Research and Development For Nuclear Production of Hydrogen in Japan

Transcription

1 Research and Development For Nuclear Production of Hydrogen in Japan OECD/NEA Third Information Exchange Meeting on the Nuclear Production of Hydrogen October 5, 2005, Oarai, Japan Masao Hori Nuclear Systems Association, Japan Shusaku Shiozawa Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute 1

2 Synopsis of Presentation 1. Hydrogen Energy in Japan R&D Plan Hydrogen Energy Introduction Scenarios Role of Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production 2. Nuclear Hydrogen in Japan Outline of R&D Works 2

3 Hydrogen as the Major Energy Carrier Presently, 42 % of the primary energy is used to generate electricity in Japan. In the middle of century, the ratio to be used for electricity generation is forecasted to increase to more than 50 % of total primary energy. Hydrogen is considered to be the most promising energy carrier for the non-electric purposes, which will use the remaining half of primary energy, because of its cleanliness and efficiency during conversion to power. 3

4 Hydrogen Energy R&D Projects in Japan 1993 ~ 2002 WE-NET hydrogen energy R&D project 2003 ~ 2007 Hydrogen Infra-Technology Program Both supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI, former MITI). 4

5 Introduction Scenarios of Fuel Cells The scenarios on introduction of fuel cells issued from the ANRE (Advisory Panel of Agency for Natural Resource and Energy) of METI in Fuel cell vehicles (FCV) 2. Stationary fuel cells 5

6 Scenario of FCV Introduction (ANRE Advisory Panel, March 2004, Supporting data provided by IAE) 2005 Target of FCV Initial stage of 2010 Deployment 2020 Market introduction stage expansion stage 2030 introduced FC-BUS Gov. and local gov. FCVs for official use, Buses Kind of FCV introduced Light-duty fleet trucks, Passenger cars for business use FCV Passenger cars Estimated H 2 Demand Estimated number of stations m 3 N m 3 N m 3 N ~500 ~3,500 ~8,500 Areas 3 Metropolitan areas, Major industrial areas Major large cities and surrounding areas K. Fukuda, COE-INES THEN Workshop (2004) All areas throughout Japan 6

7 Scenario of Stationary FC Introduction (ANRE Advisory Panel, March 2004, Supporting data provided by IAE) Target capacity to be introduced Market Initial stage of Deployment 2005 introduction Expansion 2030 stage stage FC FC FC 2.2GW 10GW 12.5GW * FC types supporsed to be introduced PEFC SOFC SOFC Combined *PEFC (approximately 10.5GW) + SOFC (approximately 2GW) K. Fukuda, COE-INES THEN Workshop (2004) 7

8 Role of Nuclear Energy When producing hydrogen, as well as electricity, nuclear energy has the merits of sustainable bulk supply capability, advantageous environmental effects for minimizing carbon dioxide emissions, and high energy density leading to energy security. Nuclear energy will surely play an important role in Japan for the sustainable energy supply by producing hydrogen as well as generating electricity. 8

9 Nuclear Hydrogen Expected in Government Plan The measures toward Hydrogen Energy Society are described in the Basic Energy Plan which was issued in 2003 based on the 2002 Basic Energy Policy Bill. In this plan, nuclear hydrogen production is expected as a process which suppresses CO 2 emission to the utmost and is independent from fossil fuels expenditure. 9

10 Methods for Hydrogen Production by Nuclear Energy Primary Energy Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy Med. & High Hydrocarbon Steam Reforming High Temp Water Thermochemical High Temp Water Electrolysis Med. & High Turbine Generator Hydrogen Electrolysis Fuel Cell Water Water Electricity Secondary Energy 10

11 Energy [Exa Joule] Final Energy Estimate in Japan by JAIF 2050 Nuclear Vision Coal Solar Heat, etc Electricity Petroleum Product City Gas District Heating Hydrogen Composition in % 2 % 31 % 11 % 6 % 25 % 23 % 11

12 JAIF Estimate in the 2050 Nuclear Vision Nuclear energy will supply 33 % of primary energy in 2050, as compared to 13 % of that in 2000 in Japan. Hydrogen energy in the final energy would be 11 % in 2050 in Japan. About 2/3 of that hydrogen will be supplied by nuclear hydrogen. The nuclear hydrogen supplied will be produced by the nuclearheated steam methane reforming, because of its lowest production cost. The zero-co 2 emission thermochemical process using nuclear heat will have sufficient possibilities to be adopted, if it becomes cost-competitive either by technical progress of the process development or by price rise of natural gas. 12

13 Nuclear Hydrogen Research and Development Works in Japan Production method Electrolysis of water High temp. electrolysis of steam Thermochemical splitting of water Thermochemical splitting of water [Hybrid] Steam reforming of methane Steam reforming of methane Steam reforming of methane [On-board, sorption enhanced] Steam reforming of DME Radiocatalysis of water Raw materials Types of Energy Used For Producing Hydrogen Types of Nuclear Reactor (Typical) Water Electricity LWR Water Electricity + Heat (High temp.) or + Heat (Medium temp.) VHTR SFR, SCWR Organization working on related subjects CRIEPI Hitachi Toshiba Water Heat (High temp.) VHTR JAERI Water Natural gas + Water Natural gas + Water Synthesized Methane + water Dimethyl ether + Water Heat (High temp.) or Heat (Medium temp) + Electricity VHTR SFR, SCWR CRIEPI JNC Heat (High temp.) VHTR JAERI Heat (Medium temp.) [Membrane or sorption enhanced reaction]] Heat (High temp) [Regeneration of absorber] [Recycling of carbon] SFR, SCWR VHTR MHI-ARTEC- TGC-NSA Tokyo Tech Tokyo Tech Heat (Low temp.) LWR Toshiba Water Gamma ray Spent fuels CRIEPI 13

14 JAERI (JAEA) JAERI has been conducting the HTTR project aiming to establish HTGR technology and the heat utilization technology. R&D on the following subjects has been carried out 1. HTGR technology using the HTTR 2. System integration technology for connecting hydrogen production processes to HTGR 3. Thermochemical IS process for hydrogen production 14

15 Overview and History of HTTR 15

16 Development Stages of IS Process Bench-scaled Test Pilot Test HTTR Test nuclear demonstration Hydrogen production rate ~ 0.05 m 3 /h ~30 m 3 /h ~1000 m 3 /h Heat supply Electrical heater Heat exchanger with helium gas (Electrical heater 0.4MW) Heat exchanger with helium gas (Nuclear heat 10MW) Material of chemical reactors Glass Industrial material (SiC, coated) Industrial material Pressure of chemical process Atmospheric pressure High pressure (up to 3MPa) High pressure (up to 3MPa) Time FY FY (under planning) FY (under planning) 16

17 Overview of HTTR Hydrogen Production System 17

18 JAERI s Plan for Development of HTGR Hydrogen Production Technology 18

19 Nuclear Hydrogen Research and Development Works in Japan (1) Production method Raw material s Types of Energy Used For Producing Hydrogen Types of Nuclear Reactor (Typical) Organization working on related subjects Electrolysis of water Water Electricity LWR CRIEPI Hitachi High temp. electrolysis of steam Water Electricity + Heat (High temp.) or + Heat (Medium temp.) VHTR SFR, SCWR Toshiba Thermochemical splitting of water Water Heat (High temp.) VHTR JAERI Thermochemical splitting of water [Hybrid] Water Heat (High temp.) or Heat(Medium temp) + Electricity VHTR SFR, SCWR CRIEPI JNC 19

20 Nuclear Hydrogen Research and Development Works in Japan (2) Production method Steam reforming of methane Steam reforming of methane Steam reforming of methane [On-board, sorption enhanced] Steam reforming of DME Radiocatalysis of water Raw materials Natural gas + Water Natural gas + Water Synthesized Methane + water Dimethyl ether + Water Water Types of Energy Used For Producing Hydrogen Types of Nuclear Reactor (Typical) Organization working on related subjects Heat (High temp.) VHTR JAERI Heat(Medium temp.) [Membrane or sorption enhanced reaction]] Heat (High temp) [Regeneration of absorber] [Recycling of carbon] SFR, SCWR VHTR MHI-ARTEC- TGC-NSA Tokyo Tech Tokyo Tech Heat (Low temp.) LWR Toshiba Gamma ray Spent fuels CRIEPI 20

21 Nuclear Hydrogen Research Forum Nuclear Hydrogen Research Forum, established in 2001 in Japan. 50 members from 35 organizations (As of Sept. 2005) electric & gas utilities, nuclear plant design & manufacture, petroleum, iron making, chemical engineering, automobile, construction, merchandising, research institutes, and universities Research meetings every 1.5 months for information exchange and discussion Publication of review report (in Japanese) covering key issues on nuclear production of hydrogen (2002) 21

22 Future Nuclear Hydrogen R&D&D (1) 1. [Development] Advancement of the IS process. Bulk chemical processes benefit from economy of scale for a mature global hydrogen economy. Thermochemical water splitting processes emit no CO 2 and have the potential of high conversion efficiency, so it will be the ultimate method of nuclear hydrogen production. Among thermochemical processes, the IS process is now considered the most promising and pursued as the mainstream of R&D internationally. 22

23 Future Nuclear Hydrogen R&D&D (2) 2. [Research] Promotion of broad-ranging, exploratory R&Ds for nuclear hydrogen supply which could meet the requirement of market on scale, timing, cost, resource, environment, etc. 3. [Deployment, along the way] Supply of any available nuclear hydrogen in response to market demands Distributed (nuclear) electrolysis for a small scale demand Centralized nuclear electrolysis for a medium scale demand Nuclear-heated steam reforming of natural gas for a large scale demand 23

24 Thank you For your attention. 24

25 Hydrogen Production Cost vs. Natural Gas Price For Thermochemical and Natural Gas Reforming Yen/MJ 2.5 Hydrogen Production Cost Thermochemical + Electrolysis Natural Gas Reforming By Nuclear Heat JAIF 2050 Nuclear Vision Natural Gas Reforming By Self Combustion 天然ガス改質 ( 核熱 ) 天然ガス改質 ( 自燃 ) 熱化学法 + 電解 Price Level of Natural Gas (Price in Year 2000 = 1.0) 25

26 JNC (JAEA) Thermochemical and electrolytic hybrid hydrogen production system in the medium temperature range has been developed to achieve the hydrogen production from water by using the heat from a sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR). Hydrogen production plant with this thermochemical and electrolytic hybrid cycle has been designed and the hydrogen production efficiency has been evaluated. 26

27 Tokyo Institute of Technology 1. A new hydrogen carrier system for fuel cell vehicles, using on-board steam-methane reforming with calcium oxide for hydrogen production and regenerating / recycling of the reaction products by nuclear energy thus enabling zero CO 2 emission from the system, is being developed. 2. A conceptual design study was conducted on a longlife multipurpose small-size fast reactor with a mediumtemperature hydrogen production system using the sorption-enhanced steam-methane reforming reaction. 27

28 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industries 1. A feasibility study on hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis with off-peak electricity was conducted in Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industries (CRIEPI) to evaluate the effect of availability and electric power transmission. 2. Development of anode materials in the sulfur-based hybrid cycle (SHC) using high temperature gas-cooled reactors has been conducted. 3. Development of water splitting by radiocatalysis (RISA phenomenon) has been conducted. Gamma ray from spent fuels could be used as the energy source. 28

29 Toshiba Corporation 1. R&D on hydrogen production method by nuclear-heated steam reforming of DME (dimethyl ether, CH 3 OCH 3 ) for possible utilization of lower temperature nuclear heat from LWR, SCWR and SFR 2. R&D on high temperature steam electrolysis for electrolytic hydrogen production using nuclear energy 29

30 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries with ARTEC, TGC and NSA Conceptual design study of FR-MR, which combines sodium cooled fast reactors (FR) with the membrane reforming (MR) of natural gas at temperature around 550 degree Celsius (MHI, ARTEC, TGC and NSA) Demonstration of membrane reformer by continuous operation of 40 Nm 3 /h plant at a hydrogen fueling station for FCV in downtown Tokyo in (TGC) 30

31 Hitachi Ltd. Assessment of total hydrogen production cost for a centralized electrolysis Total hydrogen production cost = Production cost + delivery cost + station cost. Centralized electrolysis = Collocated nuclear power station and electrolysis plant off site of hydrogen demand 31

32 Fuji Electric Systems Development of the VHTR system with General Atomics (GA) based on the MHR Study of potential modifications to the thermal hydraulic design of MHR core in order to produce helium at temperature up to 1000 degree Celsius 32