CityLinks: Building Urban Adaptation to Climate Change

Transcription

1 CityLinks: Building Urban Adaptation to Climate Change U.S. Case Studies June 4, 2013 What is CityLinks? USAID-funded program that offers city-to-city exchanges addressing climate change, food security, and water and sanitation challenges. Visit our site to learn more: icma.org/citylinks Follow us on CityLinks Blog and Group Searching for new sustainability, food security or water and sanitation resources and updates about our projects? Visit our blog at icma.org/citylinks Join the CityLinks Climate Preparedness, Adaptation, and Resilience group on the Knowledge Network! 1

2 Susanne Torriente Assistant City Manager, Fort Lauderdale, Florida Today s Highlights of South Florida s Sustainability Timeline ( ) Implementation Examples AAA Pilot Grant Hurricane Sandy +Seasonal High Tides = A1A Destruction Outreach: Listening & Learning restorea1a.com 2035 Vision Plan: Fast Forward Fort Lauderdale Resident Survey Homeowners Association Meetings South Florida Climate Action Partners Summary Observations Highlights of South Florida s Sustainability Timeline

3 Highlights of South Florida s Sustainability Timeline Implementation Opportunity Plan recommendation Project of Special Merit SP-6 Incorporate Adaptation o Implementing Adaptation Action Action Area designation into local Area Policies in Florida comprehensive plans and o Partnership with City of Ft. regional planning documents to Lauderdale, Broward County, identify those natural areas South Florida Regional Planning deemed most vulnerable to Council and Southeast Florida climate change impacts including Regional Climate Compact. changes in sea level and rainfall patterns. o Address AAA in City of Ft. Lauderdale Local Comprehensive Plan. o Create guidance for statewide dissemination Project of Special Merit Highlights o Research Adaptation Action Areas policy options o Present menu of options to local government o Draft policy language for inclusion in comprehensive plan o Adopt policy language o Draft case study o Draft guidebook for other local governments Next steps after the pilot: link to infrastructure capital planning and budgeting Partners: 3

4 Fort Lauderdale Disaster Beach Recovery October 2012 November 2012 Post Disaster Opportunity 4

5 Outreach Our Vision A1A Listening & Learning Resident Survey HOA s Partners Fort Lauderdale Resident Satisfaction Survey 5

6 Our City, Our Vision 6/4/2013 VISIONING Phase I Dec April 2012 Stakeholder Interviews Open Houses INTERACTION MECHANISM CATEGORIES FOR THE SEGMENTATION AND SUMMATION OF IDEAS OurVisionFTL.com Telephone Town Hall Meetings Phase II June 2012 Dec Phase III Dec March Working Categories & Trends 2035 Vision Statement Vision Plan Meetings-in-a-Box , Facebook, Twitter BIG IDEAS Fort Lauderdale Neighbor Summit 3 Overarching Categories 9 Sub-Category Titles Lessons from Miami-Dade & Fort Lauderdale 1. Create the structure 2. Elevate the issue 3. Communicate over and over 4. Connect the dots 5. Reinvent local government 6. Find opportunities 7. Inform the decision making process 8. Perpetual evolution 6

7 Join us! November 7 & 8, 2013 in the beautiful City of Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida for the 5 th Annual Climate Leadership Summit Thank you! storriente@fortlauderdale.gov Douglas Meffert Vice President and Executive Director of the National Audubon Society in Louisiana 7

8 Mississippi River Composite Recent Deltas 8

9 Gradual Change Decreased sediment (in river/from river - 70% reduction primarily because of hydroelectric dams upstream) Relative sea level rise (incl. compaction and sea level rise) from 3 to 10mm/year Decreased contiguity (oil & gas, waterborne commerce, roads, levees, etc.) Increased hurricane frequency/intensity Decreased social connection to urban/natural environments. 9

10 Bonnet Carre Spillway Source: Campanella, Time and Place in New Orleans 10

11 Source: Campanella, Time and Place in New Orleans Storm Surge Entering New Orleans Photo Source: Associated Press 11

12 Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface - Today Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface 1 Foot Sea Level Rise 12

13 Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface 2 Foot Sea Level Rise Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface 3 Foot Sea Level Rise Waggonner & Ball Architects 13

14 Multiple Lines of Defense: New Concept for Integrated Levee Protection and Coastal Louisiana Cross-Section of Urban, Rural, and Natural Land Forms Proposed Morganza to Gulf Regional Levee 14

15 Louisiana Levee Repair/Construction Costs Repair/Construction Cost New Orleans Metro Area $ billion ($7.2billion?) Southeast Louisiana $4-5 billion Area Protected 115,616 acres 550,990 acres Population Protected Cost/resident (not incl. maintenance) million 120,000 $2,692-$9,500 $33,333-$41,667 United Houma Nation, Louisiana Living With Water Source: United Houma Nation United Houma Nation, Louisiana Elders Gathering Source: United Houma Nation 15

16 United Houma Nation, Louisiana Relief Supplies following Hurricane Katrina Source: United Houma Nation United Houma Nation, Louisiana Dulac Community Center following Hurricane Gustav Source: Douglas Meffert United Houma Nation, Louisiana Three-part Plan for Adaptation 1. Evacuation: How do you implement frequent evacuations in an economically-sustainable and psychologically-sound method? 2. Hazard Mitigation: What are structural standards for residential and other use now and in the future? 3. Stabilization: How and where can the UHN adapt and relocate in the future to sustain their culture? (e.g. public or community land trusts?) Contact for report. 16

17 Louisiana Lift House MIT (Reinhard Goethert) Make it Right KieranTimberlake Associates Raised housing options Louisiana Future Adaptation More investments in non-structural measures are critical ,000 likely to be relocated in the next years. 120,000 possibly to be relocated in the next 50 years. re-examine permanent vs. temporary buildings in vulnerable coastal areas. Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library 17

18 Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library 18

19 Holy Cross/Lower 9 th : An Model Urban Ecosystem for Sustainability Climate Neutrality/Energy Efficiency Sustainable Architecture Bayou Bienvenue Restoration Neighborhood Landscaping New land uses The Dutch Dialogues Coastal Louisiana (looking North) Netherlands (looking South) Dutch Embassy, American Planning Association, et al. Waggonner & Ball Architects 19

20 Waggonner & Ball Architects Waggonner & Ball Architects Waggonner & Ball Architects 20

21 Waggonner & Ball Architects Waggonner & Ball Architects Waggonner & Ball Architects 21

22 Relevance of New Orleans as a Case Study for Other Cities New Orleans offers is an urban/major delta subject to both climate change and disaster. New Orleans is data rich case study as both a historical and predictive model. New Orleans is a potential example of natural wetland and water systems as an urban strategy for adaptation and mitigation. A City Reinventing its Relationship with Water Waggonner & Ball Architects Eron Bloomgarden, Partner EKO Asset Management Partners 22

23 Creating Clean Water Cash Flows Developing Private Markets for Green Stormwater Infrastructure 67 EKO Asset Management Partners Mission: link private capital to environment Advisory and investment management Specialized in markets for ecosystem services and natural infrastructure Advisory: working with leading investors, corporations, NGOs, governments, and landowners Asset Management: Green Carbon Fund (GCF) focused on US carbon Capital Markets Growing demand for sustainable yield Dislocation between Capital and Environment Layers of Capital (Impact, Commercial, etc) 69 23

24 Relevant Trends Accelerating infrastructure investment requirements Investments in new infrastructure i.e. annual spend on water infrastructure by developing countries needs to more than double, from $75 billion currently to $180 billion (Source: UN) Re-investment and hardening of aging infrastructure Cost of modernizing water infrastructure in US, $91 billion ( EPA, 2010) Financing challenges Strained public balance sheets Limited access to debt capital Requirement for off-balance-sheet solutions Environmental challenges and liabilities New compliance obligations and enforcement Can infrastructure be made more environmental? 70 Natural Infrastructure: Transitioning From Grey to Green Resilient Cost Effective Co- Benefits Invest & Maintain Business Ecosystem Generate Jobs 71 Natural Infrastructure Case Studies Case #1: Water Supply NYC watershed protection Water funds supporting upstream ecosystems EKO partnering with TNC and Rare Case #2: Fisheries Marine protected areas (MPA s) as fish factories Supporting healthy fishery functioning EKO partnering with Oceana and Rare Case #3: Carbon Sequestration Forests instead of CCS EKO partnering with UK investors on REDD+ Louisiana coastal carbon EKO partnering with CH2MHILL 72 24

25 NATLAB : Natural Infrastructure Financing Laboratory NatLab s Mission NatLab, a partnership of The Nature Conservancy, NRDC and EKO dedicated to advancing innovative financing mechanisms to encourage private investment in natural infrastructure. NatLab is working to develop innovative multi-stakeholder partnerships between public and private entities to advance municipal green infrastructure development plans. NatLab s Work-to-Date Financing Stormwater Retrofits in Philadelphia and Beyond (Jan 2012) Identified ~$370M in private investment opportunity in Philadelphia created by city s parcel-based stormwater fee and credit system for GI. Funded by: William Penn Foundation Clean Water Cash Flows (Feb 2013) Details private parcel project economics and additional policies and programs to facilitate private sector investment in Philadelphia. Funded by: Rockefeller Foundation Green Path Partners EKO & CH2MHILL GPP s Mission Harness the power of innovative finance, natural systems and creative design to deliver more adaptive and resilient infrastructure with a variety of long-term benefits to communities and the environment. Project Focus Utilize natural infrastructure or offer an opportunity to integrate natural infrastructure into a traditional infrastructure approach; Provide a positive ecological impact with significant and demonstrable social and economic outcomes; and Afford an opportunity to use innovative financial structures, nontraditional impact investment capital, or both. Case Study: Philadelphia Stormwater Stormwater runoff generates 10 trillion gallons of untreated, polluted water each year Federal Clean Water Needs Survey has identified over $100 billion of infrastructure investment needed over the next twenty years to address stormwater and sewage overflows Decline in traditional funding sources for municipal stormwater improvements (municipal budgets and federal funds) Traditional gray infrastructure has proven environmentally and economically costly, integration of green infrastructure (GI) can help: Reduce the costs of clean water compliance Improve urban quality of life Create green job growth Encourage economic revitalization 25

26 Billions 6/4/2013 Green versus Gray Infrastructure Traditional gray stormwater infrastructure tunnels and sewage systems has proven environmentally and economically costly. Green infrastructure (GI) helps stop runoff pollution by capturing rainwater and either storing it for use or letting it filter back into the ground, replenishing vegetation and groundwater supplies. GI mimics the way nature collects and cleanses water. 76 Benefits of Green Infrastructure Reducing costs of Clean Water Act compliance $7 $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 $0 Estimated Cost of Philadelphia CWA Compliance Gray Infrastructure Green Infrastructure 77 26

27 Philadelphia Stormwater: Challenges and GI Opportunity To comply with the Clean Water Act, Philadelphia will need to install approximately 10,000 greened acres over the next 25 years. By greening the public right-of-way only, the city s estimated cost is $250,000/acre, or $5.74/ft 2. Philadelphia can achieve its greened acre goal more cheaply through a combination of policy measures to prime the private GI market than through greening in the public right-of-way alone. Philadelphia s Green City Clean Water Initiative (Before) Philadelphia s Green City Clean Water Initiative (After) 27

28 Examples of Green Infrastructure Downspout disconnections Vegetated swales 83 Street trees Green roofs 84 28

29 Green space Rain barrels 85 Rain gardens 86 Permeable pavement 87 29

30 Non-Water-Quality Benefits of Green Infrastructure Recharge groundwater supplies / improve water conservation Cooling and cleansing the air Reducing asthma and heat-related illnesses Lowering heating and cooling energy costs Beautifying neighborhoods Increased property values Spurring economic revitalization Creating green jobs Improving urban quality of life 88 Stormwater Retrofit Cost Curve Three possible approaches to financing* Third party financing w/onbill repayment Pay for Performance PPP Concept Source of repayments Private capital funds commercial property owners to implement GI retrofit Use of private-publicpartnership approach: City contracts with Utility to deliver storm-water mitigation projects; Utility provides construction, maintenance, compliance management, and financing Municipality reduces fees to The City pays the utility commercial property owners for through a long term pay-forperformance services contract every acre greened, avoided cost to parcel owner as basis effectively leasing the stormwater mitigation service for the for investor repayment. duration of the contract *These approaches can be utilized independently or can be bundled together 30

31 Private GI Investment Return Based on Avoided Stormwater Fees Avoiding fees is key incentive for an owner to retrofit For a commercial property owner utilizing own capital and an assumed payback of four years Project must cost less than approximately $0.40/ft 2 For a third-party investor and an assumed ten year repayment at 8% Project must cost less than approximately $0.82/ft 2 Practice type Retrofit cost /ft % quartiles Downspout disconnections Vegetated Swales Infiltration Trenches Rainwater Harvest/Reuse $ $ $ $ Rain gardens $ Porous Pavement $ Green Roof $ Cost ranges can vary greatly on a case-by case basis. These ranges are most useful as points of comparison across types. Private GI Investment Return Based on Avoided Stormwater Fees Most private property owners will seek thirdparty financing for green infrastructure retrofits 92 Challenges and Potential Solutions in Private GI Project Financing Challenges to financing Lack of collateral Existing mortgages on property Unproven track record of project performance Policy uncertainty Promising solutions Utilization of existing revenue collection streams - property taxes and utility bills Loan loss reserve (or other use of public funds for credit enhancement) to insulate investors from potential losses Specify long-term stormwater fee structure 31

32 Policy Measures Can Help Catalyze GI Investment in Philadelphia Pay-for-Performance Strategies Present Opportunities for GI Pay-for-Performance contracts are Public-Private partnerships in which the contract is based on outcomes Evaluations of the early Pay-for-Performance models identify clear success factors including: Support from state and local agencies that view the dual goal of achieving environmental outcomes and better utilizing fiscal resources as a priority Interventions that have demonstrated the ability to achieve measurable environmental outcomes; and Cost-effective access to credible data NatLab believes environmental problems present special opportunities for Pay-for-Performance partnerships 95 Pay-for-Performance Mechanisms and Philadelphia Pay-for-Performance could capture most cost-effective GI investment opportunities city-wide across full range of land types while facilitating project aggregation Potential benefits to municipality of Pay-for-Performance structure: Lower the costs of construction and maintenance Accelerate project implementation Access new sources of investment capital Preserve municipal balance sheet capacity Incentivize optimal performance by shifting performance risk to private partners where payments are tied directly to performance 32

33 Next Steps for NatLab Working with Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) to design first of its kind pay-for-performance mechanism for delivery of greened acres Structure will borrow from both traditional PPP structure and more innovative concepts such as Social Improvement Bonds NatLab raising grant funding to execute the pilot Identifying additional cities where innovative structures can bring private capital to natural infrastructure finance Thank You FULL REPORT: Eron Bloomgarden, CityLinks Questions? Contact Laura Hagg at or visit the CityLinks website: icma.org/citylinks. Access our climate resources at Knowledge Network Climate Preparedness, Adapatation and Resilience Group - located here groups/kn/group/1331/climate_preparedness _Adaptation Resilience 33