Overview and Theory of Acid Deposition Problem and EANET

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1 Overview and Theory of Acid Deposition Problem and EANET Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center (ADORC) H + SO 4 2- NH 4 + NO 3 - Ca 2+ H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 Wet Deposition SO 2 H 2 S H 2 S NOx Dry Deposition CaCO 3 Dry Deposition NH 3 DMS Hydrosphere Volcano Factory Forest Fire Vehicles Collector Load, Soil Dust Livestock Agriculture Acidification Mechanism of Atmospheric Deposition 2 1

2 Acid pollution and its impacts Human health Cultural properties Consumption of energy and resources Coal mines copper mines oxidation of sulfide Satake K.,(2000) Atmosphere Air pollution HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 SO 2 NOx NH 3 particles Combustion of fossil fuels Smelting of sulfide NH 3 agriculture H 2 SO 4 NO 3 Acidification of soil Soil Forest Dying of tree eutrophication Al heavy metal Eutrophic acid deposition River and Lake Acidification and eutrophication of water 3 Damage on Forests (In Europe) (By Dr.Kenichi SATAKE) 2

3 Damage on Forests (In Europe) (By Dr.Kenichi SATAKE) Acidification of Lake (In Europe) (By Dr.Kenichi SATAKE) 3

4 Impacts on Sculpture (By Yokohama Environmental Science Research Institute) Dissolves Concrete Materials 4

5 History of Europe(1) Environmental damage was observed. (from 1950s) Monitoring by OECD from CLRTAP was established in (Convention of Long Lange Transboundary Air Pollution) Objective: to limit and, as far as possible, to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution including long-ranged air pollution (Article2) History of CLRTAP 1979: CLRTAP was established. 1984: EMEP Protocol (financial) 1985: Helsinki Protocol (SO2) 1988: Sophia Protocol (NOx) 1991: VOC Protocol 1994: Oslo Protocol (2 nd SO2) 1998: Heavy Metal, POPs Protocol 1999: Gothenburg Protocol (O3, etc.) 5

6 Participating Countries of CLRTAP Monitoring sites in Europe Emission of SO2, NO2 and NH3 in Europe 6

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15 Distinctive Feature Deposition of acidifying substances can occur thousands of kilometers from the original emission sources Acid deposition is not limited by national boundaries, and has become a regional/international issue. Estimated SO 2 Emission in 2020 in East Asia ( Word Bank) 15

16 RAINS ASIA simulation model Deposition: 1990 Exceedance of critical load: 2020 Mechanism of Acid Deposition Combustion of fossil fuels (oil and coal) Boilers / factories / power plants Automobiles Natural emission sources Emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and conversion to sulfuric and nitric acid Takes place in two processes Wet deposition (rain / snow / mists) Dry deposition (airborne acids deposit themselves on trees, buildings, respiratory systems) 16

17 Acid Deposition in Japan (1997) (Concentration of nss-sulfate) Air Pollution in North East Asia Main sources: Coal Power Plant Other industry Automobiles Coal stoves for domestic use, etc. 17

18 SEPA web site in 1997 (ph in China) South East Asian Case Main sources: Power Plant Other Factories Automobiles, etc. 18

19 Transboundary Air Pollution The East Asian region faces increasing risks of problems related to; excessive deposition of acidic substances hazardous air pollutants such as Persistent Organic Compounds (POPs) There is uncertainty in this region due to lack of a comprehensive observation network for the transboundary air pollutants. Actions to cooperatively reduce the excessive deposition of acidic substances as well as other transboundary air pollutants have not been taken yet. AGENDA 21 (adopted at the Earth Summit 1992) Transboundary atmospheric pollution has adverse health impacts on humans and other detrimental environmental impacts, such as tree and forest loss and the acidification of water bodies. Programs (established in Europe and North America) need to be continued and enhanced, and their experience needs to be shared with other regions of the world. 19

20 Experts Meetings meetings The Meetings agreed on the necessity for establishing a regional collaborative monitoring network. The Meetings developed; A preliminary outline for the design of such a network Guidelines for monitoring methods Implementation of Preparatory Phase Activities of EANET 1 st Intergovernmental Meeting(March 1998, Yokohama, Japan) Discussion on objectives, activities, schedules for establishment, and institutional and financial matters. Based on the decision, Preparatory phase activities of EANET started in April 1998 on an interim basis. 20

21 Objectives of Preparatory Phase Activities To examine the feasibility of the designed Network activities and relevant guidelines and technical manuals To provide time for participating countries to further develop national monitoring systems for the Network To formulate policy recommendations for the further development of the Network Institutional Framework for EANET in Preparatory Phase Intergovernmental Meeting(IG) Interim Scientific Advisory Group(ISAG) Working Group(WG) Interim Secretariat (IS:Environment Agency, Japan) Interim Network Center (INC:ADORC) National Focal Points (Participating countries) National Focal Points (Participating countries) 21

22 Contents of Monitoring Activities Monitoring for acid deposition Wet deposition (rain, snow) Dry deposition (gases, aerosols) Monitoring for adverse impacts on ecosystems Soil and vegetation Inland Aquatic Environment Wet Deposition Monitoring Sites (Preparatory Phase:38 sites) 22

23 Major Outcomes of Preparatory Phase Activities Implementation of the preparatory phase monitoring Adoption of the Guidelines and Technical Manuals (2 nd ISAG Meeting, March 2000) Adoption of the Report on the Acid Deposition Monitoring of EANET during the Preparatory Phase (3 rd ISAG Meeting, August 2000: Ref. 1) Commencement of Regular Phase Activities of EANET The Second Intergovernmental Meeting (Oct. 2000, Niigata, Japan) The Meeting concluded the preparatory phase activities had been successful. The Meeting decided to start the regular phase from January

24 Objectives of EANET To create a common understanding of the state of the acid deposition problems in East Asia To provide useful inputs for decision-making at local, national and regional levels aimed at preventing or reducing adverse impacts on the environment caused by acid deposition To contribute to cooperation on the issues related to acid deposition among the participating countries EANET Activities EANET Activities to develop national monitoring plans to implement monitoring of wet deposition, dry deposition, inland aquatic environment, and soil & vegetation monitoring in line with the guidelines and other technical documents, which include quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programs to compile the obtained data at the Network Center to produce periodic reports on acid deposition in the East Asian region 24

25 Scientific Advisory Committee EANET Monitoring Activities Country A Country B Guidelines Manuals (Work Plan) Country C Country D Report Data Monitoring incorporating; - Monitoring Sites - Monitoring Methods -QA/QC programs Data Network Center - Compilation and Evaluation of Data -QA/QC Program The Participating Countries for EANET 25

26 Institutional Arrangement Intergovernmental Meeting (IG) Scientific Advisory Committee(SAC) Secretariat (UNEP/RRC.AP) Network Center(Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center: ADORC) Implementation of Training Activities (Individual Training) October/November 2001 Two trainees from Indonesia One from Viet Nam February/March 2002 One trainee from China One from Thailand October/November 2002 One from China (Xi an), Indonesia, Mongolia and Philippines February/March 2003 One from Cambodia and Lao October 2003 One from China, Thailand and Viet Nam 26

27 Implementation of Training Activities (Training Programs for EANET) Training Programs was endorsed at the first ISAG meeting in Training Programs for EANET in the Regular Phase was endorsed at IG3 in Report on results of Questionnaires about national training activities in 2002 was reported at SAC3 in 2003 Research Activities Joint project with Russia (Phase2) Title: Evaluation of Atmospheric Environment in East Siberia and Primorsky Region Period: 2002-(2004) Counterpart: Limnological Institute, RAS/SB Finance: Global Environment Research Fund of MOE Japan through NIES Japan 27

28 Research Activities (2) Joint project with Thailand on dry deposition flux by NC and Pollution Control Dep. Meeting in Niigata (April 2002) Observational st., Lampang Province, Thailand 28

29 Research Activities (3) Joint project with Mongolia on plant sensitivity to acid Deposition by NC and Central Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring (CLEM) to obtain basic information in sub-arid zone. Thank you for your attention! 29