future, Cyberjaya has to embark an on-going comprehensive data collection. 2-19

74 Diagram 2.18: UT 2-1 Public Transport Element: Sub-criteria: UT 2-1 Urban Transportation (UT) Public Transport Intent Achieve between 10% to 40% reduction in the number of daily commuters from using private vehicles to public transport, and lower each passenger s per capita carbon footprint. Applicability Description Yes No Public transport produces lower GHG emissions. The national average demonstrates that public transportation produces significantly less GHG emissions per passenger per distance travelled compared to private vehicles. The more passengers use buses or trains, the lower the emissions per passenger per distance travelled. However, public transportation would not be viable if there is no ridership. In order to increase the ridership, it is important to get people to live as closely as possible to the public transport nodes. This can be achieved by integrating public transport nodes/terminals with public services such as clinics, shops, town hall, post office, etc. This sub-criteria was applicable for Cyberjaya in this study. However, data collection should be continuously updated as future development takes place. Cyberjaya also needs to further look into details on the city s masterplan and public transport routes where the transit nodes and public services can be integrated with one another. With the optimum integration between transit and public services, people will need to move less or just walk for their daily activities thus this will simultaneously reduce emissions. 2-20

75 Diagram 2.19: UT 2-2 Walking and Cycling Element: Sub-criteria: UT 2-2 Urban Transportation (UT) Walking and Cycling Intent Increase percentage of people walking and cycling and simultaneously reduces dependency of private vehicles. Yes No Applicability Description Walking and cycling are zero carbon modes of transport. Nowadays people have adopted cycling as a weekend activity and walking as morning and afternoon exercise. But not many in Malaysia have opted walking and cycling as an option to commute to work. Most people in Malaysia opt for walking and using public transports only because of affordability issues, not because the inclination towards the idea to change the lifestyle in order to reduce carbon emissions. To encourage people to walk and/or cycle, a city needs to expand its transport system to include multiple modes (or multi-modal) of transport, discourage the use of personal vehicles and regulate vehicles in cities. Necessary infrastructure like planting large shady trees is also important to encourage walking and cycling. To make Cyberjaya a walkable and cycle-friendly city, improvements need to be made for accessibility and enhanced connectivity. Since there was no specific/detailed data related to walking and cycling (i.e. number of people that use walking and cycling as their mode of transport in Cyberjaya), this sub-criteria was not applicable in this study. 2-21

76 Diagram 2.20: UT 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport Element: Urban Transportation (UT) Sub-criteria: UT 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport Intent Achieve a 10 to 40% reduction in the type of fossil fuel utilised for the purpose of powering public transport modes and this fuel is gradually replaced with clean fuels produced from renewable sources. Description Applicability Yes No Nowadays there are many innovations that have introduced and encouraged green public transportation such as NGV, bio-diesel, bio-gas from municipal solid waste, solar, etc. In Malaysia, the city of Putrajaya has started this initiative by providing NGV powered buses in its township. A green vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impacts to the environment compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, or a vehicle that uses alternative fuels. For this research, this sub-criteria was not applicable as low carbon public transport was not yet available in Cyberjaya. Once the implementation plan is in place, the emission level for this subcriterion can be calculated. 2-22

77 Diagram 2.21: UT 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport Element: Urban Transportation (UT) Sub-criteria: UT 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport Intent Achieve a 10% to 40% shifting of the use of conventional private vehicles to low carbon vehicles to ensure less carbon is generated into the atmosphere, thus creating a healthier environment that is essential to our well-being. Applicability Yes No Description Low carbon vehicles that are powered by alternative fuels or other green vehicle technologies can contribute to sustainable transport. These types of vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and simultaneously contribute to energy independence by reducing oil imports. The industry has joined the bandwagon towards the low carbon vehicle idea. Many car manufacturers are now offering hybrid vehicles, including Proton, the Malaysian national car manufacturer. By using low carbon vehicles, it not only helps in conserving fuel and money, but it also leads to conservation of natural resources. For this baseline study, this sub-criteria is was not applicable due to the fact that there was no current data or inventory available for such vehicles used in Cyberjaya. 2-23

78 Diagram 2.22: UT 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management Element: Urban Transportation (UT) Sub-criteria: UT 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management Intent Achieve optimum average vehicle speed that will result in economical consumption of fuel irrespective of whether the fuel consumed is conventional fossil fuel or clean fuel. Description Applicability Yes No An efficient traffic management in the city will result to less traffic congestion. An efficient traffic flow will generate smooth movement of vehicles in the city, thereby enabling less carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Speed management is about maintaining a pre-determined driving speed for optimum consumption, compared to excessive driving speed that consume more fuel and subsequently emit more carbon into the air. Traffic in cities can be managed by various means through combinations of mainly physical measures. A common method in this country is by utilizing road humps. Although there were few traffic impact assessments (TIA) conducted in some parts of Cyberjaya, there was no specific analysis that was related to speed management. Hence, this sub-criteria was not applicable in this research. Assumptions could not be made as existing values in hand were only specific to an area. 2-24

79 Diagram 2.23: UT 4-2 Traffic Congestion and Traffic Flow Management Element: Urban Transportation (UT) Sub-criteria: UT 4-2 Traffic Congestion and Traffic Flow Management Intent Ensure smooth flow of traffic throughout the development. Description Applicability Yes No Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower driving speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicle queues. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As traffic congestion increases, the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions also raise. Therefore, congestion mitigation programs should also consider reducing the CO2 emissions instead of just tackling the congestion issues. City planning and urban design practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion. For instance, grid patterned street design is the most efficient in managing traffic flow compared to the one of curved with fluid pattern. In the case of Cyberjaya, this sub-criteria was not applicable in this study due to the fact that there was no specific analysis for the whole of Cyberjaya and assumptions could not be made as existing values in hand were only specific to an area. 2-25

80 Diagram 2.24: UI 1-1 Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 1-1 Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services Intent Reduce land take by adequately designed main infrastructure trenches that will cater for all under and above ground services for current and future needs. Description Applicability Yes No Providing infrastructure in cities requires land in which some of the utilities, such as water pipes, electric cables, telecommunication lines, etc that need to to be placed on the land or below the land. In addition buildings to house these services further take up land such as sub stations, pump houses etc. Putting these facilities on or below the land requires some works, especially earthworks. Almost 50% of any development, land is taken up for infrastructure and utility services. This land take will be to accommodate to road networks, reserves for water tanks, sub-stations, sewerage treatment plants, reticulation network for water, electricity, gas, telephones, broadband cables, etc. This often results in land-use inefficiency and greater spatial requirements, especially in low density development areas. More land space needs to be cleared for development and provision of these infrastructure services. Cyberjaya was a planned city where development has started since 1997 and all infrastructure had been laid down following conventional road reserve methods. Hence, this sub-criteria was not applicable in this to Cyberjaya. Furthermore, there was also no future plans to install Common Utility Trench (CUT) or reduce surface infrastructure and utility services. 2-26

81 Diagram 2.25: UI 1-2 Earthwork Management Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 1-2 Earthwork Management Intent Promote well planned earthwork and construction activities on site that will ensure minimal cut and/or fill work. Applicability Yes No Description Earthworks can generate a variety of adverse effects on land, air and water bodies. The significance of these effects varying depending on their scale and the environment within which they occur. Earthworks involve revealing, disturbing, removing or depositing soil/earth which results in the creation of exposed surfaces which is created by activities such as land contouring for development and road constructions, filling operations, clearing of vegetation, agriculture activities, etc. In order to calculate the carbon emission level under this sub-criteria, a comprehensive and detailed data collection is needed. This requires involvements from different departments within an organisation. For instance, at a local authority level, the involvement of engineering department is important because they are the main provider for the data that are related to earthwork activities for the area. This was what Cyberjaya lacked at the time this research was carried out. Therefore, there was no sufficient data to calculate the carbon emission level, thus making this sub-criteria non applicable in this study. 2-27

82 Diagram 2.26: UI 1-3 Urban Storm Water Management Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 1-3 Urban Storm Water Management Intent Manage urban storm water runoff and reduce flooding impact to enhance water quality and natural hydrological systems as well as to protect life and property. Description Applicability Yes No Storm water is water that originates during precipitation events. Storm water that does not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows directly into surface waterways or is channelled into storm sewers. This is eventually discharged to surface water which then leads to floods. To mitigate floods involves managing the effects of flooding such as redirecting flood run off rather than trying to prevent it altogether. This sub-criteria however, was not applicable to Cyberjaya as there was no data available in this study. Once a comprehensive set of data is available, the carbon emission level can be calculated. 2-28

83 Diagram 2.27: UI 2-1 Construction and Industrial Waste Management Element: Sub-criteria: UI 2-1 Urban Infrastructure (UI) Construction and Industrial Waste Management Intent Reduce construction and industrial waste to the landfill by implementing an efficient and practical waste separation system on site. Yes No Applicability Description Construction waste recycling is the separation and recycling of recoverable waste materials generated during construction and remodelling. Packaging new material scraps, old materials and debris constitutes potential recoverable materials. In renovations, appliances, masonry materials, doors and windows are recyclable. Most construction waste goes into landfills, increasing the burden on landfill loading and operations. Besides that, waste from other sources such as solvents or chemically treated wood can result in soil and water pollution. Some materials can be recycled directly into the same product for re-use. Others can be reconstructed into other usable products. In this baseline study, due to the absence of specific construction waste management plan, this sub-criteria was not applicable. As Cyberjaya develops further in the future, the data for the construction waste and the respective construction waste management plan need to be established so that the carbon emission level can be calculated. 2-29

84 Diagram 2.28: UI 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management Intent Reduce household solid waste to the landfill by conducting measurable awareness campaigns to separate the waste at source. Description Applicability Yes No Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) comprising garbage and rubbish (such as bottles, cans, clothing, disposables, food packaging, food scraps, newspapers, magazines and yard trimmings) that originates from private homes or apartments. It is also called domestic waste or residential waste, which may also contain household hazardous waste. When solid waste is disposed in waste dumps and landfills, most of the organic materials will be degraded over a longer or shorter period. The main degradation products are carbon dioxide (CO2), water and heat for the aerobic process and methane (CH4) and CO2 for the anaerobic process. The CH4 produced and released into the atmosphere contributes to global warming. With the availability of data given by stakeholders, this sub-criteria was applicable for this study on Cyberjaya and the carbon emission level could be calculated. 2-30

85 Diagram 2.29: UI 3-1 Energy Optimisation Element: Sub-criteria: UI 3-1 Urban Infrastructure (UI) Energy Optimisation Intent Optimise energy consumption through a design review, technology and innovation with a target of 10 to 40% reduction of electricity. Yes No Applicability Description The definition of energy optimisation is synonymous with what is generally defined as energy efficiency. In order to be counted under the stipulated standard, energy efficiency measures must demonstrate that customers consumption of energy, electricity, or natural gas is reduced. Energy optimisation can be achieved through various simple ways such as turning off lights and equipment when not in use, maximizing the use of available sunlight, replacing incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps or LED, regularly changing HVAC filters, etc. All these will help in optimising the energy usage subsequently reducing carbon emissions. In the case of Cyberjaya, as there were no programs in place and no specific analysis was carried out, this sub-criteria was not applicable and the carbon emission level could not be calculated. In the future, when such data has been collected, this sub-criteria can be considered and the carbon emission level generated from the energy usage will be identified

86 Diagram 2.30: UI 3-2 Renewable Energy Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 3-2 Renewable Energy Intent Utilise a mix in energy sources especially energy produced by solar, wind and biogas to ensure less carbon is generated into the atmosphere. Description Applicability Yes No Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% comes from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) are accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. Recovery of energy from the organic fraction of MSW can yield carbon positive efforts as well. The Malaysian government is seeking to intensify the development of renewable energy, particularly biomass, as the fifth fuel resource under the country s Fuel Diversification Policy. The policy, which was set out in 2001, had a target of renewable energy providing 5% of electricity generation by 2005, which is equal to between 500 and 600 megawatt (MW) of installed capacity. As Cyberjaya did not have a plan to utilize renewable energy (apart from the bus stop projects), this sub-criteria was not applicable in this research. In the future, if there are plans to implement renewable energy, then l this sub-criterion should be applicable and the carbon emission level can be calculated. 2-32

87 Diagram 2.31: UI 3-3 Site-wide District Cooling System Element: Sub-criteria: UI 3-3 Urban Infrastructure (UI) Site-wide District Cooling System Intent Implement district cooling strategies that reduce energy use and adverse energy-related environmental effects. Yes No Applicability Description District cooling is the distribution of cooling from one or more sources to multiple buildings. District cooling systems produce chilled water at a central plant then pipe that energy out to buildings in the area for air conditioning use. It reduces energy use and adverse energy related environmental effects. District cooling is now widely used in downtown business districts and institutional settings such as college campuses. By using this kind of technology, individual buildings no longer need their own chillers or air conditioners. This sub-criteria was applicable and measureable for Cyberjaya in this study since the city had its own District Cooling Plant (DCP), which was also one of the city s green initiatives to reduce electricity usage, lower the cost of doing business, and simultaneously helped preserving the environment. 2-33

88 Diagram 2.32: UI 4-1 Efficient Water Management Element: Urban Infrastructure (UI) Sub-criteria: UI 4-1 Efficient Water Management Intent Optimise consumption of treated city supplied water through awareness of wastage and wasteful practices. Also, to achieve an alternative source of water through reuse of city water and rainwater harvesting for non-human contact purposes. Description Applicability Yes No Water management is an activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. In an ideal world, water management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. Water is an an essential resource for all. Much effort in water management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. This sub-criteria was not applicable for Cyberjaya at the time of this study. This was due to the fact that the city had no plan for utilizing an efficient water management system. Should there be any plans in future, then this sub-criteria would later be applicable and carbon emissions can be calculated. 2-34

89 Diagram 2.33: B 1-1 Operational Energy Emissions Element: Sub-criteria: B 1-1 Building (B) Operational Energy Emissions Intent To design and construct low carbon buildings with low operational energy emissions and monitor performance through measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). Yes No Applicability Description The way we design, build, renovate and operate buildings has a big effect on our planet. Buildings account for more than one third of total energy use and its associated GHG emissions. However, this sector also has large potential for cutting GHG emissions responsible for global warming. Building energy consumption benchmarks are representative values for common building types against which a building s actual performance can be compared. In order to reduce carbon emissions, buildings have to be energy efficient. The energy efficiency of a building is the extent to which the energy consumption per square metre of floor area of the building measures up to the established energy consumption benchmarks (performance benchmarks) for that particular type of building under climatic conditions. With the availability of data from stakeholders, this sub-criteria was applicable and the carbon emission level could be calculated. 2-35

90 Diagram 2.34: B 1-1 Operational Water Emissions Element: Building (B) Intent Sub-criteria: B 1-2 Operational Water Emissions Reduce effects on natural water resources and burdens on the community water supply and wastewater systems and simultaneously achieve building performance standard through the MRV approach. Description Applicability Yes No Water consumed during building operation depends on a building s functions, number of occupancy and water efficiency measures incorporated into the building. This includes water use behaviour. The main water consumed in a building depends on indoor consumption, outdoor consumption and alternatives water supply for offsetting demand (e.g. rainwater harvesting, and recycled grey water). Energy consumed for heating, treating and pumping water generate carbon dioxide emissions. With the availability of data from stakeholders, this sub-criteria was applicable and the emissions level was calculated. 2-36

91 Diagram 2.35: B 1-3 Emission Abatement Through Retrofitting Element: Sub-criteria: B 1-3 Building (B) Emission Abatement Through Retrofitting Intent Reduce emissions from buildings through retrofitting in order to extend the life cycle of existing building stock and enhance the building performance. Yes No Applicability Description Retrofitting is the process of modifying something after it has been manufactured. For buildings, this means making changes to the systems inside the building or even the structure itself at some point after its initial construction and occupation. Typically, this is done with the expectation of improving amenities for the building s occupants and/or improving the performance of the building. The development of new technologies means that building retrofits can allow for significant reductions in energy and water usage. Undertaking a green retrofit of a building is a sustainable way of retrofitting. It brings about both tangible and intangible benefits to the owner and tenants. It can reduce the energy consumption, utilities and water consumption. It also improves the building s indoor environment quality and reduces the negative impacts of buildings on occupants, especially work-environment related to illnesses or a sick building syndrome. Considering Cyberjaya as a new city, a lot of buildings were still new and lots of developments were still on-going and would be developed in the future, thus this sub-criteria was not applicable at the time of this study took place. Should there be any retrofitting of buildings in future and there are data available, then this sub-criteria will be applicable and the carbon emissions can be calculated. 2-37

92 Diagram 2.36: B 1-4 Building Orientation Element: Building (B) Sub-criteria: B 1-4 Building Orientation Intent Optimise passive and active design strategies to reduce heat gain in buildings. Description Applicability Yes No Building orientation affects air conditioning and heating energy requirements through solar radiation (heating effects on walls and rooms) and ventilation (associated with the direction of prevailing winds and building orientation). In hot humid climates, the solar influence on energy consumption in buildings is significant; therefore design strategies are focused on reducing heat gain. Well-orientated buildings maximise day lighting through building facades, reducing the need for artificial lighting. Some typologies especially housing can be zoned in order to ensure different functional uses receive sunlight at different times of the day. Buildings that maximise sunlight are ideal for the incorporation of passive solar techniques that can reduce carbon use and enhance users comfort. Careful strategies can also mitigate overheating and glare when sunlight is excessive. At the time of this study, this sub-criteria was not applicable due to limited information. It required detailed information on passive solutions like ventilation and solar radiation in order to make calculations. 2-38

93 Diagram 2.37: B 2-1 Shared Facilities and Utilities Within Building Element: Sub-criteria: B 2-1 Building (B) Shared Facilities and Utilities Within Building Intent Reduce land take for community services and encourage flexibility of use of buildings and simultaneously reduce carbon emissions due to sprawl and change of land uses. Description Applicability Yes No This sub-criterion is about sharing and integrating community service centers with other building uses. The main idea is to save green areas and ensure sustainable land uses. The common practice in Malaysia uses the traditional way through land take which results in dispersion of development and single zoning residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, etc. Instead of using the traditional land uses, sharing and integrating should be applied. Facilities and community services such as kindergartens, post office and town hall should be integrated with other building uses such as business offices. By doing this, it is not only a sustainable choice of land use planning, but it could help reduce inappropriate land take as well as reduce C02 emissions. To be able to calculate the carbon emission level, this sub-criteria required detailed information in which Cyberjaya did not have during the period of this research. 2-39

94 The applicability of each sub-criterion for Cyberjaya in summary : ID URBAN ENVIRONMENT (UE) APPLICABILITY Y: Yes N: No TOTAL SUB-CRITERIA UE 1 Site Selection 1-1 Development within Defined Urban Footprint N 1-2 Infill Development N 1-3 Development within Transit Nodes and Corridor N 1/5 1-4 Brownfield and Greyfield Redevelopment N 1-5 Hill Slope Development Y UE 2 Urban Form 2-1 Mixed-Use Development N 2-2 Compact Development N 2-3 Road and Parking Y 2/6 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network Y 2-5 Comprehensive Cycling Network N 2-6 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect N UE 3 Urban Greenery and Environmental Quality 3-1 Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity Y 3/3 3-2 Green Open Space Y 3-3 Number of Trees Y 2-40

95 ID URBAN TRANSPORTATION (UT) APPLICABILITY Y: Yes N: No TOTAL SUB- CRITERIA UT 1 Shift of Transport Mode 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency Y 1/1 UT 2 Green Transport Infrastructure 2-1 Public Transport Y 1/2 2-2 Walking and Cycling N UT 3 Clean Vehicles 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport N 0/2 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport N UT 4 Traffic Management 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management N 0/2 4-2 Traffic Congestion and Traffic Flow Management N ID URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE (UI) APPLICABILITY Y: Yes N: No TOTAL SUB- CRITERIA UI 1 Infrastructure Provision 1-1 Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services N 1-2 Earthwork Management N 0/3 1-3 UI 2 Urban Storm Water Management and Flood Mitigation Waste N 2-1 Construction and Industrial Waste Management N 1/2 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management Y UI 3 Energy 3-1 Energy Optimisation N 3-2 Renewable Energy N 1/3 3-3 Site-wide District Cooling System Y UI 4 Water Management 4-1 Efficient Water Management N 0/1 2-41

96 APPLICABILITY ID BUILDING (B) Y: Yes TOTAL SUB-CRITERIA N: No B 1 Low Carbon Building 1-1 Operational Energy Emissions Y 1-2 Operational Water Emissions Y 2/4 1-3 Emission Abatement Through Retrofitting N 1-4 Building Orientation N B 2 Community Services 2-1 Shared Facilities and Utilities within Building N 0/1 TOTAL 12/

97 3.0 CARBON EMISSION ASSESSMENT

98 It is a well-accepted scientific fact that anthropogenic activities are directly related to Global Warming and Climate Change. This is a direct result of fossil fuel based activities which in turn cause an increase in the particle count of Carbon in the atmosphere. Therefore all human activities have a Carbon Footprint or an accountable impact to the environment by the increase (or decrease) of carbon particle count in the atmosphere. The LCCF has been designed to be able to quantify (in terms of tons of CO2 equivalent) the impact of human activity in the building and construction industry particularly in city scale developments, new and existing, an example of the latter being Cyberjaya. Carbon Footprint The total amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person s carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that burns directly such as heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. (Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2012) 3-1

99 3.1 Carbon Accounting Approach Any activity aimed at decreasing Carbon count in the atmosphere can be termed as a Carbon Abatement exercise. The LCCF uses such an approach. First, the current situation is gauged. The impact of the current situation or sometimes known as Business as Usual (BaU) is determined when we are able to measure the actual current impact and announce the result in tons of CO2 equivalent emitted or CO2e, then we are able to establish what is known as Baseline carbon footprint. Reducing this Baseline carbon footprint through behavior change, optimizing the resource use, or applying the green technology is the primary focus of the LCCF. Calculating the Baseline involves two distinct elements of carbon content (emissions). The first is called Embodied Carbon. A good example of this would be a house. The entire building before the house can be occupied, has embodied carbon locked into it. This is the total carbon footprint of all activities involved from mining of resources to production to delivery until complete installation and ready for use. Embodied Carbon This refers to carbon dioxide emitted during the manufacture, transport and construction of building materials together with end of life emissions. For example, the emission of concrete occurs during extraction of the raw materials, processing in a factory and transporting to a construction site. (Source: The second distinct element of carbon is called Operational Carbon. From the first day that the house is operational and occupied until the end of useable life of the house it will inevitably be consuming energy and water while producing waste, all of which will have an impact on the environment measured in carbon footprint as well. The total of the first (embodied carbon) and second (operational carbon) sections will form the baseline carbon footprint of the house. For LCCF, where applicable, the baseline carbon footprint will consist of one or both elements. 3-2

100 Operational Carbon This refers to carbon dioxide emitted during the life of a building, from regulated and unregulated loads associated with the use of a building. This includes the emissions from, say, the heating, cooling, lighting and ICT. (Source: A third element of carbon abatement is called Carbon Sequestration. This however, is by and large applicable to the ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This third element is also applicable to certain criteria of the LCCF. Carbon Abatement A process by which trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide, release the oxygen, and store the carbon; either terrestrial or biologic. (Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2012) 3.2 Data Collection All four (4) elements were considered in this report, namely Urban Environment, Urban Transport, Urban Infrastructure and Building. As described in Chapter 2, of all 35 LCCF sub-criteria, 12 are applicable for use within the scope of this assessment. They are: i. UE 1-1: Hill Slope Development ii. UE 2-3: Road and Parking iii. UE 2-4: Comprehensive Pedestrian Network iv. UE 3-1: Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity v. UE 3-2: Green Open Space vi. UE 3-3: Number of Trees vii. UT 1-1: Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency viii. UT 2-1: Public Transport ix. UI 2-2: Household Solid Waste Management x. UI 3-3: Site-wide District Cooling System xi. B 1-1 : Operational Energy Emissions xii. B 1-2 : Operational Water Emissions 3-3

101 Data required for the above sub-criteria are then collected through secondary sources from relevant stakeholders. Throughout this process, many rounds of stakeholders were undertaken. The data was categorized into 3 categories as follows: i. Site specific data data related to Cyberjaya (See Apendix I) ii. Default data established at National level i.e. statistic, survey, census, etc; and iii. Assumptions where (i) & (ii) do not yet exist. For the purpose of this assessment, data inputted into the calculator for the applicable sub-criteria are as shown in the following table: Table 3.1: Input Data Element & Sub-criteria Data Input Assumption Urban Environment (UE) 1. Slope : 15-20%, 26-40% 1-5 Hill Slope Development 1. Area of Slope : hectares 2. Removal of Vegetation : hectares 3. Carbon Sequestration of vegetation : tco2/year and >40% 2. Amount of vegetation restored : 40%, 60% and 100% 3. Type of vegetation : Forest plantation, palm oil, rubber, urban forest and grassland 2-3 Road and Parking 1. Area of road and parking surfaces : hectares 2. Removal of vegetation : hectares 3. Disturbed soil : hectares 4. Embodied energy : hectares 5. Thickness of asphalt : 0.1m 6. Thickness of concrete pavement : 0.1m 1. Types of vegetation: Tropical forest, palm oil, rubber, urban forest and grassland 2. Road and parking surfaces in Asphalt 3. Road and parking surface in Concrete pavement 1. Pedestrian network : 31.78km 2-4 Comprehensive Pedestrian Network 2. Area of pedestrian : hectares 3. Removal of vegetation : hectares 4. Disturbed soil : hectares 5. Width of pedestrian network : 1.5m 6. Thickness of asphalt : 0.1m 7. Thickness of concrete pavement : 0.1m 1. Types of vegetation 2. Total CO2 removed from vegetation 3. Road and parking surfaces in Asphalt 4. Road and parking surfaces in Concrete pavement 3-4

102 Element & Sub-criteria Data Input Assumption Urban Environment (UE) 3-1 Preserve Natural Ecology, Water Body and Biodiversity 1. Total area of development : 2,890 hectares 2. Area of green open space : 0.50 hectares 3. Urban forest : 9.74 hectares 4. Wetlands : hectares 1. Minimum of 10% of green open space 2. Types of vegetation : urban forest, wetlands, grassland and rubber 3-2 Green Open Space 1. Total area of development : 2,890 hectares 2. Green open space(10% of total devt.) : 289 hectares 3. Urban forest : 3.94 hectares 4. Forest plantation : hectares 5. Grassland : hectares 1. Minimum of 10% of green open space 2. Types of vegetation : urban forest, grassland, palm oil, forest plantation and rubber 3-3 Number of Trees 1. Total number of trees : 285, Diameter <11 inches: Diameter : 6 inches Height : 3 feet Age of trees : 5 years 3. Diameter >11 inches: Diameter : 15 inches Height : feet Age of trees : 15 years Urban Transportation (UT) 1. Diameter of trees : <11 inches and >11 inches 2. Height of trees 3. Age of trees 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency 1. Average number of cars : 26, Average travel distance per day : 6km 3. Type of fuel used : 95% petrol, 5% diesel 4. Average engine size : 1500cc 5. Carbon emission factor : Petrol : 2,380 gram/litre Diesel : 2,698 gram/litre 1. 65% of all cars on the road are SOVs 2. 6% rise in traffic yearly (commonly use in traffic impact assessment) 3. Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Factors by vehicle type 4. Total motor vehicle registration in Malaysia 2-1 Public Transport 1. Average number of private vehicles : 43, Average travel distance per day : 6km 3. Type of fuel used : Petrol, Diesel and NGV 4. Carbon emission factor for : Petrol : 2,380 gram/litre Diesel : 2,698 gram/litre NGV : 1,442 gram/litre 1. Number of buses : Carrying capacity : 5,720 (average 40 pax per bus per trip) 3. Target ridership to achieve : 25% 4. Target number of buses :

103 Element & Sub-criteria Data Input Assumption Urban Infrastructure (UI) 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management 1. Population 2010: 47, Waste generated per capita (by kilogram per day) : 1.1kg 3. GHG composition (CH4 : CO2) : 0.5 : Waste generated per capita 2. Organic waste fraction 3. Growth rate of MSW production at 1% per year % separation of organic waste 5. Organic waste fraction:45% 3-3 Site-wide District Cooling System 1. Total amount of built up space cooled by district cooling in Cyberjaya: 3.2 million sq ft hours operation per day million sq. ft. supplied per day 3. Assume 55 BTU/sq. ft. Building (B) 1. Type of buildings 2. 5% increase in building stock 3. Energy index by type of 1-1 Operational Energy Emissions 1. Total GFA : 2,097, m² 2. Carbon factor for year of analysis : 0.68kgCO2/kWh buildings 4. Commercial space : 1,831,350 sq. ft. 5. Enterprise (office) : 12, sq. ft. 6. Residential : 9,502,587 sq.ft. 1. Total water consumed (litre/person 1-2 Operational Water Emissions /day) 2. Population (residential, office/ commercial and student) : 66, GDP : 0.235% per year 1. Type of buildings 2. Benchmarks for office : 20 litres/person/day 3. Assume full time employee 3-6

104 The quality of the data collected requires further refinement as at the moment, several key data are not documented by the relevant stakeholders. Hence, data inputted for this assessment is rather weak due to the fact that this exercise is carried out for the first time and many critical issues have to be addressed. Subsequent monitoring and assessment are recommended in the future, the quality of the data will improve and the robustness of the findings will also proportionately increase. An establishment of default data is vital in order to ensure that sufficient data is obtained for comprehensive assessment to be made. Data should be continuously updated to ensure the variations of the value can change over time. An example of this is the declared carbon footprint of per kilowatt of electricity in Malaysia by TNB. The value currently declared and widely accepted is 0.60 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt of electricity produced. This value can change when the generation of electricity from predominantly gas and coal ratio changes. In other words, the value will decrease if the gas ratio increases and likewise decreases if the coal ratio increases. Even though the change in kilogram per kilowatt may be small but the impact will still be substantial as the total amount of energy used is large. 3.3 Level of Assessments In this CO2 baseline study of Cyberjaya, there are three (3) level of assessments applied, in which are: i. Baseline 2011 Baseline is calculated based on the data which have been obtained during the Data Collection & Verification stage. Data collected are based on the default data and site-specific data. Default data are data which are established at the National, State or District level. 3-7

105 This data can be obtained from policies such as National Urbanization Policy (NUP), Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), State Structure Plan and District Local Plan and other published data (i.e. survey, statistic, census, etc.). Site-specific data are data that are related to the project/city/development area, which can be obtained from the local authority, developer, land owner and other relevant stakeholders. In the case of Cyberjaya, the data for Baseline calculation are from various sources such as the Sepang District Local Plan 2015, Population Census 2010, Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA), Green Initiative in Cyberjaya and more. ii. BaU 2020 BaU 2020 carbon emissions calculation was based on two assumptions: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Population Equivalent (PE). The GDP used in this calculation are GDP for year , and As for the population, the calculation was based on target population according to the data from Setia Haruman Sdn. Bhd. Following is the table that shows GDP for the interval years: Table 3.2: GDP for the Interval Years GDP Year Percentage of GDP (%) Increase in GDP/Year (%) Source: 2 nd National Physicla Plan (2010), Federal Department of Town & Country Planning, Malaysia iii. Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 The Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 are strategies that will help to reduce the carbon emissions from the BaU 2020 s level. The strategies can also be considered as a carbon reduction plan, in which the amount of emission abatement could possibly be achieved when the plan is successfully implemented. 3-8

106 3.4 Carbon Emission under Urban Environment (UE) Urban Environment was involved at the early stage of planning and design of a city/township/project. In this Cyberjaya baseline study, 6 sub-criteria were considered in this assessment Baseline 2011 The carbon emission baselines calculated for urban environment were based on the data received from Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. The sub-criteria used in the evaluation of the carbon emissions are shown in Table 3.3. The sub-criteria were not included in the calculations because of two factors, the insufficiency of data or it was not applicable to the case of Cyberjaya. The baseline carbon emission for UE s applicable sub-criteria was 883,620 tco BaU 2020 The carbon emissions for the BaU 2020 for urban environment were calculated based on the data provided by the Masterplan of Cyberjaya for By 2020, the embodied carbon from materials and carbon sequestration from greeneries is expected to contribute to 2,446,662 tco2 emissions (as shown in Table 3.3). If the embodied carbon is ignored, then the atmospheric carbon will be purely due to carbon sequestration by greeneries. i.e. 5,225 tco Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 Various strategies can be used to lower down the carbon emissions in the urban environment from the level of BaU The low carbon strategies applied to this case included: Hill slope development replanting trees with high carbon sequestration vegetation; Road and parking should not exceed 20% of total area of development in Cyberjaya. In this case the roads and parking area are less than 20% of what allocated by the Cyberjaya Master Plan; Green open space is minimum at 10% of the total development or greater; Water bodies should be conserved for carbon sequestration; Selected indigenous trees of high carbon sequestration including bamboos should be planted; and Expansion of greeneries through green roofs and grid paving etc. 3-9

107 The LCS for 2020 produces carbon emissions of 630,771tCO2 when embodied energy is included in the analysis. The carbon sequestration for LCS 2020 amounts to 17,309 tco2 (Table 3.3). Table 3.3: Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 for UE Subcriteria Data Assumption Baseline 2011 (tco2) BaU 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) i. Assume slope: UE 1-5 i. Area of slope: acre ii. Assume native Source: MP Sepang vegetation (rubber trees) i. Embodied UE 2-3 i. Existing Road : 1, acre ii. Public Parking : 5.36 acre Source: MP Sepang energy of materials adopted from the Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) 550, , ,480 UK UE 2-4 UE 3-1 UE 3-2 i. Existing Total Pedestrian area : 42,670 m² (31,780m x1.5m ) Source: MP Sepang i. Water bodies : acres ii. Urban forest : 9.74 acres Source: MP Sepang i. Open space, promenade and Cyber Park : acre ii. Separator : acre Source: MP Sepang - 336,958 1,843,407 39, ,179-1,305-12,

108 SUB- CRITERIA DATA ASSUMPTION BASELINE 2011 (tco2) BaU 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) UE 3-3 i. Trees along streets ii. Shrubs : 260,790 iii. Shade trees : 9,658 shade trees iv. Other trees in open space: 14,793 trees Source: MP Sepang - -2,055-3,535-4,243 TOTAL UE WITH EMBODIED CARBON 883,620 2,446, ,771 TOTAL UE WITHOUT EMBODIED CARBON -3,556-5,225-17,309 UE 2-3 and UE2-4 have considered emissions from materials used in the road construction, CO2 released from the soils and due to removal of vegetation during clearing of area for roadwork and pedestrian network. As illustrated in Table 3.3, the carbon emission baseline for the urban environment is significantly affected by the emissions from embodied energy of materials. The inclusion of emissions from embodied energy makes LCCF different from other townships/cities carbon assessment models. UE 3-1, UE 3-2 and UE 3-3 calculate the carbon sequestration by vegetation and water bodies. The given data are based on actual measurements and survey of trees and greeneries on site. The net carbon emission estimated for UE in 2011, assuming business as usual is 883,620 tco2 taking into account of the embodied carbon. If the embodied carbon is not considered, then the net CO2 from the urban environment is purely sequestration from greeneries. i.e. 3,556 tco2. The increase in carbon emissions for the UE element based on the 2020 masterplan compared to the baseline in 2011 is about 177%, if embodied carbon is included. The sequestration by trees reduces the atmospheric carbon by 66% (refer to Table 3.4). 3-11

109 Table 3.4: Comparisons between Baseline Emission and BaU 2020 UE with embodied carbon UE without embodied carbon Baseline Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (tco2) 2011 tco2 BaU 2020 (%) 883,620 2,446, , With low carbon strategies implemented in Cyberjaya, the carbon emissions in 2020 only increases to 29% compared to the baseline Without considering embodied energy, the carbon sequestration from trees alone increases by 387% (Table 3.5). Table 3.5: Comparisons between Baseline Emission and LCS 2020 UE with embodied carbon UE without embodied carbon Baseline 2011 tco2 LCS 2020 tco2 LCS 2020 vs Baseline 2011 (%) 883, , ,556-17, Summary for UE It is evident as presented in Table 3.6 that the low carbon strategies for urban environment are capable of increasing carbon sequestration as much as 252% compared to the business as usual in 2020, This is applicable if embodied carbon is not considered in the research, as what used by other assessment methods. Table 3.6: Summary for UE Baseline 2011 tco2 BaU 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) Baseline 2011 vs LCS 2020 (%) UE with embodied carbon 883,620 2,446, , UE without embodied carbon -3,556-5,225-17, *Detailed calculations for UE were developed by PM. Dr. Faridah Shafii. 3-12

110 3.5 Carbon Emission under Urban Transportation (UT) Urban Transportation is an important criteria as our national transportation carbon footprint is a significant contributor to our annual carbon inventory. It consists of 4 Performance Criteria and 7 sub-criteria. Out of that, only 2 sub-criteria are considered in this assessment. Some of these sub criteria are not considered in this report. They are listed below with reasons for their exclusion: i. Green Transport Infrastructure: UT 2-2 Walking & Cycling Although we are able to determine the length of safe walking and cycling paths within Cyberjaya, the data for the number of users selecting this method of travel instead of fossil fuel powered vehicles are absent. A community survey should be carried out to determine this data. This would then produce a baseline data. The survey should be followed by a Walking & Cycling campaign encouraging the community to use the walking and cycling facilities. To measure the success of the campaign, another survey should be carried out and if an improvement is noticed then this data should be used to determine the reduction of carbon footprint. This would then be considered as the application of the Low Carbon Strategy (LCS). ii. Clean Vehicles: UT 3-1 Low Carbon Public Transport This currently does not exist in Cyberjaya nor are there any plans in place to implement the same. Perhaps in the future when such plans are in place and subsequent implementation does take place this sub criterion can be considered. iii. Clean Vehicles: UT 3-2 Low Carbon Private Transport Although currently there are some users of hybrid vehicles in Cyberjaya, there is no data on the inventory of such vehicle users. A survey should be carried out to determine the number of users of hybrid vehicles together with an estimation of the total distance travelled. If this data is available the abated CO2e can be calculated. 3-13

111 iv. Traffic Management: UT 4-1 Vehicle Speed Management & UT 4-2 Traffic Congestion & Traffic Flow Management. Both of these sub criteria are not considered in the research because a city wide partial traffic impact assessment needs to be carried out first. In fact this needs to be carried our periodically, perhaps twice a year. The data gathered from this assessment will then give directions to the effectiveness of the current vehicle speed management in place and if proven to be lacking in efficiency by the evidence of vehicles consistently travelling above or below optimum speeds, changes can be made to increase this efficiency. Likewise for UT4-2, traffic congestion demographics of period of time, place of occurrence, number of vehicles involved etc., should be recorded for improvements to be designed and implemented Assumptions This section describes assumptions of data used to derive results of baseline carbon footprint in the absence of actual data available in Cyberjaya: i. Shift of Transport Mode: UT 1-1 Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Dependency 65% of all cars on the road are SOVs Source: DBKL Draft Structure Plan; 6% rise in traffic year on year commonly used by traffic impact assessment consultants in Malaysia; Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Factors by Vehicle Type Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86, JKR; and Total Motor Vehicle Registration Malaysia by Vehicle Types RTD ii. Green Transport Infrastructure: UT 2-1 Public Transport Diesel Carbon Emissions 1,733 grams per litre of fuel consumed by an internal combustion engine; Average Consumption of Buses in Cyberjaya 6 kilometers per litre; and Assumed travel distance per day 50 kilometers. The above assumptions will be reviewed from time to time and calibrated so that more accurate data based on robust sources will be attained. This will allow the CO2e values to be revised periodically for greater accuracy. 3-14

112 3.5.2 Baseline 2011 The carbon emission baselines for Urban Transport in 2011 are shown in Table 3.7, which by 2020, the carbon emission is 246,681.6 tco2e. As stated earlier, the sub-criteria which are not included in the calculations are because of insufficiency of data or not applicable to the case of Cyberjaya BaU 2020 For the business as usual scenario in year 2020, the 6% increase of traffic year by year commonly used by most traffic consultants is used as a basis of calculations. The carbon emission for BaU 2020 is expected to be 379,889.7 tco2e. As crucial data are not available now, this calculation is based on estimations and assumptions. In the future robust data should be used for more comprehensive calculations Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 Low carbon strategies can bring down the carbon emissions due to the reduction of use of SOV to 278,585 tco2e from BaU 2020 levels by approximately 36%. The strategies that can be applied to lower emissions in transport are specifically: i. Awareness campaigns of the carbon impact of transport as a result of usage of SOV; ii. Incentives for the reductions of SOV; and iii. Penalties due to the usage of SOV. 3-15

113 Table 3.7: Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 for UT Subcriteria UT 1-1 UT 2-1 Data Statistic Assumption i. Population Cyberjaya i. 65% of i. Population, is approx. all cars travel 14,000 on the distances, people. road mode of Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. i. Diesel Carbon Emissions: 2,300 grams per litre of fuel consumed by an internal combustion engine. Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. are transport and SOVs fuel type i. Average Consumption i. Travel of Buses in distanc Cyberjaya is e per 6 kilometers day per litre 50 km. ii.20% of above emissions Baseline LCS BaU (tco2e) (tco2e) (tco2e) 205, , , , ,315 88,641 TOTAL UT CARBON EMISSIONS 246, , ,585 Table 3.8: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU 2020 Baseline 2011 tco2e BaU 2020 (tco2e) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) UT Carbon Emissions 246, , (increase) 3-16

114 3.5.5 Summary for UT It is evident in Table 3.9 that by applying the low carbon strategies for urban transportation, the emission level for UT can be reduced by 36% compared to the Business as Usual (BaU) Table 3.9: Summary for UT Baseline 2011 (tco2e) BaU 2020 (tco2e) LCS 2020 (tco2e) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) BaU 2020 vs LCS 2020 (%) UT Carbon Emissions 246, , , (increase) 36 (decrease) *Detailed calculations for UT were developed by BK Sinha 3.6 Carbon Emission under Urban Infrastructure (UI) Urban Infrastructure consists of performance criteria that involve early planning such as Infrastructure Provision as well as ongoing operational criteria such as Waste, Energy and Water Management. Within these 4 performance criteria are 9 sub criteria. For Cyberjaya, 3 of these sub criteria are currently applied. Some of these sub criteria are not considered in this report. They are listed below with reasons for their exclusion: i. Infrastructure Provision: UI 1-1 Land Take for Infrastructure and Utility Services As this sub-criteria requires early planning for successful implementation, it is not applicable to Cyberjaya. Common utility trenching (underground) and reduced land take for above ground utility requirements are some methods adopted to achieve the intent of this sub criteria but as Cyberjaya is a township that is still having ongoing developments of land parcels and this makes the implementation of such changes impossible at this juncture. ii. Waste: UI 2-1 Construction and Industrial Waste Management Currently, the responsibility of construction waste management is placed with the various contractors appointed by the developers for every parcel of land developed. The data for the construction waste and the respective construction waste management plans have not been sighted thus far. Due to the constraint of not having a common construction and industrial waste management plan, this criterion is not considered. In the future, when a construction site is widely unified and waste management plan is in place, this particular criterion can be considered. 3-17

115 iii. Energy: UI 3-1 Energy Optimization & UI 3-2 Renewable Energy As there are no programs in place to carry out any energy optimization throughout Cyberjaya currently, this criterion is not considered. However this criterion can be applied at any point of time when such a program is implemented. Similarly there are no plans to implement any sizable renewable energy produces in Cyberjaya currently apart from some small bus stop projects. As such renewable energy is not a significant part of the current energy supply nor are there any plans to do so. Again, however, this can be implemented at will. iv. Water Management: UI 4-1 Efficient Water Management Currently there are no programs in place for any water management schemes. There are also no plans to implement rain water harvesting systems or make them mandatory. As such this criterion is not considered Assumptions In the future, if such policies are in place, water management programs can be implemented. i. Assumptions This section describes assumptions of data used to derive results of baseline carbon footprint in the absence of actual data available in Cyberjaya. ii. Waste: UI 2-2 Household Solid Waste Management Total residential population people Per capita production of waste 0.8 to 1.3 kg/day Content of organic waste 40% Baseline 2011 The carbon emission baselines for Urban Infrastructure in 2011 was 57,687.4 tco2e, as shown in Table 3.9. As stated above the sub- criteria which were not included in the calculations were because of the insufficiency of data or it was not applicable to the case of Cyberjaya. As crucial data is not available now, this calculation was based on estimations and assumptions. In the future, robust data should be used for more accurate calculations. 3-18

116 3.6.3 BaU 2020 For the BaU scenario in year 2020, a 10% increase in waste every year is expected which resulted to 143,415.6 tco2e Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 Low carbon strategies can bring down the carbon emissions due to a net zero diversion of waste to landfills and the increased use of DCS that supplies cooling for all buildings will result to 54,406.8 tco2e from BaU 2020 levels which is approximately 38%. The strategies that can be applied on infrastructures to lower emissions are specifically to: i. Promote awareness campaigns to achieve zero waste to landfills; ii. Generate energy out of organic (green) waste; and iii. Ensure all buildings use DCS cooling. UI 2-2 Subcriteria Table 3.10: Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 for UI Data Statistic Assumption Baseline 2011 (tco2e) BaU 2020 (tco2e) LCS 2020 (tco2e) i. Household i. Approx. i. Only solid waste: 2, 800 households approx. households considered 2,160 Mt/per 30,484 57, annum Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. i. 0.3 to 0.35 i. 2 units i. Only half kw/kw RT of DCS the cooling per running. commercial UI 3-3 hour Source: Megajana floor space is currently 27, ,496 54,406.8 Sdn. Bhd. being supplied by the DCS TOTAL UI CARBON EMISSIONS 57, , ,

117 Table 3.11: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU 2020 Baseline 2011 (tco2e) BaU 2020 (tco2e) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) UI Carbon Emissions 57, , (increase) Summary for UI It is evident in Table 3.12 that by applying the low carbon strategies for urban infrastructure, the emission level for UI can be reduced to 54,406.8 tco2e (which is equivalent to 36%). Table 3.12: Summary for Urban Infrastructure (UI) Baseline 2011 (tco2e) BaU 2020 (tco2e) LCS 2020 (tco2e) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) BaU 2020 vs LCS 2020 (%) UI Carbon Emissions 57, , , (increase) 36 (decrease) *Detailed calculations for UI were developed by BK Sinha 3.7 Carbon Emission under Building (B) Building is another main contributor of carbon emission in a city. Of all 5 sub-criteria in this element, only 2 sub-criteria are currently considered and applied. The sub-criteria which were not included in the calculations were because of the insufficiency of data or they were not applicable to the case of Cyberjaya Baseline 2011 The carbon emission baselines for buildings in 2011 are shown in Table The electricity bills for the buildings in Cyberjaya were not available during the study. Therefore, the baseline emissions for operational energy consumption (B1-1) were calculated using the Common Carbon Metric for Putrajaya, assuming that buildings that had similar functions and of similar age consumed the same level of energy. As shown in Table 3.12, the 2011 baseline emissions from operational energy amounts to 213, 361 tco2. The calculations for emissions from water consumption were based on actual data. As evident in Table 3.182, the emissions resulting from water processing is negligible compared to operational energy. 3-20

118 3.7.2 BaU 2020 The carbon emissions for buildings with the BaU 2020 scenario and based on the data provided by the Masterplan of Cyberjaya for 2020 demonstrates that there is an emission of 230,942 tco2 i.e. an increase of 8.24% from the 2011 baseline. This is due to the increase of building gross floor area to accommodate to the assumed 5% GDP growth in The increased in water consumption is also based on the same GDP growth Low Carbon Strategies (LCS) 2020 Low carbon strategies can bring down the carbon emissions due to operational energy up to 145,442 tco2 i.e. a reduction of 31.83% from baseline emissions of 2011 level. The strategies that can be applied to buildings to lower emissions are specifically to: Design energy efficiency measures conforming to benchmarks and common carbon metrics in order to provide trajectories to 40% carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond; Build retrofits for existing buildings in meeting energy efficiency benchmarks and climate goal trajectories; Design buildings conforming to the Common Carbon Metrics (CCM) for carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond; Use of renewable energy in order to reduce carbon emissions; and Conserve water and therefore resulting in energy savings in water processing and distribution. 3-21

119 Table 3.13: Baseline, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 for Building Subcriteria Data Assumption Baseline 2011 (tco2) BaU 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) B 1-1 i. Occupied Area : Offices : 1,116,341.21m 2 ii. Residential Bungalow : 88,855m 2 Semi-D: 246,856m 2 Terraced (double storey): 128,140m 2 Apartment / condominium: 347,219m 2 Retail : m 2 Source: Cyberview Sdn. Bhd. Data for electricity from TNB is not available during the studies. Therefore the energy consumption is estimated by using the Common Carbon Metric (CCM) for energy in of Putrajaya. The electricity consumption for various building typologies can be assumed to be of the same with similar building age. 211, , ,415 i. Water consumption: B MLitres Source: Cyberview Sdn. 1,940 8,240 6,027 Bhd. TOTAL BUILDING WITH EMBODIED CARBON 213, , ,442 TOTAL BUILDING WITHOUT EMBODIED CARBON 213, , ,442 Table 3.14: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and BaU 2020 Baseline 2011 (tco2) BaU 2020 (tco2) Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 (%) Building (B) with embodied carbon Building (B) without embodied carbon 213, , , ,

120 Table 3.15: Comparisons between Baseline 2011 and LCS 2020 Baseline 2011 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 vs Baseline 2011 (%) Building (B) with embodied carbon Building (B) without embodied carbon 213, , , , Summary for Building (B) Based on the Table 3.16 above, it can be concluded that by applying the low carbon strategies, the emission level can be reduced to 145,442 tco2, which is equivalent to 31.83% Table 3.16: Summary for Building Baseline 2011 (tco2) BaU 2020 (tco2) LCS 2020 (tco2) Baseline2011 vs BaU2020 (%) Baseline2011 vs LCS 2020 (%) Building (B) with embodied carbon 213, , , Building (B) without embodied carbon 213, , , *Detailed calculations for Building were developed by PM. Dr. Faridah Shafii. 3-23

121 3.8 Overall Summary Based on the assessment made for each element, the summary of the CO2 emission is listed in the following table: Table 3.17: Overall Summary UE (tco2) UT (tco2) UI (tco2) B (tco2) TOTAL (tco2) Baseline , ,682 57, ,361 1,401,350 BaU ,446, , , ,942 3,200,909 LCS , ,585 54, ,442 1,109,205 From the assessment, the baseline 2011 CO2 emission is established at 1,401,350 tco2 and projected BaU 2020 is 3,200,909 tco2. With appropriate strategies and initiatives under LCCF, the projected emission for 2020 can be reduced to 1,109,205 tco2. The results can also be interpreted into line graph as follows: Diagram 3.1: Overall Summary by Elements 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 tco2 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Baseline 2011 BaU 2020 LCS ,000 0 UE UT UI B TOTAL Derived from that, it can be assumed that by using the total population of 2010, CO2 emission per capita for Cyberjaya is: i. Baseline 2011 : tonne of CO2 emission; ii. BaU 2020 : tonne of CO2 emission; and iii. LCS 2020 : tonne of CO2 emission. 3-24

122 3.9 Periodical Actions of LCS by Tiers In this baseline study project, the identified LCS strategies are further detailed out according to three tier strategies. Tier One is the lowest hanging fruit which involved minimal cost, and the Tier Two and Three being incremental in cost respectively Tier One Behaviour Change Efforts The first tier is related to behavioural changes. Elements like characteristic and surrounding environment are major factors contributing to changes at this level. It also involves social interaction, lifestyles, norms and values as well as policies Tier Two Demand Side Management The second tier focuses on demand side management especially for energy, water and waste. The intent is to reduce resource consumption as well as a strategy for environmental protection through methods such as incentives and education. For example, introduction of financial incentives to consumers who use less electricity during peak hours Tier Three Technology Introduction This third tier emphasizes on technology intervention such as solar panels, biomass, rainwater harvesting, recycling vending machine and water treatment powered by renewable energy. Based on the explanation above, LCS is later classified according to the tiers as in Table

123 Table 3.18 : LCS 2020 by Tiers Element Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Urban Environment (UE) Urban Transportation (UT) Urban Infrastructure (UI) Awareness campaign of the carbon impact of transport as a result of usage of SOV Promote awareness campaign to achieve zero waste to landfills Replanting trees with high carbon sequestration vegetation. Road and parking should not exceed 20% of total area of development in Cyberjaya Green open space is minimum at 10% of the total development or greater Water bodies are conserved for carbon sequestration Indigenous trees of high carbon sequestration including bamboos are planted Incentives for the reductions of SOV Penalties due to the usage of SOV Expansion of greeneries through green roofs and grid paving Generate energy out of organic (green) waste Ensure all buildings use DCS cooling 3-26

124 Element Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Building (B) Design energy efficiency measures conforming to benchmarks and Common Carbon Metrics (CCM) to provide trajectories to 40% carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond Build retrofits for existing buildings to meet energy efficiency benchmarks and climate goal trajectories Design building to conforming the CCM for carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond Use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions Conserve water and therefore resulting in energy savings in water processing and distribution. 3-27

125 The LCS 2020 is further detailed out into several strategies that can be implemented in order to achieve the target projected emission of 1,109,205 tco2 by The strategies outlined here are general recommendations based on Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF) and are not site specific or owner specific. Actions that are specific to Cyberjaya should be covered under the scope of studying undertaken by the Japan Research Institute (JRI), who is responsible in preparing the action plan for Cyberjaya. The following Table 3.19 indicates strategies and some examples that can be implemented for Cyberjaya: Table 3.19 : Strategies for LCS 2020 Urban Environment (UE) Elements Replanting trees with high carbon sequestration vegetation Road and parking should not exceed 20% of total area of development in Cyberjaya Green open space is minimum at 10% of the total development or greater Strategies Plant more high carbon sequestration trees such as: i. Bamboo : 62tCO2/ha/year ii. Elaeis Guineensis (Oil Palm) : 29.30tCO2/ha/year iii. Hevea Brasiliensis (Getah) : 24.86tCO2/ha/year iv. Acacia Mangium : 23.43tCO2/ha/year v. Paraserianthes Falcataria : 22.92tCO2/ha/year vi. Tectona Grandis (Teak ) : 20.72tCO2/ha/year vii. Azadirachta Excelsa : 18.70tCO2/ha/year viii.pterocarpus Spp (Angsana) : 12.83tCO2/ha/year i. To set maximum parking requirements for new developments; ii. Improve pedestrian, transit and bicycle facilities; iii. Establish pleasant and safe remote parking located at the fringes of a commercial, mixed-use or office areas with improved pedestrian connections; iv. Appropriate pricing policies for remote parking - cheaper than centrally located facilities; and v. Charge the right price for curb parking. Too much low cost parking should be avoided as it encourages people to drive rather than to walk, cycle and use public transport. i. Encourage and/or impose double volume landscape and green wall for new developments. ii. Incorporate requirements for specific green areas near office/commercial blocks, along streets and within residential areas. 3-28

126 Urban Environment (UE) Urban Transportation (UT) Urban Infrastructure (UI) Elements Water bodies are conserved for carbon sequestration Indigenous trees of high carbon sequestration including bamboos are planted Expansion of greeneries through green roofs and grid paving, etc. Awareness campaign of the carbon impact of transport as a result of usage of SOV Incentives for the reductions of SOV Penalties due to the usage of SOV Promote awareness campaigns to achieve zero waste to landfills Generate energy out of organic (green) waste Ensure all buildings use DCS cooling Strategies Incorporate blue corridors in development plans Refer to strategies number 1 (high carbon sequestration trees) i. Encourage leftover space to be converted into mini / pocket park; ii. Encourage/impose green wall, grid paving and green roofs especially for new developments; and iii. Incorporate requirements for specific green areas near office/commercial blocks, along streets and within residential areas. Create/organize awareness campaigns and events such as : i. Car Free Day; ii. Cyberjaya Cycle Way (a dedicated lane for bicycle) iii. Cycling competition/fun Ride Day; and iv. Walk for health (this can relate with the car free day event) i. Identify and demarcate areas for High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) lane; and ii. Parking incentive/reduction for non-sov vehicles i. Impose high car parking charges in Central Business District (CBD) or selected areas; and ii. Impose charges or road area pricing to enter CBD Create/organize campaigns and events such as : i. Recycling competitions (e.g. recycling competition at school level and community level) ii. Composting competitions (school level, community level, etc.) iii. Waste to money (e.g. collect used cooking oil and received RM1 per 1kg) i. Biodiesel project used cooking oil into biodiesel ii. Biomass project food waste/compost into biomass i. Encourage or impose rebate for buildings with DCS 3-29

127 Building (B) Elements Design energy efficiency measures conforming to benchmarks and Common Carbon Metrics (CCM) to provide trajectories to 40% carbon reduction in 2020 and beyond Build retrofits for existing buildings to meet energy efficiency benchmarks and climate goal trajectories Strategies Encourage/impose energy efficiency measures such as: i. Building envelope : To impose appropriate barrier between interior and exterior reflective surfaces especially on roofs and walls to minimize the amount of solar heat, exterior shading to reduce the amount of solar gain, air sealing to buffer the interior of the building from the fluctuating temperature outside and cool roofs that reflect a large portion of the sun s heat energy back into the atmosphere; ii. Combines heat and power : Generate electricity at or near building and then recycle the waste heat and use it for water heating, air conditioning, product drying or any other thermal energy needed; iii. Lighting : To impose high efficiency lamps such as T-5 and T-8 fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts and combine with high efficiency reflectors to prevent glare from direct beam sunlight, install automatic dimming controls and upgrade parking lot lighting to save energy; iv. Paint ceilings and sidewalls with a semi-gloss paint to enhance lighting quality; and v. Commissioning : Testing all elements of a building s energy and mechanical systems to ensure they are properly adjusted and functioning optimally. Continuous commissioning is crucial to ensure building is routinely monitored for proper adjustment and functioning. Retrofitting the existing buildings through actions like : i. Installation of water conserving devices (i.e. aerators and toilet inserts); ii. Install rainwater harvesting, soil moisture and/or rains sensors; iii. Install dual flush for toilet; iv. Repair leaking; and v. Replace T-12 fluorescent fixtures with T-8 or T-5 fixtures with electronic ballasts. 3-30

128 Building (B) Elements Design buildings conforming to the CCM for carbon reductions in 2020 and beyond Use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions Conserve water and therefore resulting in energy savings in water processing and distribution Strategies Encourage/impose design of buildings conforming to the CCM as follows: i. Environmental footprint of the building : 40% of energy use, 30% raw materials use, 25% of solid waste, 25% water use and 12% of land use. ii. Actual reporting : kgco2/m²/year (by building type) iii. Measuring and reporting the energy use in GHG emissions from existing building operations iv. Energy intensity per building area : kwh/m²/year v. Energy intensity correlations with occupancy data & building area : kwh/o/year Encourage/impose renewable energy innovations and usage such as : i. Sunlight/solar energy : for lighting buildings, electricity, hot water heating, commercial and industrial uses; and ii. Biomass : Municipal solid waste (MSW) and manufacturing waste as the main source for biomass energy to generate electricity or other forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Encourage/impose water efficiency measures such as: i. Water conserving devices (i.e. aerators, toilet inserts, dual-flush, etc.); ii. Rainwater harvesting; and iii. Repair leaking. 3-31

129 4.0 CONCLUSION

130 This section summarizes the carbon emission for each of the four elements. The assessment consists of carbon emission and sequestration from Urban Environment (UE), Urban Transportation (UT), Urban Infrastructure (UI) and Building (B). Table 4.1: Summary for Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS 2020 (in tco2) UE % UT % UI % B % TOTAL (tco2) Baseline , , , , ,401,350 BaU ,446, , , , ,200,909 LCS , , , , ,109,205 Table 4.1 above shows the carbon emission for Baseline 2011, BaU 2020 and LCS The combined carbon emission for Baseline 2011 is approximately 1,401,350 tco2. If there is no action taken by the year 2020, it is expected that the emission will increase to 3,200,909 tco2 (128%). However, if the low carbon strategies are employed and necessary measures are taken, it is anticipated that the emission can be reduced to 1,109,205 tco2 (21%). From the table above, the carbon emission can also be concluded as follows: i. Baseline 2011 The highest emission level is from Urban Environment (UE) with 63%, followed by Urban Transportation (UT) with 18%, next is from Building (B) with 15% and last is from Urban Infrastructure (UI) with 4%. ii. BaU 2020 The highest emission level is from Urban Environment (UE) with 76%, followed by Urban Transportation (UT) with 12%, next is from Building (B) with 7% and last is from Urban Infrastructure (UI) with 5%. iii. LCS 2020 The highest emission level is from Urban Environment (UE) with 57%, followed by Urban Transportation (UT) with 25%, next is from Building (B) with 13% and last is from Urban Infrastructure (UI) with 5%. 4-1

131 Table 4.2: Comparisons of Carbon Emission by Percentage UE (%) UT (%) UI (%) B (%) Baseline 2011 vs BaU Baseline 2011 vs LCS Table 4.2 above shows the comparisons of carbon emission between Baseline 2011 and BaU 2020 and Baseline 2011 and LCS The detail by percentage can also be interpreted into chart as below. Diagram 4.1: Percentage of Baseline 2011 vs BaU 2020 Based on Diagram 4.1, it can be summarized that if by 2020, even if there is no major environmental changes take place and the daily operations and activities of Cyberjaya are normal and similar as today s, the carbon emission by 2020 is expected to increase. The highest increase is from Urban Environment (UE) with 177%, followed by Urban Infrastructure (UI) with 149%, next is from Urban Transportation (UT) with 54% and last is from Building (B) with 8%. 4-2