HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH- ISSUES

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1 ABSTRACT HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH- ISSUES by S.K. Singal, Arun Kumar, Vinit Kumar Singh, MS Verma and Abhilasha Jain The development of small hydropower around the world is on the increase. Much of the world has huge potential to further develop this resource. India's hydropower potential is estimated about 150,000 MW in terms of installed capacity. The major potential is in the Himalayan states having hydro potential of 130,000 MW. There is a need to develop this vast hydropower potential to bridge the gap between demand and supply of electricity. Small hydropower offers a wide range of benefits-especially for rural areas in developing countries. The resource is environment friendly and has substantial economic advantages. Governments, financiers, and developers are finding new ways to fund and promote small hydropower development. Efforts also required to be made to improve the exchange of ideas and technology related to small hydropower. In the present paper potential and issues related to hydropower development in Arunachal Pradesh a leading state of India in hydropower resources have been discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION In India, total power generating installed capacity is 2, 55,012 MW, which includes 40,799 MW from hydro as given in Table 1[1]. Table 1 Installed capacity of Electricity from all sourcers in India Type Installed Capacity (MW) % Coal 1,53, % Gas 22, % Oil 1, % Thermal (Sub Total) 1,77, % Hydro 40, % Nuclear 4, % Renewable 31, % Total 2,55,012 Despite hydroelectric projects being recognized as the most economic and preferred source of electricity, the share of hydropower in India has been declining since The hydro share declined from 50% in 1963 to about 25% in For grid stability the ideal hydro-thermal mix ratio is 40:60. It is therefore, necessary to correct the hydro-thermal mix to meet the grid requirements and peak power shortage. The Government of India has announced, in August, 1998 Policy on Hydro Power Development, followed by 50,000 MW hydro-electric initiatives in May, This electricity generation sector was opened for private participation in

2 International Conference on Hydropower for Sustainable Development Feb 05-07, 2015, Dehradun The present share of private sector is about % in all forms of energy generation as given in Table-2 [1]. Table 2 Sector wise installed capacity in India Sector Capacity (MW) % Central Sector 69, % State Sector 94, % Private Sector 90, % Total 255,012 From Table 2, it is seen that most of the capacity addition now is being achieved through private investment. State Nodal Agencies for renewable energy provide assistance for obtaining necessary clearances, in allotment of land and potential sites. The Electricity Act 2003 provides that the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC) would promote generation of electricity from Non-conventional sources by providing suitable measures for connectivity with grid and sale of electricity to any person and also by specifying, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in an area. SERCs are now determining preferential tariffs for renewable electricity. 16 States have policies in place for private sector participation. These states have offered sites with an aggregate potential of over 2500 MW to the private sector. The tariff policy issued by Government of India in January 2006 has entrusted responsibility on the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to lay down guidelines for pricing non-firm power, especially from non-conventional energy sources. 2. COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER There are two basic components of hydropower schemes (i) Civil works (ii) Electromechanical equipment. This classification is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1: Components of Hydropower 455

3 3. POLICY AND INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SHP In India the importance of renewable energy development was recognized as early as in At central government level, Department of Non-Conventional Energy was established in 1982 which was subsequently upgraded to Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources and renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy since October Till 1991, the electricity generation and distribution in India was in government sector only, after that it was opened to private sector also for development. Hydropower is a state subject and interstate rivers are dealt by central government. Hence for hydropower development both the central and state governments are involved. State governments started formulation/ refinement of policies to make them entrepreneurs friendly. The procedure of allotment of sites was stream lined and made more transparent. The governments of India announced new electricity act in 2003, national electricity policy in 2005 and tariff policy in 2006 to create a conductive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. The electricity act 2003 has specific provisions for the promotion of renewable energy including small hydropower. It has been made mandatory that every state would specify a percentage of electricity to be purchased from renewable. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and tariff is decided by state electricity regulatory commissions as per tariff policy. A package of incentives includes customs duty concession, income tax exemption on SHP projects for power generation for 10 years. Some states of India are also giving sales tax and electricity tax exemption on the electricity generated by SHP projects. Sixteen states have framed policies on SHP. Main features of these policies are given below [2]: Private sector participation in hydropower including SHP has been permitted. Wheeling of power has been permitted. Power banking is permitted Buy back of electricity per unit is generally at the rate of Rs. 2.50, although it varies in different states. Many states provide for annual escalation of rates. Third party sale of power is allowed in many states even outside the state. States provide other concessions such as lease of land, exemption from electricity, duty, and entry tax on power generation equipment. Some states do not levy any water charges while some levy it as a percentage of electricity tariffs. All states have appointed nodal agencies to facilitate participation of developers. Some states have prescribed the minimum quantum of power produced from renewable sources that the state distribution licensee must purchase. 4. ELECTRICITY SCENARIO IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh, the largest state in the North-East India, has an area of 83,743 square kilometers. Previously, this region was known as the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) and constituted a part of the state of Assam. The region acquired an independent political status in January, 1972, when it was declared as Union Territory under the name of Arunachal Pradesh. The state of Arunachal Pradesh Bill was passed by the Parliament in 1986 and with effect 456

4 International Conference on Hydropower for Sustainable Development Feb 05-07, 2015, Dehradun from February 20, 1987 Arunachal Pradesh became the 24th state of Indian Union.The state stretches from snow-capped mountains in the north to the plains of Brahmaputra valley in the south and has a long international border with Bhutan to the west (160km), China to the North and North-East (1080km) and Myanmar to the east (440km). It is situated between latitude 26 30'N and 29 30' N and longitude 91 30'E and 97 30'E. Administratively, the state is divided into 16 districts namely Tawang, West Kameng, East Kameng, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang valley, Lohit, Changlang, Tirap, Anjaw, Kurung and Kumay. Itanagar is the capital of the state and is located at an altitude of 530m above MSL. Arunachal Pradesh in India s north-eastern corner, blessed with perennial rivers and a generous forest cover, is sometimes referred to as the country s potential powerhouse. But it is struggling to cope with its own electricity demands as its people live with hours of outages. And there is little likelihood that the electricity situation will improve anytime soon. The state government has been seeking support from the central government and forums such as the European Union as well as agencies like the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for hydropower projects. The state is currently deficit in power. It buys from the national grid and uses diesel generators. As per Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Arunachal Pradesh has the potential to generate 49,126 MW from the 89 hydroelectric projects (HEPs) proposed in the state. Though this is installed capacity and actual generation would be far lower especially in the lean months before spring snow melt and the monsoon so many hydroelectricity projects would make Arunachal Pradesh a big power provider to the national grid. With major rivers Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang/Dibang, Siang and Lohit all joining to form the Brahmaputra, engineers consider Arunachal Pradesh perfect for hydropower generation. The per capita power consumption of Arunachal Pradesh is below 100 kwh as compared to the national average of 373 kwh. The State plans to harness its enormous natural resources like forests and hydro power and exploit its mineral wealth to usher in an era of economic development. The State s generating capacity was only MW hydro and MW diesel till now which has increased substantially with the completion of 405 MW Ranganadi hydro power project. 600 MW Kameng hydro project and 2000 MW Subansiri Project are under construction and these projects will provide electricity not only to Arunachal Pradesh and other states in the north-eastern region but also to other power starved regions of the country. State government has allotted 133 large and small hydropower projects to various depelopers central PSUs as well as private IPPs with aggregate installed capacity of 41,600 MW. 5. REVIEW OF DPRS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH Alternate hydro energy centre (AHEC) Indian institute of technology Roorkee has been entrusted to undertake the techno-economical review of the detailed project report (DPR) of 457

5 hydropower projects costing up to 1000 crores proposed in Arunachal Pradesh as per the directives of the Department of hydropower development (Monitoring) Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. AHEC has received so far 55 small and large hydropower projects for techno economic review as given in table 3 and status of review has been shown in Fig. 2. During the review of these projects, it has been found that the DPR prepared by the developers are having shortcomings/ problems as observed during techno-economical review of these projects and summarised below: (1) Poor hydro metric surveys and investigations (2) Estimation of design flood for hydraulic design of diversion structure (3) Estimation of design flood for hydraulic design of diversion structure (4) It has been observed that inspite of non similar hydro meteorological catchments characteristic with high proportion ratio in their catchment area, the water availability at the proposed project is assessed in catchment area proportion ratio between the project site and the other project where discharge data for long period is available. (5) River flow records of long period in its basin are seldom available (6) Geological survey mapping /investigations of the project area are sketchy or not there (7) Surface and sub surface geo-technical investigation for surface and underground works through drill logs/pits at the location of dam / barrage/ weir desilting chamber, tunnel, surge tanks, penstock, forebay and power house etc as per following guidelines up to the foundations level. (8) Muck disposal plan including the quantity of muck to be generated and Quantity of muck to be utilized (9) Capacity of muck disposal area to be required for unutilised muck and the location of muck disposal areas on the general layout plan of the project (10) Construction material survey location along with their distance for source of different material from the project site etc. (11) Details of power evacuations along the alignment of transmission line (12) Alternative studies for the layout of project components are not generally reported. (13) River rating curves of diversion site and at tail race junction with river are necessary for the design of diversion structure and power potential computations (14) Area capacity curve of the reservoir to decide the submergence area in upstream and the reservoir capacity. (15) The drawings of the project components are sometimes found sketchy without scale and dimensions (not readable) (16) The design calculations for the civil works of the project are not made available or provide inadequate design calculations. (17) The computation for bill of quantity is not made available in cost-estimate of the project. 458

6 International Conference on Hydropower for Sustainable Development Feb 05-07, 2015, Dehradun Table 3: Status of Techno Economic Review of DPRs for Hydropower Projects in Arunachal Pradesh S. No. Name of Project District Capacity Date of Receipt of DPR Review Status A. PROJECTS COMPLETED 1 Tenga West Kameng 12 MW Dec, 2009 Completed 2 Khuitam West Kameng 66 MW July, 2010 Completed 3 Papum Pam Papum Pare 21 MW June 18, 2010 Completed 4 Tirap Changlang 45 MW Nov 15, 2010 Completed 5 SaskongRong West Kameng 45 MW Aug 01, 2011 Completed 6 Upper Nargum West Kameng 9 MW Aug, 17, 2011 Completed 7 Palsi I Upper Siang 24 MW Jan 04, 2011 Completed 8 Pappu Valley East Kameng 48 MW Aug 18, 2011 Completed 9 Simang-II East Siang 66 MW Jan 25, 2012 Completed 10 Dikshi West Kameng 24 MW May, 2012 Completed 11 Simang-I East Siang 67 MW Aug, 2012 Completed 12 Kamlang Lohit 24.9 MW April, 2012 Completed 13 Lachung East Kameng 41 MW Dec 3, 2011 Completed 14 Phudung West Kameng 24 MW Nov 30, 2011 Completed 15 Anonpani Dibang Valley 22 MW Feb 06, 2014 Completed 16 Phanchung SHP 45 MW Nov, 2013 Completed B PROJECTS UNDER REVIEW 17 Rima Changlang 8 MW Nov 20, 2011 Under review. 18 Jaswantgarh stage-i Tawang 4.20 MW Nov, 2011 Under review. 19 Pakke Bung-I East kameng 46 MW April, 2012 Under review. 20 Pakke Bung-II East kameng 16 MW April, 2012 Under review. 21 Pakke Bung-III East kameng 30 MW April, 2012 Under review. 22 Pakke Bung-IV East kameng 12 MW April, 2012 Under review. 23 Marjingla East kameng 37 MW April, 2012 Under review. 24 Marjingla lower East kameng 49.5 MW April, 2012 Under review. 25 Pachuk-II East kameng 55 MW April, 2012 Under review. lower 26 Tsachu Tawang 37 MW April, 2012 Under review. 27 Lower Nargum West Kameng 18 MW June, 2012 Under review. 28 Para East Kameng 55 MW Feb, 2012 Under review. 29. Rebby East Kameng 31 MW Feb, 2012 Under review. 30. Pichang East Kameng 12 MW Aug 12, 2011 Under review. 31. Sepla East Kameng 21 MW Aug 12, 2011 Under review. 32. Tharangwarang East Kameng 36 MW Aug 12, 2011 Under review. 33. Khangtangshiri West Siang 66 MW Jan, 2014 Under review. 459

7 S. No. Name of Project District Capacity Date of Receipt of DPR Review Status 34. Sipit Upper Siang 45 MW Sept, 2012 Under review. 35. Pareng Papum Pare 14.5 MW Jan, 2013 Under review. 36. Kaying West Siang 15 MW March, 2013 Under review. 37. Par Papum pare 52 MW July, 2013 Under review. 38. Debra SHP West Kameng 1.50 MW July, 2013 Under review. 39. Dipre SHP West Kameng 6.20 MW July, 2013 Under review. 40. Ditchi SHP West Kameng 2.50 MW July, 2013 Under review. 41. Divri SHP West Kameng 3.20 MW July, 2013 Under review. 42. Nyikgong Upper Siang 13 MW Sept, 2013 Under review. 43. Dardu Papum pare 60 MW July, 2013 Under review. 44 Keyi 23MW Jan, 2014 Under review. 45 Turu Papum pare 66 MW Feb, 2014 Under review. 46 Yammeng Upper Siang 12 MW Sept, 2014 Under review. 47 Pemashelpu 81 MW Sept, 2014 C. PROJECTS ASSIGNMENT YET TO BE RECEIVED 48 Ankaling West Kameng 18 MW 49 Taiyong West Siang 34 MW 50 Pacha East Kameng 18 MW 51 Ithun II Lower Dibang 48 MW Valley 52 IthiPani II Lower Dibang 22 MW Valley 53 Soying Korong West Siang 48 MW 54 Hirit Korong West Siang 42 MW 55 Digin West Kameng 47 MW 56 Meyong West Kameng 44 MW 57 Pachuk-I East kameng 95 MW 6. PROBLEMS The projects in Arunachal Pradesh lies in hilly, remote and tough areas having rugged terrain, thick vegetation cover and poor and difficult motor able roads, where proper access to various components of the project are not available. It may result in inadequate investigations for the project at the DPR stage. Insufficient infrastructure in terms of roads and transmission lines. Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayas. Ruggedness of valley is evident from steep slopes and narrow valley. Such a valley makes survey and investigation difficult and at places even makes approach un-accessible. 460

8 International Conference on Hydropower for Sustainable Development Feb 05-07, 2015, Dehradun Fig.2: Status of Techno Economic review of hydropower projects in Ar.P. The climate is hot and humid in lower reaches which favors the thick vegetation cover in valley. Thick vegetation cover makes access difficult. The water availability at the ungauged project is usually derived from the long term observed data having same missing years at some approved series by CWC at other project. At most of the project,the measured flow data are not available.at least two to three years daily observed discharge data is necessary to evaluate the water availability at project site The water releases against environmental flow is not provided as per the guidelines 7. CONCLUSION There is a large gap between demand and supply of the electricity, which can be filled by developing large and small hydropower projects. There is large potential available in this sector which needs to be tapped. These schemes are favourable being environment friendly, low gestation period and low investment required. Favourablegovernment policies have made these schemes further encouraging. The problem being faced in development of such projects need to be addressed at appropriate levels to achieve self sufficiency in electricity generation. 461

9 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the use of data available at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre and received from Department of Hydropower Development, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh and other developers in finalising the present paper. REFERENCES [1] [2] Sectoral Overview Report on Small Hydropower Development in India, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, [3] IS: (Part 3) (1991), Guidelines for the Selection of Hydraulic Turbine, Preliminary Dimensioning and Layout of Surface Hydro-Electric Power House (Small, Mini and Micro Hydro-Electric Power House) Published by Bureau of Indian Standards. 462