Quantifying Groundwater Discharge at the Lake- Groundwater-Beach Interface
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1 Quantifying Groundwater Discharge at the Lake- Groundwater-Beach Interface Harris Switzman 1,2, Allan Crowe 2,1 & Veronique Hiriart-Baer 2 1 School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University 2 National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada
2 Why the Groundwater-Lake- Beach Interface? Because groundwater discharging to the lake can transport & cycle contaminants» Nutrient loading algal blooms zones» Fecal bacteria beach closures & loss of recreational space» Industrial pollution persistent toxins
3 Why the Groundwater-Lake- Beach Interface? Because groundwater discharging to the lake can transport & cycle contaminants» Nutrient loading algal blooms zones» Fecal bacteria beach closures & loss of recreational space» Industrial pollution persistent toxins
4 Why the Groundwater-Lake- Beach Interface? Groundwater properties support bacteria» High nutrient concentrations, low light, low turbulence, sand attachment surface
5 Presentation Objective Is beach groundwater actually discharging at the shoreline? Yes What are the trends in this discharge?
6 Beach Groundwater, a pathway Flow is toward the lake Discharge is concentrated at the shoreline beach sand (unsaturated) beach sand (saturated) GW seepage face shoreline lake (a) aquitard (clay)
7 Method: Seepage Meters Seepage meters installed at the shoreline to capture groundwater» Inverted bucket attached to collection bag» Pushed into lakebed at depth of 30 cm inverted buckettocollectgw Lake bed
8 Method: Seepage Meters Seepage meters installed at the shoreline to capture groundwater» Adapted to shoreline conditions» Minimize internal friction and disturbance to flow field
9 Method: Monitoring Wells Water table wells installed inland Piezometers at the shoreline, below lake-bed
10 Method: Field Set-up 6 seepage meters in 2 rows of 3 Array of monitoring wells Wave run-up measurements
11 Method: Field Sites Pier 4, Hamilton Harbour Beachway Park, Burlington Beach Bar Amberly Beach, Lake Huron 18 Mile River at Beach, Lake Huron
12 Method: Did it work? Compare volume in bag to flux» Linear relationship indicates accuracy Volume Retrived/ Lost (ml) R 2 = Flux (cm/ hr)
13 Method: Did it work? Upward hydraulic gradients:» 50% of the Pier 4» Beachway Park» 18 Mile River Hydraulic Head Pier 4 Beachway Park 18 Mile River Oct 19-Oct 24-Oct 29-Oct 3-Nov Monitoring Date (2008)
14 Frequency Findings: Variability Between Values range: and 0.65 cm/hr Mile River Beachway Park Sites Groundwater Discharge Groundwater Recharge No Measurable Flux Pier 4 Amberly Beach
15 Findings: Spatial Variability Exponential decrease offshore 0.60 Flux (cm/ hr) Distance from Shoreline (m)
16 Findings: Spatial Variability Amberly Beach 0.60 Flux (cm/ hr) Distance from Shoreline (m)
17 Findings: Spatial Variability Beachway Park Am berly Beach 0.60 Flux (cm/ hr) Distance from Shoreline (m)
18 Findings: Spatial Variability Pier 4 Beachway Park Am berly Beach 0.60 Flux (cm/ hr) Distance from Shoreline (m)
19 Findings: Spatial Variability Exponential decrease not definite 18 Mile River Pier 4 Beachway Park Am berly Beach 0.60 Flux (cm/ hr) Distance from Shoreline (m)
20 Findings: Temporal Variability 19-Oct Oct-08 9-Oct-08 4-Oct Flux (cm/ hr) Values within 2.5 to 3 orders or magnitude at a given site (Pier 4 above)
21 Potentially Significant Factors Influencing Flux Variability Beach topography Run-off infiltration Lake levels Water table gradient Wave action Hydraulic conductivities
22 Potentially Significant Factors Influencing Flux Variability Beach topography Run-off infiltration Lake levels Water table gradient Wave action Hydraulic conductivities
23 Why these patterns? Heterogeneities in the sand at the scale of observation» 18 Mile River» Pier 4
24 Why these patterns? Wave infiltration causing groundwater pumping as heads change with each wave cycle Capillar y fringe Groundwater flow path
25 Why these patterns? Wave infiltration causing groundwater pumping as heads change with each wave cycle Capillar y fringe Infiltration of waves Groundwater flow path
26 Why these patterns? Wave infiltration causing groundwater pumping as heads change with each wave cycle Capillar y fringe Original water-table Head change due to waves Groundwater flow path
27 Why these patterns? Wave infiltration causing groundwater pumping as heads change with each wave cycle Capillar y fringe Groundwater flow path
28 Why these patterns? Elevation (m above datum) Distance Inland From Shoreline (m) Water table slope varies
29 How do our numbers compare? Study Flux (converted to cm/hr) Sebestyen and Schneider (2001) Woessner and Sullivan (1984) Cable et al (2004) Cable et al. (1997) Simpkins (2006) Boehm et al (2006) Bokuniewicz et al (2004) Our Study to cm/hr % of the time (range for all average of each site) Values are in the same range as others
30 Summary Seepage meters are reliable but should be coupled with other methods Groundwater does discharge or recharge at the shoreline Spatial and temporal patterns are highly variable Possible mechanism for transport of contaminants to shoreline
31 Thank-you! Contact: Questions?
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