Bangladesh: Country status of implementation towards the INDC

Transcription

1 Bangladesh: Country status of implementation towards the INDC 23 June 2017 Country partners Dr. Nurun Nahar Deputy Chief Programming Division Bangladesh Planning Commission Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Md. Reazat Hossain Executive Engineer Rajshahi City Corporation, Rajshahi Ministry of Local Government, Rural & Co-operatives, Bangladesh

2 Country profile Name: People s Republic of Bangladesh Population: 162 million Area: 143,998 Sq Km Capital: Dhaka Language: Bengali Religion: Islam Life expectancy: Male 69 years & Female 70 years Source: World Bank

3 Current Context Bangladesh achieved 5 out of 8 MDGs by Now a whole-of government approach with strong leadership from PMO. Bangladesh received UN FAO awards for outstanding progress in fighting poverty & hunger (2013) South-South Award for achievement in women & children s health (2013) The UN s Champions of the Earth Award (Sept 2015) 8/3/2017 Goldman Sachs: BRICS and beyond (2007) Included in the Next-11 emerging markets after the BRICS countries JP Morgan Report Frontier Five (2007) Included in their Frontier Five as a potential emerging market 3

4 Climate Change and Bangladesh "To come to Bangladesh is to see that climate change is most severely affecting the people who have contributed least to causing the problem" said Mary Robinson, an international personality of environmental movement and a renowned proponent of safe earth, during a keynote speech at a roundtable meeting on 'Climate Change: Rights and Justice' hosted by BRAC University in the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka. The rising concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere are bringing considerable changes to climate for example rise in global mean temperature by C and average annual rate in sea level by 1-2 mm in the last century. 4

5 Bangladesh s vulnerability to CC Bangladesh is the largest delta of the world. Its rivers and floodplains, which make up 80% of the country, support life, livelihoods and the economy. The country faces major inter-related delta challenges in water safety, food security and socio-economic development and is prone to natural calamities such as floods, cyclones, and droughts. The mean economic cost of climate change by 2100 is about 9% of GDP under business as usual (BAU) scenario- investment-gdp ratio needs to be increased by 4% (ADB, 2014) The government is implementing a wide range of measures to make Bangladesh more resilient to Climate Change 8/3/2017 5

6 Climate Change: Bangladesh Context

7 Country Change and Bangladesh Not only temperature, change in the global climate has adverse effect on Bangladesh seasonal change and its foreseeable trend has raised the question of absolute existence of Bangladesh. Due to Sea Level Rise, salt water is encroaching further and further inland leading to the devastating upset of our nature. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries of the threat to climate change. IPCC report suggests, a one-metre rise in sea levels would flood sq km (total area of Bangladesh is sq km) of Bangladesh and make 14.8 million people landless. Bangladesh's population is 160 million and per capita greenhouse emission is This contribution to global carbon emissions (0.35%) is less than its share in world GDP. But it is paying higher prices for the consequences of climate change associated with higher GHG concentration in the atmosphere. The frequency and intensity of natural disasters has rapidly increased. The total loss and damage from climate induced disasters and hazards have negative impact on GDP growth 7

8 Insights and recommendations on implementing and achieving INDC of Bangladesh 8

9 INDC formulation In September 2015, Bangladesh submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The INDC describes Bangladesh s plans for tackling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapting to unavoidable climate change. In the INDC, Bangladesh committed to reduce GHG emissions in the power, industry and transport sectors by 5% below business-as-usual GHG emissions by % below business-as-usual GHG emissions by 2030 if sufficient and appropriate support is received from developed countries.

10 INDC formulation (continued) Present government of Bangladesh has made a new wave in the reformation of environmental policy to save Bangladesh. Current potential demand of energy in Bangladesh is more than 7000 MW where supply is around 4500 MW. The economy of Bangladesh has been growing at a rate of 6-7 percent from last few years. Target growth by 2020 is 8% These are causing rise in energy demand which in turn increases Green House Gas (GHG) emission. Bangladesh's GHG emission from energy sector is relatively low as most of the power is generated from natural gas which causes low carbon emission. The current contribution of renewable energy is 1% The government is planning to increase the share of renewable sources in total power generation by 10% in

11 Collaboration among national and international policies Government of Bangladesh is the main stakeholder of taking protective measurement against climate change. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Agency (SREDA), established as a focal point for sustainable energy development and promotion, sustainable energy comprising renewable energy and energy efficiency. SREDA supports capacity building, technology development, and market development sufficient to boost the share of electricity generated from renewable energy technologies. All power utilities, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), other interested government departments, private agencies and NGOs are to develop renewable energy development programmes for implementation throughout the country. However, under the both vertical and horizontal integration, Government is encouraging private sectors to form Public-Private Partnership to expedite control of emission of GHG and implement alternative sources of renewable energy. 11

12 Long Tem Plan Medium term Plans Climate Change: Relevant policy scenario Perspective Plan ( ) Five Year Plans: 6 th FYP ( ) 7 th FYP ( NAPA 2008, BCCSAP 2009 (now being updated) National Communications, NAP (ongoing) Climate finance-bcctf, BCCRF, NDA for GCF, CPEIR NDC Sector Action Plans SDG Mapping 8/3/

13 Sectoral policies to achieve goals INDC builds on existing strategies and programs of Bangladesh like Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), Power Sector Master Plan, National Sustainable Development Strategy, National Adaptation Plan (NAP), National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) etc. The BCCSAP, which is currently being reviewed and updated, includes Programme ten under Theme five, which covers Improving energy consumption pattern in transport sector and options for mitigation. Specific actions under Theme five include : (1) promotion of low cost public transport modes such as rapid transit, (2) reducing the use of fossil fuels by improving the efficiency of energy usage, (3) review of political, institutional and fiscal planning and (4) substitution of bio-fuels, fossil fuels as appropriate.

14 Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.) Bangladesh Government with the help of Private Organizations declared that Kyoto protocol objectives related to global warming cannot be accomplished only through control measures that physically reduce the volume of emissions, but also through absorption / sequestration mechanisms that remove the gases from the atmosphere. Due to vulnerability of Bangladesh for climate change, Government decided to reduce GHG emission from its own end. There are different policy intervention instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emission: creation of property rights, market based incentives (a tax, emission trading scheme), different forms of regulation, subsidies etc. Climate Fiscal Framework can bring about the necessary policy for NDC implementation. 14

15 Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.) Regulations are most common form of interventions to reduce GHG emission like renewable energy target, light bulbs, specifying production technology or input to use or not to use etc. The most common strategy which is an excellent example for the whole world in this connection is to introduce and expand SOLAR Energy. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are in use throughout the country with over 600,000 household-level installations having capacity of about 35 MW. For the proliferation of solar energy, Bangladesh is regarded as the second highest country in the world. 15

16 Sectoral policies to achieve goals (cont.) 16

17 Finances for INDC implementation Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia. Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane etc. 17

18 Opportunities Bangladesh government s favorable attitude toward renewable energy is demonstrated by the preferred tax and duty treatment of such equipment. Government has supported energy investments by establishing IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company Ltd), an independent (private) finance body and a key driver in financing power plants and renewable energy investments. 18

19 PIM Stakeholders Prime Ministers Office PPP Office BOI BEZA NEC ECNEC Strategic Guidance Planning Commission Ministry of Planning Office of the CAG M/O Finance GED Program ming Division 4 Sector Divisions Strategic planning, budgeting apprais al IMED BBS Foreign Aided Projects Audit Direc. (FAPAD) ERD FD Resource mobilization, budgeting Project Design and Implementation Autonomous Bodies Line Ministries and Divisions Agencies/Departments 8/3/2017 Private sector Local governments INGO/NGO/CSO 19

20 Fund allocation in ADP Annual Development Programme (ADP) ( 30% of national budget) 17 Sectors Development Assistances Water RD and RI Agriculture Others Local Government Institutes (LGI): Urban LGI, Rural LGI irrigation Crops Forest Livestock & Fisheries 8/3/

21 LG system in Bangladesh 8/3/

22 Budgets and Expenditure Findings from CFF During FY 2011/14 the allocation of climate dimension budget was an average 21.79% of total budget, 3.9% of GDP. The government spends a significant portion of its development budget on climate related projects (47.63% of ADP and 12.65% of nondevelopment budget) 40% of climate dimension projects on average are financed nondevelopment budget and 60% from ADP Over the period 2011/14, 80% of all climate-related projects were financed from domestic resources and 20% from external resources Ministry of Agriculture spend 24.8% and Local Government Division spend 18.58% of their budget on climate dimension projects/programmes The average amount spend for the theme 5 of BCCSAP 2009, mitigation and low carbon, is 4.24% of total budget Annual sum of US$1bn or just over 1% of GDP spent on adaptation MOF is undertaking project to implement the CFF and promote a climatefinance readiness. 8/3/

23 Mechanism to link climate finance to the local level Climate change has a highly localized dimension in Bangladesh. Ultimately people at the local level will have to face its consequences. There is a need to decentralize climate planning and finance to the local level. Complexity of development and climate finance has resulted in several types of funding mechanisms. But analysis and tracking down of such funds to climate sensitive investments at the local level is absent. Presently, the issue of climate change has not been fully addressed in the Medium Term Budgetary framework (MTBF) and the Annual Development Program (ADP) processes in Bangladesh. The government strategy is to integrate climate change challenges and opportunities into its national development plan/budget/programmes and local government s development plans. 8/3/

24 Structure of the LCFF of a Union Parishad (UP) 1. Mission statement and main activities of UP 2. Existing strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) of the Union 3. Institutional and financial capacity of the UP to address the mission 4. Elaborated description of quantity and expenditure of action based activity/programme related to DRR, LED, CCA, 5. Priority based 5-year work plan for the Union Parishad 6. Elaborate description of the source of finance/funding of the 5-year plan 7. Sector based activities and implication of Finance in UP 8. Authority for implementing different components and 5 years work plan 9. Monitoring plan of climate and disaster related activities/programmes result LGD is implementing LOGIC project with support from UNDP 8/3/

25 Some features of the LCFF of Fulchari Union Parishad Long-term mission statement of union parishad Building an effective environment for the citizens of the union with a view to ensuring a safe and promising standard of life Reducing the per capita poverty rate among rural people Creating a safe and enriched cultural environment for citizens of the union Activities regarding climate change for the Fulchari Union Parishad: Construction, renovation, and uplifting of the roads Construction and renovation of bridges and culverts Uplifting homesteads, construction, and uplifting the base of tube wells and sanitary toilets Renovation of educational institutions, uplifting their base and providing furniture and medicine Campaigning towards broadcast of disaster, construction of shelter centres, and ensuring a relief system 8/3/

26 Conservation and climate-smart agriculture approaches (global) that can increase farmers productivity and adaptation to climate change, while also providing mitigation benefits. Conserving existing carbon stocks (in forests, peatlands, wetlands, and soil) by avoiding carbon stock degradation and enhancing carbon sequestration in soils, biota and long-lived products Reducing CH4 or N2O emissions from livestock systems, for example through improved feed and forage, animal health, manure management and grazing management Avoiding N2O emissions through efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer in croplands Reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from irrigated rice, through water and nitrogen fertilizer management Alternative crop management techniques, such as fertilizer microdosing 8/3/

27 Way forward 8/3/

28 Influences Desired Outcome Area Changes in political will Changes in policy Changes in business practice Outcome Statements Higher recognition of the potential, scale and range of climate change for local level adaptation and mitigation at local government level Climate policy and strategy dimensions strengthened and broadened to recognise local level adaptation more prominently; Local Governance Policy strengthened and broadened to recognize climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction needs in National Budgets Streamlining of financing local level adaptation and mitigation into a single window Strengthened financial budget and accounting information is available for climate related projects,at national level and at Union/Upazilla levels. Strengthened collaboration, cohesion and partnerships between Local Government Division, Planning Commission, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Finance Division and Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief for a comprehensive planning, financing, implementation Closer linkage and co-ordination between Central and Local Government in the delivery of climate finance. 8/3/

29 Key potential actors Overall Bangladesh has the National Government and Local Government Moreover, different government agencies, institutions and NGO/INGOs are the key potential actors for policy implementation 29

30 Thanks for your kind attention!