concept note renewable energy

Transcription

1 KNÆK KODEN TIL NØDHJÆLPSMARKEDET deciphering the relief aid market SYSTEMS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY - FOR CAMP BASED POPULATIONS AND BEYOND concept note renewable energy Nearly 60 million people are displaced by conflict and natural disaster today. 38 million by conflict, nearly 20 million by natural disasters. The average duration of displacement is around 17 years. Most of the world s emergencies and crises situations are protracted, with repeat emergency appeals. Many of those affected live in camp settings or urban areas where access to energy for cooking, lighting, food production and storage etc. is extremely limited. With climate changes and environmental degradation high on the agenda, finding sustainable and renewable sources of energy for those in need is a priority issue. PARTNERS: DANCHURCHAID

2 CREATING SYSTEMS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY - FOR CAMP BASED POPULATIONS AND BEYOND. Reducing the dependance on environmentally damaging energy sources such as firewood and kerosene is a global challenge that is even more pressing in areas where resources are particularly limited, such as refugee camps or urban slums where disaster affected populations tend to gather. Many have tried to come up with solutions to this problem by using solar energy, bioethanol, stoves that reduce firewood use, but many camps are still almost totally dependent on local firewood. Particularly in the early stages of disaster, no system has emerged that enables rapid deployment and distribution with significant reduction on the environmental impact of disasters, but UNHCR are working on including fuel efficient stoves in their emergency kits. Such a solution; cost effective, widely applicable and easily deployable and with potential for local markets as well - would be new and potentially in high demand. Meanwhile, there is also ample opportunity for exploring solutions at a more local or regional level, particularly in Africa where use of firewood is very high, and potentials for using other energy sources exists. DETAILS At the moment one of the biggest problems in all African refugee camps is getting energy for cooking. Similar challenges exist elsewhere in the world. The most common solution for refugees is to cut firewood around the camps. This obviously has detrimental effects on the environment. Another solution is to distribute kerosene, which is very expensive and neither a healthy nor climate friendly solution. The basic challenge is therefore to replace or reduce the use of firewood and kerosene as the primary energy sources for cooking. This may be done through further development of fuel saving stoves, which is currently being used in many locations. It can also be done through increasing the use of grass and other biomass to replace firewood, for example through using grass or straw in fuel briquettes. Biogas made from latrine waste or livestock dung is also an option. Potential solutions could include: Development of fuel efficient stoves that can use a variety of fuel / material to produce energy Energy sources that may power appliances for cooking, lighting etc. Systems that use of biomass to produce energy Two cases in point are the Kakuma settlements in Kenya and the Gambella settlements in Ethiopia. In Kakuma, Kenya, 190,000 refugees are hosted in arid lands with around 60,000 people in the surrounding areas. Refugees rely almost 100 percent on wood biomass energy. The food rations provided require a lot of energy to cook, so there is a huge gap in this sector. In 2016, UNHCR plans to procure and distribute 2350MT of firewood. This will translate to 100 percent dependence of wood fuel. Detailed case study on Kakuma, Kenya attached. In Gambella, Ethiopia, more than 200,000 refugees rely exclusively on firewood and charcoal for cooking, with detrimental effects on the local environment. Despite the distributions of fuel efficient stoves that can save

3 up to 30 percent of the energy needed for cooking, the toll on the natural forests is immense, and the need for alternative solutions is high. See detailed case study for Gambella, Ethiopia, attached. WHAT IS ALREADY BEING DONE See the attached case studies. WHO COULD USE THIS Agencies who support disaster affected populations could procure the solution, including stock-piling for deployment in disaster settings; a secondary user group may be people in urban slums who often face similar problems or resource scarcity as do those in camp settings. Private purchase among this group may be relevant. Government investment (including development bank support) in renewable energy solutions for urban areas may also be possible; this could be used as an income source as well as an energy source by huge populations in refugee camps and by populations living in the areas of Africa that are being invaded by aggressive exotic plant species that can be used productively as biomass. See case study(ies) for details on location specific potential buyers and end-users. DANCHURCHAID CAPACITY, CONTRIBUTION AND STRATEGIC FOCUS DanChurchAid and partners work in refugee camps or settlements in several countries, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Jordan and elsewhere; climate and energy efficiency program expertise; knowledge of local solutions, local networks; DanChurchAid works with agricultural production on farm level in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda and can provided linkages to potential biomass production in these countries; potential data collection, feasibility studies, prototyping and testing in themiddle East, East- and Horn of Africa and Asia See case studies for details on specific DCA contributions in Kenya and Ethiopia EXPECTATIONS TO PARTNERS DanChurchAid is interested in partnering with companies and/or researchers that offer products, technologies, analysis, approaches or other contributions towards solutions that address all, some or parts of the problems with access to energy for disaster affected populations. Companies/researchers should offer ideas on how existing or new solutions may be tailored or adapted to meet the identified needs, bring in technical knowledge and/or relevant expertise or knowledge in the field. Companies/researchers should be willing to explore further field studies with affected communities and DSanChurchAid in field locations in order to more specifically identify needs, current solutions and what may be done to improve or replace such solutions.

4 DETAILED CASE STUDY: KAKUMA, KENYA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: 1. TURKANA REFUGEE CAMPS (KAKUMA & KALOBEIYEI) IN TURKANA COUNTY KENYA. 2. TURKANA PASTORALIST COMMUNITY IN THE AREAS HOSTING THE REFUGEES IN TURKANA WEST SUB-COUNTY. DEMOGRAPHICS: 1. CURRENT REFUGEE POPULATION OF APPROXIMATELY 190,000 REFUGEES. 2. TARGET HOST COMMUNITY OF 60,000 PEOPLE. CURRENT NEEDS AND ENERGY SUPPLY Number of of families in the location Refugees approx. 30,000 households Host Community approx. 10,000 households Types of energy sources Refugees: refugees rely almost 100 percent on wood biomass energy and food rations provided require a lot of energy to cook, there is a huge gap in this sector. In 2016, UNHCR plans to procure and distribute 2350MT of firewood. This will translate to 100 percent dependence of wood fuel. DanChurchAid and partner organisations are active in the fields of energy and environment in Kakuma and host communities in Turkana. Turkana: Majority of Turkana use firewood for energy with 17.5 percent using energy saving jikos and 82.5 percent using open fires. For lighting, 61 percent uses firewood, 31 percent use torches while the rest use kerosene or solar lights. Energy consumption Refugees: According to UNHCR and other sources refugees require 7.5 Kgs of firewood per person per month. Due to funding challenges, they are given 5Kgs per person per month (67 percent of their needs). They go out to fetch firewood or buy from the local market to cover the deficit. Turkana: The consumption would be identical to refugees only that the Turkana people would not buy the firewood but collect directly from the forests at a lower cost. Those in more urbanized areas use also charcoal & buy firewood. Cost of energy supply Firewood, as the principal source of energy is cheap that is why it is the preferred source. Costs however do not factor in the immense damage to the local environment of this practice, so any price increase in energy supply due to new, improved solutions would have to factor in the positive impact on re-generating the local environment. Prosopis Juliflora, an invasive tree species, is the main source of firewood. Other uses of the tree are leaves & seed pods for livestock fodder these uses are not fully utilized. Current systems in use Refugees: 100 percent use protected fireplaces and energy saving stoves or a combination of both. Approximately half have energy saving stoves (Maendeleo Jikos) or their variants from Envirofit or Burn design lab. A new company is Greenchar that looks at the input side by making briquettes from agricultural waste that reduces smoke and are longer lasting. A solution that builds on this, moving the briquette making to the camp/settlement would be relevant.

5 Another Kenyan company, M-Kopa, has build a household energy platform based on solar power and a pre-payment + daily rate payment solution with plans to integrate upgrades, such as cook stoves. for the area. New solutions would have to consider wider, more flexible energy input (other types of biomass, waste etc.) as well as output (other use than cooking, e.g. electricity, lighting etc.) Host Community: Only 18 percent of the host community uses energy saving stoves. The rest use protected fireplaces and open fires. The energy saving stoves maendeleo Jikos produced by UNHCR lasts about 5 years maximum. Protected fireplaces are homemade and costs are minimal. POTENTIAL FOR A NEW SOLUTION Within the sector, there is a widespread agreement that there is a need to invest in new solutions that reduce further use of firewood for cooking. Cost of the energy saving stoves at the Kakuma camp is quite high. Agencies are therefore considering outsourcing production to other private sources in other parts of Kenya. Solutions that are able to address multiple use of energy for refugees and host communities cooking, electricity and lighting to a higher extend than is currently the case, will be of high relevance. This is particularly relevant as a new, integrated refugee/host community settlement in the area of the Kalobeyiei will be driving investments in new solutions that benefit refugees, host communities and the local environment. With the integrated Kalobeyiei settlement, there is a renewed focus on self-reliance and economic sustainability. Refugees, as well as host communities, will be integrated in local economic development plans to generate income. As refugees and host communities over time become more self reliant it is expected that they will be increasingly willing to invest in appliances that meet their needs for energy in cost effective, durable ways. There are numerous existing suppliers and producers of fuel-efficient stoves in Kenya and internationally. Two of the suppliers to Kakuma are listed above. The basic premise of these solutions is that firewood remains the energy source

6 DETAILED CASE STUDY: TIERKIDI CAMP, GAMBELLA, ETHIOPIA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: TIERKIDI REFUGEE CAMP, GAMBELLA, ETHIOPIA DEMOGRAPHICS: CURRENT REFUGEE POPULATION: APPROXIMATELY 52,000 REFUGEES IN TIERKIDI CAMP, MORE THAN 200,000 IN GAMBELLA IN TOTAL. CURRENT NEEDS AND ENERGY SUPPLY Number of of families in the location there are approximately 12,500 Households in Tierkidi camp Types of energy sources All refugees are 100 percent dependent on firewood and charcoal energy, in spite of the high energy demand to cook the monthly rations provided by WFP and the resulting immense pressure on local resources, no alternative solutions exists. Energy consumption On average, a refugee household goes to collect fire wood at least 3x per week and also buy around 8kg of charcoal for one week on average. Cost of energy supply No agency is providing energy to the refugees, but refugees themselves collect fire wood and buy charcoal for up to 150 ETB (50dkk) per month. Current systems in use An NGO has distributed energy saving stoves that cost 500ETB (approx.) 150dkk for one to all refugee households and are supposed to reduce energy consumption by 30 percent. The energy saving stoves have long life spans and in principle needs replacement only if damaged. POTENTIAL FOR A NEW SOLUTION The Gambella camps, together housing almost 200,000 South Sudanese refugees, are newly established and have experienced a high influx of refugees but also face serious funding limitations. New cost-effective and climate friendly solutions to the energy needs of more than 200,000 refugees are therefore welcome, but currently agency funding to invest in such solutions are limited. However, given the context and immense needs, Gambella may serve as an interesting testing ground for potential solutions with relevance elsewhere as well. There are some indications that refugees themselves may be interested in investing in new energy supply solutions. However, purchasing power remains extremely limited due to the in-camp policy that prevents refugees from gaining employment outside camps. HOW DANCHURCHAID CAN BE PART OF A SOLUTION DanChurchAid has piloted the introduction of energy saving stoves in Ethiopia for several years as part of its support to drought affected areas, and will continue to do so for the next several years with new project funding. There are potential overlaps between the needs of refugees and the wider Ethiopian population in this sector that could be explored further.

7 Woman carrying firewood in Gambella, Western Ethiopia. Photo by DanChurchAid

8 KNÆK KODEN TIL NØDHJÆLPSMARKEDET deciphering the relief aid market A recent report from Global Humanitarian Assistance shows that the global humanitarian aid market has reached a yearly turnover of 24.5 billion USD. But the humanitarian aid organisations are increasingly challenged in providing the needed solutions. Closer collaboration with the private sector and researchers is needed in order to meet the challenges ahead. In partnership between the Danish Industry Foundation and access2innovation the project Knæk Koden til Nødhjælpsmarkedet (Deciphering the Relief Aid Market) sets out to establish a Danish innovation platform enabling humanitarian organisations, private sector and academia to efficiently develop and commercialise needed solutions. This will be accomplished by supporting Danish Red Cross, DanChurchAid and the Danish Refugee Council to map out concrete business opportunities within renewable energy, agri-business, water management and ICT as the basis to team up with private sector companies as well as the universities in Aalborg and Copenhagen in order to develop sustainable solutions for the humanitarian aid. With financial support from the Danish Industry Foundation the project is facilitated by the access2innovation association