Air Quality and Indoor Environment of Compost Bedded Dairy Barns in Ohio
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1 Air Quality and Indoor Environment of Compost Bedded Dairy Barns in Ohio Lingying Zhao Associate Professor and Extension Specialist Dr. Harold Keener, Mary Wicks, Shunli Wang, Jon Rausch, Amanda Meddles, Mike Klingman, and Roderick Manuzon Department of Food, Agriculture and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University
2 Overview Background of the study Study methods Indoor thermal environment Air quality in bedded pack dairy facilities Conclusions and suggestions
3 Backgrounds of the Study The positive impacts for cow comfort and milk production as well as the ability to handle manure as a dry material have resulted in increased interest in compost bedded pack systems in Ohio. Manure composting process releases ammonia, odorous gases, and heat. Ohio NRCS had air quality and safety concerns. This study is to comprehensive evaluate the effectiveness of the compost dairy barns.
4 Objectives Evaluate air quality of compost bedded pack systems in Ohio Evaluate indoor environment of the compost bedded pack systems in Ohio Develop recommended design and management guidelines for dairy bedded pack systems.
5 Methodology 4 study farms, 4 visits, 1 in each season Air quality (6-10 locations, before/after stirring) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Thermal environment T and RH (6 short term seasonal measurement locations, 3 long term continuous measurement locations, 1 outdoor location for weather condition)
6 Barn D-1, Zanesville, OH Compost barn began operations May heifers Cow spacing: 75 sq ft/cow Bedded area adjacent to feed alley
7 Sampling Plan for Barn D-1 4 points for continuous T and RH measurement 5 points for gas concentration 3 points for verification of gas concentration 6 random points for compost bedding sampling
8 Barn D-2, Millersburg, OH Operation started in Jan Jerseys (on pasture spring-fall) Cow spacing: 88 sq ft/cow Feed alley and manure storage at the end of building
9 Sampling Plan for Barn D-2 4 points for continuous T and RH measurement 5 points for gas concentration 3 points for verification of gas concentration 6 random points for compost bedding sampling
10 Barn D-3, Lodi, OH Operation started in Nov Holsteins Cow spacing: 90 sq ft/cow
11 Sampling Plan for Barn D-3
12 Barn D-4, Mantua, OH Operation started in Dec Holsteins-Jersey & Holstein-Jersey- Normandy crosses (on pasture spring-fall) Cow spacing: 80 sq ft/cow
13 Sampling Plan for Barn D-4
14 Indoor environment measurement Air velocity TSI VELOCICALC fpm 3% error Temperature- TSI VELOCICALC Range: 0 to 60 C (32 to 140 F) Accuracy: ±0.6 C (±1.0 F) Resolution: 0.1 C (0.1 F) Humidity- TSI VELOCICALC Range: 5% to 95% RH Accuracy: ±2.0% RH Resolution: 0.1% RH Hobo Outdoor Air Sensors Range of -35 C to 80 C and 0 to 100% RH
15 CO 2 measurement TSI-IAQ meter: ppm ±50 ppm or ± 3% of reading Resolution:1 ppm Matheson-tri-gas Kitagawa tubes Accuracy: 5 to 15%
16 Ammonia (NH 3 ) measurement SPM: Range: 0-30 ppm Resolution: 0.5 ppm Matheson-tri-gas Kitagawa tubes Accuracy: 5 to 15%
17 Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) Jerome H2S analyzer 631-X Range: to 50 ppm Resolution: ppm Accuracy: ±0.003 ppm at 0.05 ppm ±0.03 ppm at 0.5 ppm ±0.3 ppm at 5 ppm ±2 ppm at 25 ppm Matheson-tri-gas Kitagawa tubes Accuracy: 5 to 15% measurement
18 OT-21 Temperature and O 2 Probe for Bedded Pack Oxygen measurement range is 0-22% Temperature range is -18 ºC ºC
19 F C Temperatures in the Barns Temperature(oC) D1 D2 D3 D4 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
20 Relative Humidity (RH) in the Barns RH (%) D1 D2 D3 D4 0 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
21 Air Velocity in the Barns Air Velocity (m/s) D1 D2 D3 D4 0 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
22 Thermal Environment in the Barns Parameters Temperature (mean) Values F (-2-26 C) Cow Comfort Zone F (4-16 C) Relative humidity (mean) 35 90% 30-70% Air velocity (mean) m/s n/a Temperatures in naturally ventilated dairy barns follow weather changes In cold winter, the barn temperature is below the cow comfort zone In hot summer, the temperature is above the cow comfort zone, cooling fans are needed.
23 NH 3 Concentrations in the Barns NH3 Concentration (ppm) D1 D2 D3 D4 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
24 H 2 S Concentrations in the Barns D1 D2 H2S Concentration (ppb) D3 D4 2 0 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
25 CO 2 Concentrations in the Barns 1200 CO2 Concentration (ppm) D1 D2 D3 D4 0 Winter Spring Summer Autumn Seasons
26 Summary of Air Quality in the Barns Air Quality Parameters Values OSHA NIOSH Carbon dioxide ppm 5000 ppm 5000ppm Ammonia ppm 50 ppm 25 ppm Hydrogen sulfide 1 12 ppb 20 ppm 10ppm No air quality concerns. The nature ventilation is adequate for dairy barn air quality control.
27 Indoor air quality and environment of a free-stall dairy barn with liquid manure management system March June August Annual Ave. Std. Ave. Std. Ave. Std. average Odor (OU/m 3 ) CO 2 (ppm) NH 3 (ppm) H 2 S (ppm) PM Mass (mg/m 3 ) T ( o F) RH (%) Air Velocity (m/s)
28 Conclusions and Suggestions The air quality in the compost bedded pack diary barns was good. Because of natural ventilation, the indoor environment of the dairy barn are out of the cow comfort zone in Winter and Summer. Cooling fans are need in warm months. The indoor air quality and thermal environment of the compost bedded dairy barns are comparable with that of the free-stall dairy barns with liquid manure management systems.
29 Acknowledgements Funding: USDA-NRCS Ohio Dairy Research Fund Thank you to the participating dairy producers.
30 Thank you. Any questions? Lingying Zhao Associate Professor & Extension Specialist in Animal Facility and Environment Dept. of Food, Agri. and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University Phone: (614) Fax: (614)
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