Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center. Fuel Cell Systems and Hydrogen Production
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1 Fuel Cell Systems and Hydrogen Production
2 Fuel Cell Type < 5kW 5-250kW < 100W 250kW 250kW - MW 2kW - MW
3 Electrochemical Reactions 11
4 Efficiency
5 Efficiency Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
6 Pressure Effects Hydrogen pressure Oxygen pressure Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
7 Temperature Effect Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
8 Humidity effect at Room Temperature Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
9 Parametric Effects: Temperature has most effect Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
10 Air Vs O 2 Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
11 PEMFC Emissions PC25 Fuel cell: 200 kw Fuel: Natural gas Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
12 Fuel Cell System Fuel Cell Stack Control System Fuel Delivery Air Delivery Thermal Management Water Management Power Conditioning
13 Critical Materials and Costs Example: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack (1 kw) -Polymer membrane - Catalyst (precious metals) - Bipolar plate Source: Material development for cost reduction of PEFC by J. Garche, L. Jorissen & K.A. Friedrich, Center for Solar energy and hydrogen research, Baden-Wuerttemberg (ZSW), Germany
14 PEMFC Challenges MEA tolerance for CO in reformed H 2 High temperature operation (~120 o C) MEA Durability - 40,000 hrs with < 10% degradation, 1% cross over, area resistance <0.1 ohm.cm 2 Cost - $1500/kW, $10/kW for MEA Efficiency - 30 ~ 50% Fixed cost of Graphite bipolar plate: $130/kW Running cost of hydrogen per kwh : $0.405 Source: Hazem Tawfik, Sept 2003
15 Fuel Cell Types Alkaline (AFC) Solid Polymer (SPFC, PEM or PEFC) Direct Methanol (DMFC) Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Solid Oxide (SOFC)
16 Fuels Type Hydrogen Methanol Natural Gas Gasoline Diesel Jet Fuels Application Transport, stationary & Portable Transport & Portable Stationary Transport Transport Military
17 Fuel Reforming Hydrogen is produced from fuel reforming system such as methane and steam. CH 4 + H 2 O 3H 2 + CO CO + H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 water gas shift reaction Carbon monoxide has a tendency 11 to occupy platinum catalyst sites, hence must be removed. Other fuels: C 8 H H 2 O 17H 2 + 8CO
18 Fuel Reformer Steam reforming: It is mature technology, practiced industrially on a large scale for hydrogen production. The basic reforming reactions for methane and a generic hydrocarbon C n H m are CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 ;ΔH = 206kJ /mol C n H m + nh 2 O nco + m 2 + n H 2 CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 ;ΔH = 41kJ /mol 1
19 DMFC System
20 Liquid-Feed DMFC Reactions
21 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operating at ambient conditions
22 Micro-scale Methanol Fuel Processor
23 Hydrogen Production Source:
24 Hydrogen Production Source:
25 Hydrogen From Water There is enough water to sustain hydrogen!
26 Electrolysis
27 Electrolysis
28 Photoelectrolysis
29 Hydrogen Production
30 Photoelectrochemical Conversion System
31 Electrolysis Efficiency Systems that can be 85 %
32 Photoelectrolysis
33 Photoelectrolysis
34 Photoelectrolysis
35 Artificial Photosynthesis
36 Thermochemical Production
37 Thermochemical Production Thermal-to-hydrogen energy efficiency Solar-thermal heat source is a logical choice
38 Thermochemical Production Solar-thermal heat source
39 Thermochemical Cycle Efficiency Process Temperature ( o C) Heat-to-Hydrogen Efficiency (%) Electrolysis Sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle Calcium-bromine thermochemical cycle Copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle * * Energy efficiency calculated based on thermodynamics
40 Solar Thermal Hydrogen Production A concept for integrating solar thermal energy and methane gas to produce a range of solar-enriched fuels and synthesis gas (CO and H 2 ) that can be used as a power generation fuel gas, as a metallurgical reducing gas or as chemical feed stock e.g. in methanol production.
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