Landfill ban for organic / biodegradable waste. Landfill acceptance criteria for MBT - material

Transcription

1 Landfill ban for organic / biodegradable waste. Landfill acceptance criteria for MBT - material Vienna, May 29 th 2012 Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Waste Management Division VI/3 Waste Management and Cleaning Up of Contaminated Sites Seite

2 Waste Management Data in Austria Seite 2

3 3.895 million tonnes Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 3

4 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 4 in t

5 landfill ban Recovery of biogenic waste Recovery of recoverables (separate collection) Thermal treatment Hazardous household waste & waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Landfilling MBT Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 5

6 Landfilling of all waste from treatment ( ) landfill ban Landfilling Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 6

7 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 7

8 MBT Plants in Austria Seite 8

9 MBT-Plants in Austria (2010) 16 Plants MBT capacity authorised: t/a stage of development: t/a aerobic treatment 16 anaerobic-aerobic treatment 0 Municipal waste incineration plants: 10 plants Incineration capacity for municipal waste: t/a 9 MBT-plants under IPPC-Directive; capacity t/a ( 80 % of MBT capacity) Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control Seite 9

10 MBT-Plants in Austria (2010) Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010) Seite 10

11 MBT-Plants in Austria - Study State of the Art of MBT in Austria Status Report 2006 Report 0071 Environment Agency Austria (2006) Contents: Legal framework Detailed description of MBT-plants Treatment capacities and flow rates (in the years ) Overall view for Austria Current Status - State of the Art Download: behandlung/mba/ist-stand/ or: Seite 11

12 treatment since old plants established in the 1970s/1980s +/- adjustment to the state of the art new plants established after Lavant (installation permit 2006) + Hartberg (installation permit 2009) Data Source: Report 0071 of Environment Agency Austria (data from 2005) Seite 12

13 Initial aim of MBT in Austria Early treatment plants = Residual waste & sludge hygienisation plants Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill Simple treatment steps, low technical standard, main targets: Removal of water (less weight for landfill less costs) Hygienisation of waste Odour reduction Seite 13

14 Aim of MBT in Austria today Modern treatment plants = mechanical-biological treatment Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill & thermal treatment Stabilization of organic compounds prior landfill ( less landfill gas & less landfill leachate, ) Stabilization of waste prior thermal treatment Separation of high calorific value fractions / generation of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Removal of recyclables (ferrous & non-ferrous metals) Seite 14

15 Legal Framework Seite 15

16 Legal Framework - AWG Waste Management Act 1990 (Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz, AWG 1990) Legal framework for waste treatment in Austria Replaced by Waste Management Act 2002 (AWG 2002) The Waste Management Act of 2002 extensively reformulated the former Waste Management Act of 1990, and nine Provincial Acts were adopted to bring waste management regulations into compliance with EU law. This also contributed substantially to a simplification in the administration. Seite 16

17 Legal Framework - Ordinances MBT - State of the Art Waste Management Act 1990 and related Ordinances, e.g.: 1990 Waste Management Act Ordinance on the Separate Collection of Biogenic Waste 1996 Ordinance of the Federal Minister for the Environment concerning deposit of wastes ("Landfill Ordinance") 2001 Ordinance on Quality Requirements for Compost from Waste (Compost Ordinance) 2001 Artikelverordnung for MBT incl. 30. BImSchV (Germany) 2002 Waste Management Act MBT-Guideline (Austria) 2004 Amendment to the Landfill Ordinance 2006 BAT Waste Treatments Industries (EU) 2008 New: Ordinance on Landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008) Seite 17

18 Landfill Ordinance 1996 Landfill Ban Art. 5 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden: 7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of organic carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be f) Wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment which are stored in separated cells of mass-waste landfills, to the extent that the combustion value (upper calorific value) of these wastes, determined from the dry substance, does not exceed 6,000 kj/kg. The mixing of wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment with materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet the above-mentioned limit, is not permitted. pre-treatment of waste: thermal treatment or MBT MBT: separation of fractions of high calorific value Seite 18

19 Long Transitional provisions for landfill-ban Landfill-ban: Entry into force with December 31 th, 2004 BUT: Exceptions (E) possible! by ordinances of the governors of federal provinces: Federal Province Burgenland Carinthia Landfilling of untreated waste till December 31 th 2004 (E) December 31 th 2008 (E) Lower Austria December 31 th 2003 Upper Austria December 31 th 2003 Salzburg December 31 th 2003 Styria December 31 th 2003 Tyrol Vorarlberg Vienna December 31 th 2008 (E) December 31 th 2008 (E) December 31 th 2008 (E) Seite 19

20 Prozent [%] MBT Waste Output ( )* 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% * max. 14 Anlagen bilanziert RED: Masseverlust im Vergleich Gesamtinput und -output; UNB: Unbekannter Verbleib; MBA: Mechanisch-biologische Abfallbehandlung; 0% 2003 (8_MBA) 2004 (13_MBA) 2005 (13_MBA) 2006 (14_MBA) 2007 (14_MBA) MA: Mechanische Abfallbehandlung; RED 9,4 25,8 20,1 20,3 19,6 UNB 2,9 1,3 1,0 1,1 1,2 MBA 0 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 MA 1,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,5 IND 0 1,3 1,9 1,8 2,2 VWT 2,6 2,6 2,6 2,8 2,7 DEP 59,5 23,9 30,3 29,9 27,4 AV 24,0 44,3 43,4 43,3 46,2 IND: Industrielle Mitverbrennung; VWT: Stoffliche Verwertung; DEP: Deponierung; AV: Abfallverbrennung Quelle: Neubauer & Walter (2008) Seite 20

21 Landfill Ordinance 1996 Definition MBT Art. 2 Definitions 26. Mechanico-biological pre-treatment is defined as a combination of mechanical and biological operating processes used in the pre-treatment of waste. The purpose of the mechanical processes is to separate substances which are rather unsuitable for biological treatment, interfering substances and pollutants, as well as to optimize the biological degradation of remaining wastes by increasing both availability and homogeneity. The purpose of the biological processes is to degrade remaining organic substances to the greatest extent possible (degradation and conversion of biologically degradable substances) by the application of anaeroboaerobic or aerobic procedures. Mechanico-biologically pre-treated waste is characterized by a marked reduction in volume, water content and gas formation potential, as well as a significant improvement in leaching and settlement behavior. Seite 21

22 Landfill Ordinance Amendment 2004 Annex 1 Limit values for pollutant contents for mass-waste landfills: Biological stability parameters were added as criteria for the landfilling of MBT-derived waste on mass-waste landfills: Respiration activity after 4 days (AT 4 ) Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS 21 ) or gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB 21 ) 7 mg O 2 /g TS 20 Nl/kg TS Aim of limit values reduction of gas formation in landfills > 90 % (compared to untreated waste) improvement of biological treatment in MBT (quality and duration of treatment) Seite 22

23 Gas generation by incubation test (GS 21 ) Anaerobic test: Gas generation in 21 days (Eudiometer) ÖNORM S (Draft 2011) Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna Seite 23

24 Respiration activity (AT 4 ) Aerobic test: Oxygen consumption in 4 days (Sapromat) ÖNORM S (Draft 2011) Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna Seite 24

25 Waste Management Act 2002 Important Contents: Section 3: General Duties of Waste Holders Section 4: Waste Collectors and Processors Section 6: Treatment Facilities Art. 37 Authorisation and Notification Requirement for Stationary Treatment Plants Art. 39 Application and permit Art. 57 Updating of Stipulations for IPPC Treatment Plants Art. 60 Recording and Reporting Requirements for IPPC Treatment Plants and Incineration or Co-incineration Plants Art. 65 Detailed Provisions for Treatment Plants authorization to issue ordinances e.g. detailed provisions regarding state-of-the-art equipment and operating modes for treatment plants (e.g. landfills, MBT-plants) Seite 25

26 Landfill Ordinance 2008 For compliance with EU law: Council Directive 1999/31/EG of 26. April 1999 on the landfill of waste - Landfill Directive Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (2033/33/EG) Landfill Decision Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste Waste Framework Directive Seite 26

27 Landfill Ordinance 2008 Landfill Ban Art. 7 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden: 7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of organic carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be f) Wastes from mechanical-biological treatment which are landfilled in mass-waste landfills, in compliance with the limit values of Annex 1 tables 9 and 10 and of Annex 4 part 2 chapter 4. The mixing of wastes from mechanical-biological treatment with materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet these limit values, is according to Art. 6 paragraph 2 inadmissible. Seite 28

28 Landfill Ordinance 2008 Limit Values Limut values for the acceptance of MBT-derived wastes on a mass-waste landfill: Content of the solids (total content) Annex 1, Table 9 Content in the aqueous eluate Annex 1, Table 10 Upper calorific value and stability parameters Annex 1, Table 9 Upper calorific value Respiration activity after 4 days (AT 4 ) Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS 21 ) or gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB 21 ) kj/kg TM 7 mg O 2 /g TS 20 Nl/kg TS Seite 29

29 Waste Acceptance on Landfills Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (Landfill Decision) Waste acceptance procedure: Basic Characterisation Compliance Testing On-site Verification Seite 30

30 Waste Acceptance Procedure 1. Basic characterisation: Constitutes a full characterisation of the waste by gathering all the necessary information for a safe disposal of the waste in the long term. Basic characterisation is required for each type of waste. 2. Compliance Testing: For waste streams; to determine if it complies with the results of the basic characterisation and the relevant acceptance criteria 3. On-site Verification: Waste delivered to a landfill shall be visually inspected before and after unloading. The required documentation shall be checked. If necessary: analytical test (appropriate rapid test methods) Seite 31

31 Landfilling of MBT-wastes Operation of landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008) Provisions for depositing wastes from MBT (Annex 3, Chapter 6.2) To ensure better accessibility for vehicles and compactability, wastes from MBT shall be emplaced as far as possible during dry weather; Ensure a water content at depositing below the Proctor water content in order to prevent excess pore-water pressure; avoid emplacement of wastes that are too moist; Landfill sections where waste is not deposited shall be temporarily covered (minimise the entry of precipitation); durable intermediate covers shall not result in the formation of barriers (no embedding of water); if necessary horizontal and vertical drainage layers shall be provided; if possible, connected to the base drainage system and the gas drainage layer of the surface cover (allow draining and degassing of the landfill body); Proof of stability: take into account the characteristics of the waste from MBT (e.g. reduced tensile stresses, water regime and settling) Seite 32

32 Generation of waste-compost According to the Compost Ordinance, waste-compost: Can be produced from (input materials: Annex 1 Part 3): - Municipal waste and household-type industrial waste delivered through the waste collection system (residual waste); - municipal and industrial sewage sludge from wastewater treatment (according to limit values in table 2); - biogenic wastes that, in accordance with the Ordinance on the separate collection of biogenic wastes, are exempted from the obligation of separate collection due to their pollutant content. Can be used only for (restricted application): - Biofilter materials (exhaust gas treatment); - As a mixing component to produce and maintain a recultivation layer on landfills, except for excavated-soil landfills. Seite 33

33 Community law Landfill Directive Council Directive 1999/31/EC of April 1999 on the landfill of waste, amended by Directive 2011/97/EU as regards specific criteria for the storage of metallic mercury considered as waste Landfill Decision Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Art. 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31EC (2003/33/EC) Seite 34

34 Reduction of biodegradable waste Art. 5 Landfill Directive (1999) Biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced Basis for the calculation of the reduction is the total amount of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 or the latest year before 1995 for which standardised EUROSTAT data is available Reduction targets: To 75 % until 2006 To 50 % until 2009 To 35 % until 2016 MS may postpone the attainment of the reduction targets not exceeding four years, if more than 80 % of the collected municipal waste is put on landfills in the basis year Seite 35

35 Judgment of the Court, C-6/03, It is not contrary to Article 5(1) and (2) that measures fix limits lower than those fixed by the directive, even if those limits call for treatment by mechanical and biological processes or the incineration of such waste before it is landfilled fix earlier time-limits apply not only to biodegradable waste but also to non-biodegradable organic substances, and apply not only to municipal waste but also to waste that may be disposed of as municipal waste. 2. If a measure of domestic law pursues the same objectives as a directive, Article 176 EC authorises the minimum requirements laid down by that directive to be exceeded. The Community-law principle of proportionality is not applicable, inasmuch as other provisions of the Treaty are not involved. Seite 36

36 Art. 5 Landfill Directive Member States are completely free in their choice of measures The Landfill Directive states no hierarchy in treatment options and does not stipulate any quality standards for the several treatment options (other Directives only partially WID) The Landfill Directive just focuses on the reduction targets Seite 37